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. PLD 1980 F SC 1
. Present: SalahuddlitAhmed. Chair:nan, Agha Ali'Hyder,
Aftab Hussain, Zakaullah Lodhl and Karimullah
., Durranl,Members"
' - " -
.
MUHAMMADR,IAZ, ETc.~Petitioners ,"
.t ' .llersus
, FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ETC~-:-Respondents'
",' , ' " , ' .,.. .
Shariat Petitions Nos. IS, 69 of-1979;9,of 1980 (Lan.) and 1,12,2 and
20 of 197,9; 7,and 4 Qf 1980 (Kar.), decided,on 23rdSeptember, 1980.
Per Agba Ali Hyder; Zaka~lIah,' LOc1bl' and' Karl~uUah Durranl, Members;
[Aftab Hussain, "Member DOtagreei" as to JucJgment of Sharlat ,Beaeb
being ,bincllng and hoNing fftlc1J~ " ' ...
(0) Constitution' of Pakistan (19,73)-. '. '
--Arts. 203-B(unamended) &203-D (amended)-Jurisdiction-Repug
nancy to Injunctions of Islam-Federal Shariat Court-A suCcessor
to Shariat Bench ,of High Court-:-Issues deCided by, Shariat
Bench of High, Court-Held, binding and FederalShariat 'Court
debarred from adjudicating same issues once' again, and judgment
reported as P' L,D1980Pesh. 1 . declaring Ss, S4, 5S, 302,
Penal Code, 1860 and, Ss. ',345(7),401, 402 & 402-B; Criminal
Procedure Code, 1898 readwith relevant parts of Schedule repugnant
to Injunctions' of Islam, binding and holding, field.--{Jurisqiction-
Federal Shariat Court]. ' "
.~.~ ~ .
,; i
,
, pn.,Agba Ali Hyc1er, M_ber
'.
The powers, jurisdiction and functions 'of the Shariat Benches of the
High Court were identical even in, terms, to the powers of the Federal Shariat
Court. The Peshawar Bench in the' case ,reported as P L D ' 1980 ,Pesh., 1
bad specified a date from, which ,the order was to, take effect and the,Govern
ment of Pakistan had preferred an appeal against the, said, decision, which :
is pending before the Supreme Court. No stay has,:so 'far been granted
and looking to the ol,ljectand the scheme of the law, it ,cannot be conceived,
, - . .. -; ~ ~ -
-
'.
I
t
'PerZak~uj[ab\Lodhi, Member- . ' , ", " Constitution of Paki~taD (l973)- , , . " " '
4-:7':' The FederalShariat Court isonlyi sucCessor Court, 'hence these: poinfs - Art. 203·D-..-:.Jslamis~ti~n f I "'" '" ." .~ .' ' '" ;
-"cannot be re~examined by this Court. ,:As far as this forum is concerned, it , 'L.imited to cases where Jimb g~t~ c:ti-R~t~llation ill cutting a ,limb~'"
cannot go intq,themin exercfse of parallel ,jurisdiction. The jurisdiction of to cut or injure bone-[Aftab Hur0D,;lJomt-Not permissible, hence' " ,I
. a:Sharial Bench has 'no nexus to, the ,Court's territorial jurisdiction. II cases where, Qisas notpermittedJ __ [Q~sam]" [Member also enumerating
ruther extends to Jaws, irrespective of the list in the ' Constitution' on which , " ","', ': ' .', .' , Isas, pp. 10, 4lJl &S8> '
they find place. ' Once a law was struck down by any Shariat Bench ora
High Court being repugnant to the Injl:1nctions ofIslam, it became extinct as P~~f~~f!~~~~~::::::=e!~~~ "Chair~aD.~,zakaallah
from the date fixed by the, judgment, andsuchdecision was:binding on all Constftutioq o'Pajd~taD (1!i73~ ,, ' .' , .
~7 ,:Courts. ' Accord,ingJy the question of any ''-co-mptication, _also ·did not arise.
Jaw~rtPr,2g;ci~Jes~f)~~~:p~cettti?oInnJu~,UnndctiolnSl ~(ILSI~m-ISlanii;ati,;n
,
, it and not to a particular territory, ~ therefore,.' the possibility of conflicting re~ugnant ',to, Shariah and ~am ~us~oms and usages'. of 'the Arabs. ' ,
judgments by different Benches/was also out of question. [po 45]UU &VV starutelaws whether inherited ~r~tamed ,n:,?st of them, as, good law. '
Independence are based upon the p .m !hf BritIsh Government or el}acted " '
,Per Karim.Uab DurraDi: Memb~r~' [pp~5is 53]FFF.-l{I ~ , and goodconsciencthvhich is thefl~CIP e 0 ~om'?10~ good andjustice~
" Per Aftab Huasaiil, Member(Contrl)- , ' ' ," ,,'" '. ' tMasalc:h 'Mursila) of Imam ,. Malik anda;~ a~ ~,e p;mc~Ples of pubJicgood
, The submission made at the Bar thaitneFederal Shariat Court A for/iorl these laws; must be rmc"p,e 0 IShhs~noflmam Abu'
in all respects a successor Court ofthe Peshawar ShafiatBench,is.bound respects : the statute law' may' not 7Ifi~l~barmodny With Shariah.' In
that, decision is not aCCeptable. 'Fiiitfy that. decision was by, a FullBencb , and, 'may also ,. be ,re un" , u, ' ", e stan a~d or tbeJ~w of the
three Judges while the present cases are being . heard by a, .larger.Bencb or 16] para. 20 ,,' ',,'" . p g ~!!.t to It but such mstancesarc few'
, • - • .. .'. _. • • '_', • , <II" • '. • _.' .' •
',the jurisdiction ()f the Peshawar Bench' being limited to, its., own tl>..... t"",,,,, the DlVlne law. ,The HolY'Q • 'h aram un awtulness) as laid down
Per Salabuddin, Ahmed, Chairman; AgbaAIiHyder" 'AftabH_ and It IS not lawful ror' " , ' , IS, 0 Y Prophe~(peace: be upon
. ZakauUab Lodhi and Karimulla1!Durrani, Memberl~ 66 ;1).. [p~ 16]' p~lras. 21 & 2~~y person to render unlawfuLwhatis lawful,
(b)penalcOd~ (XLV of 1860)..,... . : , ' .'" " , ' ~',' " " ' The second prinCiple hj~blights th~ i ' , " " , ' " , : : ' ." J
"-'Ss. 302.304,304-A, 324;·325,326~329. 331~,333,Chap. XVI but also change 'of era and chang~J?ortan~e l}otonly of change of'
. (other provisions relating to hurt), Ss.335 & 33Sread with Constitution , in the field of.law which ,j ,~n koclety m the Context of e,;olu
, of Pakistan (1973), ,Art.203-D.-;Repugnancy to:IiljuDctionsof IsJam [po 17] para . . 2 4 . '.' " s .a en, care of by the principle of
,. Sections 302,'304, 304·A, 324, 325,' 326" 329,' 331,,333 & Chap. XVI
.(other. provisions, relating to hurt), Ss. 335 &,33S'--Held, repugnant Th~~li~ ~~:~~ejSo~halitChodi~~~o~~ ,ilid' rights. if' 'by. the,' ~~sused
to Injunctions' of Islam' for not ,providing for composition and thr.ee divorces uttered at the s ",a~ done by the Se~ond Caliph
cotripoundabiIity.' , , to.Sunnah of the Pio' het( ~ ~me bme a~ three ~nd urevol.:ablc,
, :[pp. ,7,10.21,22, 23, 33, 34,38,40, 52]A,'/,,8, T, U, ~Js KK, LL, of. simultaneous, divorc~sas ~nece~. up~nUhim)" which treated ahy
, RR&EEE be foundthai,the facility .orco " azra m~~ mttl;>duced this la\v " <
'.Per Ag~a Ali Hy~; <Membtr:-::, 17J para. 25 i>,"·,"'" ", ncesslOn was, belDg gencrallymisuseq.
: (c) cfiminal Procedure Code (V of1898)";';' .., ' "
,"
', ,
, " S~S44-A,Co:nstitutk)1i o(PakistilD (1973).:Art. 203.D:--Repugnancy ,
A fourth'principle
stoppage leads to the spread, ,of more Ii
is
tIla!' 'it is better not to war~ off Ii . , " . '
tr~llsgreSSlOn
, 'toInjunctionsofIslam-:-:-Question of compensation under S. 544.A, , Vol.U, page7~2).,[p~17J paia.26 '. ma gnant vices '(Elam.uf-A!owaq.
,whether offender meets supreme penalty under ShaTiah~ is pardoned,
or pays Diyat, lzeld" does notarise due' to its being in excess of Dr.~uI(fo~'::e~Jibal~nL~~~re~Th~PrincipJe otMovemcnt in ", the~tnlcturc
prescribedpenalty.-[Compensiltion]. [I'," .JO]ll" ,_ '\,. : , . " , . , 138,157,159 ~363'and lrfJ,~r/bn~ b~A"ama 'Shabir Alrm(ulUrmafll, ,.
l'
~ ri'~ , ., ' , , . _ '\
, It i~tbus c}(m~ 'thatexceeding th~right of'seU'.defenc~irjngood faith There is no doubt that contrary to the offences ofHudood which in
,WOUld not amount to murder but if it is exercised despite, knowledge that entirety deal with viol~t!on, of rights of God (Haqooq-AlI<!h),the offence
no case ofsclf..defence is made out It would amount. to murder. The Penal a~d offen~sof lDJUCles t.o the, bodies generally violate. the ' right
, Code andSunnah are, therefore, unanimous on thispoint~ [p.37] para. 123. man. ,It IS for th!s reason that Iry; 17:33 the powerovcr a 'killer is given'
the heir of the slam, no doubt subject to an admonition tha'the should not
There is! no tradition;. of,the Prophet (peace be. upon him) to the excess in wreaking, retaliation. [p. 21] para. 44 . ,.' , .' . '.
contrary. It is, however, clear tbat·the very factthat there isno intenti?n to
carry'onunjustifiedkiJling "would remove 'bis. act. from the: ambit of Verse.5:33 . pro~ides tbe' following sentences for waging. war' against
: premeditated murder (.l.oJ:.J:i).ExceptioillYis about the ~using oCdeath and mising corruption o,r mischief in the land' : _ . ' . . ..., ;
;i~asudden fight, in theheaf of p~ssion upon a s.udden quarrel and without "5:33 : Th~' o,nly reward of those. who 'make, war upon, Allab and His
'the offender'shavingtaken undue advantage"r acted in a.. cruel or unusual and,stClve after. corruption in the land will be that they will be
manner., Such an exception is available in the Sunnab ofthe Prophet, (peace or crucified,' or have 'their hand and feet on alternate sides cut off. 'or
be upon him. [p.\37] paras.12S to 127., ' be expelled out of the land•. Such will be their degradation in 'the' wo~ld '
-Art. 203-D-Repugnancy to .Injunctions of Tslam":"'Islamisation The sentences a~,-(!)death,(2) crucifixion, (3) cuttingot', hands and
oflaws-Criticism of enforcement of .anew la~ of murder and ,hurt. ,from the. opposIte .Side, and (4) expulsion out of tbe land whicli bas been
, } ..
.·M~AMMADRiAi V;FI!D~R~r.:GQ~R~fB~
," . ~Salahuddin Ahm!dt Chairinan) ..'
int~rpreted,' by ! some. as., imprisonment." The comrrientatois. have confined ~ffied by:. C()urt~La'~rcq uiring a~e~d·liient.judgmCl1t can bec~me
;
·theappJicability of this ,verse to' sedition;',dacoitycor ':highway 'robbery. But e ~hve only after amel1~melltas ordered by Court made by relevant.
there is, 110 justification,Jor, , thus, Jimiting,its:scopeand e~tent.' . The words ,I.egtsiature.-[[nterpretatton of statutes1., [pp. 13~ 45.53]1. VV & HHa .
oCthe;ir.verSe are, applicable inter alia to:situationwherethe 'actions of
Per Artab • Ho. .JD,Mem.ber .[Salabuddr~. Ahm~d. Chalrmam•• Zakat.nab LOcu.I
individual 'ora group amount to creati~g corniptiotl)n thela~d (~J )l1c.i .)W} .... !'a'lmuUah »urranJ, Members agjoeeiog]_, .~, ~ , . .' .' ,,< . ',' •
-.1f/In· factaccording;io' one ·.·Sense'spreading ccorI1lption' in the land itself Constitution or P:lkistan ( 1 9 7 3 " " ' : ' , ' . ,'~ .,
. amounts to' waging, war.,against':AIIah'Who has ordained the retentioll ora ..Art•. 203~D~Reiiugnancy to Injunctions of Islam-Principl~s of.
bahinced'societyfull ofvirtues and free of vices. It is for this reason tbat declaratIOn of l!1w as repugnant to teachings of Islam~ ., •.. :. .. '
Allama:;.Shabbir Ahmad Usmaniis of the view (see:his Commentary on 5:33)
' . ' [PP', 14.15 to 171L el seq,M-:-~ .... '
. that there is no justification for curtailing the. generality' of the· words used .• ' . i"
IJJ·TanZll-ur-Relunan ,on MaJmua, Qawaneen-e-Is~am.; Vot. I,pp.-18.
in this verse to specific ,offences of. sedition, robbery or dacoity•. The language
of the verse should be considered in its wider. sense.'Tobe at war with' . r.Muhammc:d Iqbal s ~tureo~ The;Ptinciple of Movement in the
Allah and His. p'rophet (peace. be' upon him) or to create' corruptions or re of Islam"Allama,Shab" Ahm,ad Ustjlani's, Commentary of the, Holy
. disorder, in the larid' would coverall such maUersas•..2(l)offensive bytbt . pp.33, 138, .157, 159.,363. and'. Elam-,ut.Mo,waqqi'een by Hafiz'
'U/II"I~·!:!j:lJ
. .'Ji.ium'}a.I.II, pp. 772t 822 & 843re):," . .
,Don.Muslims. (2) the mischiefofapostitsy, (3) highway robbery. (4) dacoity,
, (5) unjustified murder,: (6)' plunder, looting orpilIage~ (7) criminal conspiracy Con~tftutJon or Pakistan (1973).....·· , ' .
,1
and (8) seditious propaganda •.'. Each' of tbese offences are .-such for, whicb fa Art.20~-J?~RePu¥nancy"t()' teachings or'Islam~Islamjsatjon of '•.
an' offender would be liable '. to' at) least . 'one of. the.: Sente:mces' referred' to h ws:-:~omlclde-;-~us,tJlied' culpable,homici~e':"":'Distinct' from culpable ..
th'erein. .The refercncetoqatl,,:c-nahaq. or' . unjustified murder. clarifies tbe omlcl.e amount!ng. to. murder~ur'auIC. text, provides fo t '.
opinion of the. worthy commentator.' In fact creation of disorder in society, ~~rnatlvds : lUOls~mentof reta1i~tion_and in '. case. of life o[ kiJ7e~·· 1" "
.which one 'wishes to be an ordeiedsociety' would itself· aOlountto creating mg par one pUDlshm~nt of, paymentof.Diyat; 'portion of which
. :conuption' 'or mischief '(~Wr Thus';a, person ~hois'a'-goonda (arch could be pardoned by belrs or successors of deceased.~[Diyatl. ' '., .'. "
criminaOtakes pride in .. his~beingcalled'a goonda.It . is his hobbY as well 1/, 1 '.. " t ' · · · · ""~" ,; .' ' . [pp. 21;,22; 23]S, T&U.;' .
in -' ~ -.' :~
ShaMir. 'Ahmad Usmani and. MaulalUlAbdulMajidDariyabadi; Islami ~fCourts-:-Fe~eral Shariat. Court, held, debarred from gjving a declara-
FUludari Qanoon by SalimratAHKlzan, p.163; ,Kitab.ul-Ikhtiya~ on Fathuf. lion, or directu;>os for Its ~mendment-rPer Salahuddin Ahmed
.' TaqdirrKjta~ul ,Fiqhby . Abdu,; Rellman Al:Jaziri,. V~J. X (Ur?uTranslationl. Cbalrman-:-SectJon 'not pro?edural to extent of denying heirs' of
'. p:489 and Anwar Ahmad,. Qadrz ,on ,IslamiC JUfJsprudence In the Modero ~,:ceased fight of pardon Or Qisas on payment of Diyat] -[Jurisdiction]
- World,. p. 299 ref. .~," . :," ' .. ~,' . U'P.24, 31, 81V. DDt EE & B ' , •
Per' AftabHissaio, Member- PenaJ Code (XLV ~rI860)-
(/) Co~~tituiIOft~r P~istaD(1973)'-:;, ': , ' , , ' ~' . S. ~~ 'read with Constitution of Pakistan' (1973), "Art. 203-0-': ',"
, ..;..;;,:.:: Art. 203-D-Islamisation of.la\vs~jsas-Cases -where Qisasnot lsia~ls~tlOn ,ofl~ WS-Contention .that Qur'anic verse confers right
, permittegby.Shariah •......:.[Qisas].[p.AJJ. para~ 151 et seq '" ': ;:>, 0, II1Og. on heirs only-Held. not correct-Verse _on other, hand
gJves a rIght to, society or
State to arran~e for execution of death
Per Aftab H~ssaiD. :MeaibU [Zak~ullah . Lodbi;aod,' KarimuU.ili Durl.· penalty. [pp.24, 25]W.&:X .... , . , ' ;,
, Members (Contra)]--" ,'" ,... " .. < , . . . ' :
- ,'"
,(}) Constituti~n.if
~ .. ',
" . ;A{LPAKi~A;W'tB~AiDBcisio~s
',
, , ~ ~
~
. '
'-< .'.
8bF S C " ""'. ......,. . MUHAMMAD ruAZ'V'l1!DERAL GoVERNMENT'
. .~ic~t~eX~Ci1table~paynjendt,if·.·~~3~~n~t~0~r:;·;:r~6~:ra~·.·.a[pllSjl 00111.l1li, " -
. '(Sa/ahuddinAhined"Chail:tntlll) ~
I· ,,' l . - , ' J ' ,'_'"
.:,ullongst heirs of'decease acco . . . '," _ . : .'.'. Sh~'ri~t' Petitio~~ Nos: i;anclI2~f 1979 (Karachi)
· (b~) Penal C::Ode(XLV;~~~ead,'~iU~ Constit,!tiolt.,of".Pakistall.
, , ; ' .,' - -.j - '" -: :~.'" - - ",.' ,- _• - ,to 1 " • , ' ~ ,_. , , -. •
--:-::"' Ss. 302, ,304 ..' . "ttime or:executtonofsenten~ I.' MuhammadSha!i' MlI!uJlnmddi, Advocate fot. Petitioner.. ' .
!.I~' Art~203-D-:-:-Person msan~a "b'tdcto' .
,4his own ~ .son-Cannot ,besu ~ece ""', Sa~~dA..Shaikll,
' General for Pakistan.·. Dbputy . Attorri~y-Ge~l~raJfor Pakistan' fO;~:A~torneJ
· . [po 39]QQ, ' , ' . ' . .' .. ' : ..;' ..,.. . '
;(cc)cOnsUtutiOD of Paklsta~ (1~73)-f laws:....ComPensation~Rules' abou~ , .(S,
'. .M. l Memo~; Additional Advocate-General
'nd)• ". , " : . ''". ' . '".
' .. . "
(Sind) for, ,Advocate.Gen~
. . ,';," '"" ....,.
...;.......... Art. 203-D-IsJamlsabono '. . l' .[·42]1T etseq ,. .' • • '., ! .'.
"Jaid"do\ynin Supnah.-[Com~nSab?n., p'. ~ ,. .' , .' ". 'Date50fhearing-:'28th'and I3OthJuly 1980. '. , ' '.
· Per Zakaullah LOtIhi, Member-,' , .' . . . ........ '. '. ',e;' . ShariatP~titiO~!No.20fl979(Kara~hi}
'.' yid)Ptltr.l. Code(J{~V;!;~i~;d • with . Consiitutio~ of;'~~kistair"
',; ,Petiti~ner. in)enon.,
- ~" ~ , , ". • ? -'
· - 5s. 319 to, "d :uQisas" '-'. Means ' equah~ation _ EqlJaIlSltiOil
, Art., 2OJ-D-Wor., ' f i . 'bi 'other; sUitable, ' .. '. Saeed' A. ··.Shaikh,.. ·])eputYIAttotney~General.··. fotPakistanJorAttorney.
· , however ~al~a~s, conslde~d easbs~itl:ted' mode ofpunishmen.t of General for Pakistan. / . ;' .', '" ..... '. .', _. . ..
.. '. ,of Islamic JUf1sI?rud~nce .' en~ s~. fioggingetc. and such diveISlon
· for eye" etc. by Impnsonf!len an.. r . '. r Holy
. considered offerisivetod,ctat~sandy~oA~l8GSS' .'. '.'
. . .• ·M'l.~Meinon.:'Additio~arAdvoiate-G~neral(Silid).
'(Sind) .,. .. ..... '. ". .;", " . :
:ror. :Aivdcaie-:General
: . c'
:'Wordsand phr~ses]·lpp.46, 48,41], '. ..... " . "0.' " . .
alii
' " ;' , , ,. '. . " ". .,,; .' " . '. .
capacity of Qffender. topay.-.- ..1ya ',; • . . . · ' f ' .' '... '). '
.••.. .. " 'j' :Shariat Petition·No.~ 15 ofl979 tJ..abore . .'.' ..' 'Saeed A.' siraiklt;,DeputY'A~torneY~Gen~~a~rf9r': Pakis!an:for:Atiorney~~
. ", ', " ,. .. .f'Oeneealfor:Pakistan.: .........-;.'.. ;_.Y':,'·,.... J/ "":' "f
. . ,Dat~s of hea'ring : 3rd;9th.~~alOth;Augu~t i98Q'. ".. " _.
- ""-, - - '" -
.,
KhOlid M. 'lshaq.·S~nior,AdvoCati: Amicus' cur!ae (in' ~di'Cases)~
. ·'llabibur1!ehmanKfmd,lwlVit·JlJfisccmsutt (in aU~ases)~ •.~. '
,' . . . :Dat~s:oflieatjnf:9th·.ai1d;.10,th:Augu8i-l980~,:.: ',.
. .:;,;:i\f;;:,i3'·!·<::';El!~~::.;,.:{;;.· ,')..• ' "'.'•. . . . . •,.,.;; . . ..
·'SAL~HUDDiN ·Ain.mD'c'flAiRMAN.' .··.r:h,ave :-4arefciU~y·perUsed.the;erUdi~.~
.jud~~~t;propose~;t9.:~~.~eJ!vereg. by; my !e;ir~ed·~r~ther.:An.ab":H.U&s~t,t ;
".<
--however, sect~~n ,~4,5 ~7,. ~,1, ' ',',. '.' "" . 'r' present purpos.e.
"f' _,,:
0
/ ,0 We are
.. ' ':, " hls, • however: not much .materlal,for: oOtetc.', P P. C. to see whether
' , " ' As to how, an d'· ,10 ';w hat~'manner t e eel rh~_
dcte'rmine. 1 •
':lews , :x~
'ressed by
::'':;';;''t~h::'al~d~ed~fO:~nti~~d:.Q\'~~a~:h';ffi~:;.ot
' • • 'ble ·This IS eVl en, " , I 0 support t IS '.VI. ,
IP,?lDg
. 'Court finds that, Qisas
preSCrlvv.
"c~~~ion'
·t..;'d . I :say so·thbecause lOw
ggnev"'d .
of, pbysical Plltn
'but is , apt'.
'aetc;n;D~I':
wilL oota
• toctiact:!-i
r
' ,some s'atisfacti?ll: to e, a f 'Qisas' in Islamic' I~Jun 0 ns: s
party,
. ythich is the object a1!d ~~r~ose~, _ f nishIn~ni: we should not be
. ',' While eoosideripg the guest!~n ?co~~isting Muslim~,and,ntul1"~Y&U'~"':''''
of
,of !he r~lity b~~~ha~ ~~dte~unishme~tS wa~'()f-. ~aazlr
that ."Ye by
It ,IS" t~eredfore,. deoSlrrapor:ted as pu~ishnients. :'. ;.,' ,", ;:. ':.
: ,be. retalne .?r· me.. ..' .". ..
. ........... 1yathe:·Court:stepsto
. to;l'ay
.' MUHAlOOi> RiAZ V.~EOERAL GOVERN~
. . ';, '.' . lAfla.~ Hussam, Member) ' . . .. F S.c 11
'be so ~epugnant, cCaSe toh~ve effect on the. day .on w~ichtbt
'. , ....decisionof theCourt takeseifect. '" for an e . 't h .... . ' ...
h person, or Y~beO~~~~~t df'!~i;~~~) p,¥gon ~f the. ?ffender by the
j ; .... ; ' .••. . , ' ' ..
Umarsaying"If the '.' people of San'a' had .. conspired (7) s. P~ No. 4/SO:Karacbi.
.would have· killed them aU'. .' Malik .transmitted: it,. and (8) S.P; No. 1/19-Karachi.
. transmitted something similar oniheauthority of Ibne'Umar."
"' '. .- , ,', r" _. ,.; - """'~
(9) S. P•. No. 20/79-Karuchi.·
" 7. 'l'hequestion orany'compensation, as envisage,Fundersection
. 2. The main 'point in the
first 6 . .. "';' ..... • '. .' ..•
..
oflhe Code of ,Criminal Procedure, whethetthe'oifender meets the
penalty under the Sbaria. Law, is pardoned, or pays\Diyatl does not C
302, P. P. C. and sections 345 and 38r~t'0~s S t1~e repugnancy of sec;.
In addition to this in S p~TO' 1~/79 KWlt~.the holy Qur'an and'
,
because it will be in excess of the penalty prescribed.. .
.' . . 109 and 111;P. PC' whicli d~ 'I 'h· arnc 1 Jhe provisions of
. 8~ The 'contentions . raised against the provisions: of sections 337 :halJengedas being' 'repugnant toWl~ii thes~cl~ten~e .of all.. abettor
Cr. P. C. arid, sections 133 and' 134 of the Evidence Act were not
,They are otherwise, devoid of merit~ ,as' any law relating to the E~ld~·n~;.1J./1.9;Karachi .. to sections. 401 e to 402~~·5Il~A:.· c~.ls3, C~
of any Court-Of Tribunal cannot be assailed 'until' theexpifation
. years under the Scheme of the. President's Order referred to above•. 3. In the • iast me~ti~ned 2 ef't' .". " ., ':' . ~ ." '.
Noll' 20/79.Karachi~ theprovisifns 10If::ti:~s ~37~oi8 1/79-KaraChi 'and'
, ,9. As for the intentional bodily hurts as to be', found in cba enged alol1g w1th the proviso .' f '. .. an d 339, Cr.P. <:
·like
.
32S.:326"P.··P.
.
C., .the, punishment
. as .prescribed
(
- .~
.' .:.in the' .eyesof lawcandin any case:where,there:is;,ddference ';c;>t\'Opl~IOD (lOYThe ,p~ovisions.of sections 109 ,andlJ1jP.P. C. which: 'provide
.' regarding.the criminality of an ,accllsed:personb~twe~n the Jud~t~e. , for· the same pUnishment to an abettor as provided .fo'r the actual
. majorit~ikfinding against the: accuse~ while ,the.. mmonty"holdl~~. tnbls culp~itcannot' be sustajn~d in, regarq .' to Qisas< since, according ,to'
favour, tlle:accused shouldb~ given tne"benefit of doubt~.:LastIl'ttls,¥,ged . Shartat only the actual killer can be executed. " ' " ,
. /~jn that petitionthati(aperson merely,abets a,murder1!e cannot be.punlshed ·(ll)·.An~ ~differeri~~:cof ,(j~l.~!ori:,H;~(,ng.·}he.)~dgbs··iri,!egar"d:'to'·the':
.: ~Y'\vitlC death ,as ithe~ punishment ofQi~s~ can,.,e",reaked feom· the actual , >cu~pab~l~ty of an ',accused .: person entItles.. hlm to benefit of doubt ..
'muraerer only~,.,; . '.. : . . ' . , , ; : , : ; .:~::i~~~ha~~:s~~ittal,'~otwit~t~n~I!lg . ~he 'h1,aj~ri!y,t~~inioriheing"
.'. :4..p~titio~No.. ft/80:'Klirichichall~nge~th~dpr,rivisi~ns: 'a~ouis~nt~~ 6. 'A;;'p;e1i~irim:Y'~b~~ion \vasraised by Mr•. Khalid':.Ishaq;ibaLc .
, in sections 32S,326~329, 331, ,333,;33Sand',338~and' non~omp~)Undablbty
. of some' of these offences.,. ',',;~ ." ~,<;' :. . ." ..
the ,matter" underdISCJJSSlon., has:aJreadybeenthe: subject-matter of::,
'.IJeCII!IOn 'm;case pU/Hassan Khan: v~Government,oIPakisian(1),(Shadaf,;'
. '5~'iThe'~~ntenii6n~in~ihese,petitio~s;to.be. inore.";s~ific~'may be has, become effective.;the petitions . challenging; those matters. ,
summarised as follows:-'"", . ••. ~:),;.~J. .;i ,;;;'J,: " been dealt with by the Peshawar High COurt are. ,therefore,
,'(l)Section30i 'p~ovides~ t?r"~~lltence ;'~f~d.ea,th' :or'; l~fe i!"prisonme.D,t ~ect~ve., Other ~earned cou~sel argued· in favour' of the above judgment ".
'. ,.; and fine.: The' contention. .Is ,thaLthe ~eDtellc() offmeand. lite being bmdlng on tbls Court.' i.-.; .' .....•... .... .... .;.. .' .•. ...• . ' ' .......•'. ' •
':imprisoriment should be .s~bsbtut~. by'one:of.tiloo~-~oney (Dlyat) 7;Th~~P~shawa;High ~Courtheld il{'tb~ above: case 'tbai '~~tiQ~s 54-55:. .
; if the legal heirs'ofthe deceased vIctim pardontne,accusCd~, . ,Pakistan Penal ~.Code.· and ,sections' 401;402. ~402-Aand:402~B. ofthe: ; .
. '(2) Alternatively the offence ofmurde~,:s~ouldbe made',compourldablo €riminal' PrOcooure ',' Code. are:rej>ugiuiilt. to the. Inj unc'til)nS of!slalli: !twas" ;, ;
'..... under section 34S/Cr~'P.C. read .wlthlts Schedule II. ' , . f '.' _ rurtherhe!dthatsection '34~(7). ~nd relevant'parts-ofthe.8ec'ond Schedule of 'c. ,
(3r}'h~epunishl?lent:oH~pn~onmen(; a~~/o< ,fine"for other ioffencesof Cr. P.C;ln sofar'as offences concerninghuman,bodY.lvlde ; Chapter XVI of
.'~ .body'Vlz, sectIOns 325,)26; 329. 13.31(333,'\33S,a,n~338 should be Pakistan Penal Code) are co'ncerned. are repugnantto the HolyQur'aa and
. replaced by the puWsbment,of. retaJlatton(Qasas) ." or In case of 'pardon 'The Court., however~ "declared"that, the" pemllty'prescribed .·in
" by the· accused of ~ompensation, (ursh) ~or ~~e .injury , caused !o tbe XVI ,of. t~~, ;Pllklsta n renal Code:; ;with :resPecLto,,?ffence~.; ag!l!~~t
victim and' -aU these. offences should,be made' compoundable In the body::pa.!tlcul~!ly ,secll!ln ,~O2. can l>elnadetocollfor~to;th.e InJun~7:
:' SeCond Schedule o£tbe'Code . of: <;riminf!rJ~~o~ed~~~,'-'~~~d,. with ita ofIsJam;by l1~,dJtlonofpfoy"slo~sfor.pardonor p'c:m~.1ty;orDiyat. .'.
. section 345 (S;'P',No. ,4/80-l{ara~hl).~~,. ",., ..,' ',..,' . 8. Article~203-D ' of, the Constitution provides that:~if',the'FederaL'>
(4):t:'lopei:so~" other' thanthe'C~ctual' kille~": des.pi~e beIng. ana~ttort SbariatCOurt finds that allY provision of law isrepugllant. to the Injunctions"
• ,can. be' subJected. to ·the, pUDlshment "()( . ,retalIatIon . (Qlsas) S~ P. oflsiam itshalJ state ,the' extent; to which 'such law or an:yofits~ provision,
No 1/7g.Karachi). .' . ','""":,,',, , so repugnant. ,It further,; provides' 'that jf any Jaw or;, provision.; ofJa\vJs .
(5)" r~ ca~ede,atb:of one person is ca~s~d:'~;,·s~'Y~.r~i,',:~;~~~S;"~~'those
round,by the Court to be so repugnanfthe:Presidentwithrespect. to a"matter ,
.
in the· Federal or-Goncurrent,-LegisJative List;:: or.·the :.Proviricial .Oovernment: .~'
persons ,cannot be ordered to be put to dea,~()r.e~ut~~~ " ' . in the case of law with respect to a;'matter~ not enumerated in any ,of these,. '
" (6) The provisions of, section 381, Cr~P~,C.'\vhi~h>renQe~s e~ecution isrs shall take steps to amend·the Jaw'so as to bring it in conformity with the ,
. of an . accusooperson, obligatory are' contrary. to Shanat, smce tbe provision of Islam and such law or its provisions as: are held to be, repugnant)
offence ' can b~ 'compounded by the ,heirs. ofthe 'accused ,or of the, ibalJ cease to.. haveeffect,onthedayon which the judgment of the ,Court
. deceased or the victim himself onthe o~e,h~n~ ,alldtheaccusedon tho' . rakes. effect.' . SimiI~r.; were the, powers) of the" Shariat:"Benches' of the
"othe,r even after the pronouncement offmal]udgment.bythe Court. HigbC~ur~~~:':;G~;".,'l;;;':' .", ::y"~:t:;;; "';~'L,':' .J;··;t~·~!,;;~~;;;~' \...... :./':,
··.. ,(7)Sec~ion S41-~'which' provides for COtn'p~is?rYiriip'osiiionof. fi~ .9.;The :above; Constitutional :, provision ..contemplates",that wh~na law
i
.• which may ,101t.S tumbe payable to the v1c.tim., or hl~~ te~l heirs ~ I1ll be rendered'ineffectivewithoutJeaving a,vacu'um, it.shall· cease to ,have
bad for the. reasons' tbat the amount' of compensation IS not ID after the expiry ofthe .time fixed 'by the ; Court. But .in case JheJirw . '
. conformity with the gravity of th~ . offence, it should be equal to the ; amendment,'~ the !judgment can: become effective: only after the
';shlndard'diYatorursh."',·" ;'.: :.,.c'. t, .'-.' rtlllglll\Ul.I!;;U\ as:ordered by~heCourt. is made by ,the ,relevant ,Legislature. ,
(8) The provision; i,nthe'Cri~imilJ Procedtire:, code',land: the 'Evidence .""'~ !~'I\~ .:i~_:__ ~ :', ,-.~_
,:,_:",.-.. >.. ;,,._,,~ -~_. ,-,_'.. ,~_'!' ,<_", '
,:,:,
"Act abo·ut.the.admlssibility,of evidence"of an"approver' and grant of the, provision of sections,401to '40Z:Bbut. the:; same-'cann~t sai r be i
" pardon' to' im:accomp.ice (in"sections ,337; '.338 :&' 339,' Cr;P•.C. and
-;:seCtions 1l4(b)'an~'J2~ ?f. J;vidence ~c~),Can~ot,~, stand'· the t~ of ,section 302, P.P.C.aitdsection;34S·and II Schedule. 'of tIle. Code 0
scrutiny under Sharmt smce such an accomphce \In' case of. cOnfe8&1OD r.;'Km~·'Procedure.;'Section ,345' andthe said' Schedule'donotprovide fo
,is liable to be subjected. to" punishment. and cannot' furnish comootllDd;abiUtv,of an:offence\~of murderandsomeotherbodHy injuries.::
• . . . " ireq'uire amendment;' ' Sirri ilarty '. 302 would ,!requiie{' '.,
. evidence insisted upon· by Shariat~ . ," ' " ie, i
IlllellOmlent by . of provisions about pardon or .pa'yment of comjjensa1:
. (9)' A judgment based ',upontheievidence'Qr an:app~o,veroran !lccompliof . In these Circumstances, the argument:. that,.these)aws have; ceased;: to'
., should be declared to:be ~nojtidgmebt in. the eyes Of law;' " . " , . >:[;;i(1)P'L D'1980Pesh. 1<
, 'd' ::",_:-":L';P; ""f; J-J;:'.;.o_~-;;:-_~_;:"'\.\\:~,:-~" - "' ;""~.- -''"'",-,<::: _.
•
I /
"
amendment can be read mto them., unless tbey· are· amended in the mannal cannot btHulcdout that thc,iriterpretation 'onap;'lrLiclJlarl'~int by
:t jurist . ,.
, directed by theUigh Court., ,< : , ' , ' . ' ,
belonging to school of thought different· from .the.one·to which I belong may
/:'" "'",,11. i.am:also notin ~gieemen~ ~itlrthe'$Ub~i~ion:made:attheBa commend itself ,tome.,as being nl(lr~ in.line 'with the requirements of the
'that this Court, being 'jn aU' respects ,asllccessor ,.Court 'of the ,Peshawa modern MusliID:Society in the country. In view of the Compatibility of
'i l'
Sl)a.riat Bench,', is bound by !bat decision: Firstlytbatdecision was by a Ful such view. with the requirements of our society.it wHl be logically realistic to
, ,'Bench, oft~ree,' ,Judgesw~de ~he 'pres~ntcaserare being heard by a large adopt it asaff6rdirig, guidance in the task assigned .to .. this . Court~ Some
" Bench',of fIve members of this ,Court;, Even as a' successor Court itb
I problems faced· by·. ·. this . country may,' however~. be absolutely rie\vproblems
.J
• :'-t , ~ur!sd~ct~(ln, ~o differ' from the Shariat Bencbor Peshawar. ,Secondly tb fonvhich no' jurisprudence may provide any guidance. It is also possible' i·
JUflsdlctlOn of tbePeshawar Bench' being ,limited to its own territories i that while, differing ona point our old jurists might have taken intoconsidera- .
judgment,.,couldnot:birid, any other: High Court., This flaw of territoria tion different· a.lternativ~butmight 'haveeith~r ignored' some, alternative or .
jur!sdictio~ h~s ?e~n: removed now brthe, setting liP: of this "Fede11lJ.;,9> . ' ,the requirements of the modern society !llay· prod uce' or generate a new option. :
w~Ich. has Jurisdiction throughout Pakistan., For. these reasons tQe prelJmJDa Ifmay not be possible in such' cases to rely upon theirview~ 'The elimination' :.
obJectlOnSls repelled., ' ". ' , "",' " from the, text of the Constitution of reliance . upon a -particular sectarian
· " 12. 'Before proceeding to.co~ider.the que~tions'raised'inthispetitionI ,. '.16;,'10 'my.~ie~.the methodology to . remov~ from our Jaw~ ~ny:~IlCOQ
, would like to deal with the extent ofjurisdictioIioftbis'Court. Article 221 jruitywiththe boly Qur'an and Sunnah ~hould be a:sfollows:~, ' , ' .. "
• ,Prophet(peacebe;uponhim)and no law in future'shilll bemade.wbich is · Qur·an regarding the question in issue ; ' i
·.i ••... , . . : .
...•.
". rtpugnant'totbeHoly'Qur·an and SunDlih.' Th~' jurisdiction ofthilJ Court . (2) Tofln'~ ()~t the relevant Hadi.s <Tr:adition/,orth~ Holy ~roPbet'(pe3 .
under. Article2~~~D is,'therefoFe,' Ii mited todiscoveti ng the repugnance . ' J>e upon hIm. ' .. ....... .... ... . '. . ...... '. . ............'.
.
ofa,law:orproVIsloIl0f,)awto the holy Qur'an and Sunnah.:" , . . . ·(3) To' discover the intent, of th'c Qur'anic', verSe from the" Traditions
of·
,..··;1~3.'Tbe 'p~ill~i~;e underwh'i~h th~'rcPuin~nce bfap~rtic'uiilr law to the .... theh91yProphet (Pcacebeuponhim); . , " . . . ; ...' .
Injunctions ofIslam has to be judged is' thus 'limited .' to tbeconsideration l4)To 'as~rtain the· opini~ns of and.viewsad~Pted .,'by all jurists
ot
\of the question whether the Jaws soughf to be challenged· before this Court · renown onthat, matter and to examine their reasoning, in . order t
are tnconformity<with the"InjunctionsofJslama.s laid ,down io'the Holy .determine their, harmony with the present day requirements, or ifpos
·Qur an and Sunnah of tbeProphet (peace be upon him)•.. Itt would;thereforc, . · sible.to modulate them to the demand of the modern age;.and· -,
..:00 clear than~e language of ~he ~onstituti0!l does n.ot.warra~tlany ~ttempts. .(5) To , discove~. and apply.~ a hist resort any bthe~ option which should
. ~t .harmoOlzmg the,law~ wIth. any: partIcular," Jurisprudence . (Flqh) . or · no doubt be In harmony With the boly Qur'an andSunnah•... · .. '
,Juflsprudence of any partIcular school of ~ thought. orsect~ .On the other .
:,'handit appears that reference to· anY'particular . doclrinal:approach (fiqb .' ·17; )(m~y' be\\,orthwhile Il1eniioningih~t -ni6re . ~r less the same'
.. has been eliminated deliberately so as to enable the Courts. to test the validi principJesare adopted by·. the"Council' of Islamic Ideology; as would be. clear'
,: of a law onlyon·the critetia of.commendments laid down' .in the holy Qur'a . from pages18 and 19 of 'Majmua:Qawaneen~e.lslam. Volo I, by, Dr~Tanzil.ur- ','
,or the Sunna~. of the Propbet-(peace be upon him). . " . ' ,.' Rehman (now Justice). ··P.rinciplesfoJlowed by tbe C9uncilare:-;-: . .
'(1) Todisco'{er.therex~ofthe Holy:Qur'an and to referJo it~
. .'14..'Looked in this': co~teJttii ,woulci :'bec1elu' tb~t' though ;doctrina
approach (fiqh) 'of. different schools .' of thought . niay. have a· persuasiv (2) If the Injunction in the· holy Qur'anis 'clear,': and 'dQe8'noi'~equire
value 'which it· undoubtedly·.has ·and 'hi .. many 'cases full assistance may .' anyfu!t.he! elucidation,o~ warrant: any : difference ..of 'opinion, to
.obtairied froin' it in the interpretation of the, texts' of the hoJy, Quroan 0 accet'tlt wdhoutany hesitation•. , .. . '. , . . . ' , ; ..
traditions' yet this Court cannot bIiildIYfollow.· the doctrines (fiqb) of · (3) If. there be any , difference of, opinion· on . the inteipretatioii' of the'"
particular sect. If the intention of the Constitution had been: to apply . Injunctions in the holy Qurtan; tofirid out the relevant!ladis. .... " . '
, ..: sectarian'doctrine to mattersofpubJic law (asdistinguished frompersoDa (4) If tbere. be different ,Traditions and: if it be difficult tobarmonise them,
• Jaw) aU .the difficulty would have been obviated:by.replacing the presen . " to fin.d oun~ecOt:.~t·Hadis on' the prindples' laid down for discovery
public .law by, Fatawa Alamgiri. 'But. clearly this is not .the. object oftb of such HadIS. . . ., . ' . ;
Coristitut!onto which-: it . appears. abh()rrent. to 'de:"lolish '.' tbe ~ existing lega .
·structurem order to raise a new structure of pubIiclaw•.,The 'constitutiona (5) If there be noJnJunction eitberinthe HoJy Qur'an or'inth'eTraditio'~
·-jntent is. only torepilirthe ,existirig structure byeJiminilling from itwhati . buttbere' be 'ISma among the Caliph or different Imams tcadopt the
.same.·,: .' '. .' , . '.' " .... .
repugDantto,the,divio~;Iaw.comprised in the holy Qur'anand theSunnaho
.',the Prophe~ (peace be ,upon him) and amtlnding the law to make itconfor · (6)' Incase of.differen~ . ' of ,opinion . between .different Imarris to, find out .
to the said divine law. ... , ' '
;" ',t"
....,' '. ..... ."
. ,,' -,,'
,: :.' .' <
-' ,. ' .
.. · the,~er.si,?n!whicli. hai ~ofa! bee~preferred and toa.;iopt it only in·
. case It,ls.m.acco~dance With therequIfernent of the present era. .,
. : ;IS.Interpretations ofthe'divine law is' a! niatter ,wbichwould require
. (7) In case it cannot be adjusted to modern conditions,. to adopt
\he. facility of consultil1gopinions of·' all 'our renowned j!lrists.Tbepossibility · . ' the several views ,of the jurists! ..... ". . . '..'
-
- --:E--
---
-+
" ALLPAlcisTAN,LBOAL·DEcisioNS " MlmAMMADijAZ V. FEoERA,.O~~muiMENT F S C17~
.' '. . . - "', ~:--:'·":~-;-:~·,:l£;.-_1'~_('>;-'-'::-'-;";",: _ 1 _ _ :, " .' ': .. ' . '" (AjtabHasail1"Member) .
(8) In case there be no guidanceil1 the Holy Qur'au and Sunnalt , .... : - ' . , . '. - -. II
" :,:i the opinions ofdifferent school~ of thoughts,' also '. be notacceptab!e. 11110:60 rebuke'is ~dministered'for this~
2H,t,resort to Ijtihad, ~d: ;,,:z,l ~i;.;,'.F"d} ;:(
. "Have 'you '':<)llsidered "'Yhat ~pr~vision: Allah hath .' 'sent dqwn for you,.
"'.': i";'/ ',J8!.·.••• tb'lls: the .·.C'Ouncil:als'o; aeceptstbe.principle···· or'cboosingfrom , how haye you made oflt lawful and unlawful.... . '
. -',,','
. '. 157, 159 and 363. ,Anysdenceabout I~wfulness or prohibitions , ' •
'~-/);' '"'J"-'-'~' ;~. \_;,-'-,:~~n~'_-n1 ~"'.~",_~;"" ,-"".~>;\ -~! "._~ ~_~>tJ>'<:·;': ')-,,; ,.',':-'
I._~\--- • ,".
PP..
"'j.J ',""';"-: .f
. '~"' . ,reproduce here the substance of .his, view. .The' prophetic method ,.. . • . . • . , : . ,'.'.... ; : .. . . .,. :" . "(" ,,'o
·':"teacbitig;'according,toShah WaliuUah; isthat~',gerierally;speaking,
27. The ca~es ab"oui m~rder ,werb argued:by' .Mian .Nazir .Akhtar, Raja '.
~- ::::~. i ~~ 1, -'-.~ ,.) -_:~ __ ,:. ~:; ~'f,.:" :'? J<; i'~ ,>.~.:.:.~,' ",- ',: , c,~ ,'~<"':' ,:.1. ,~/,,;, >~ l:,j < ; L~,
l' , " \ ; ", .', ~'''<).~ (~!~:. <:'::: ':,,~'; ,';", ~~ ~ ,; ~ , .
"L .. i:;~20.~dslamthus recognised,tbat not all customs and usages' of the
,. ~epugnant :, to r Shariab" ;',and 1 maintained, most of. them 'as good Nawaz. Mr. Muhammad ShafiMuhammadi',and Mr. Ghulam Mujtal>a
Our'statute laws whether inheritedfromthe British Government .or' while the case about. other sections dealing with bodyhurt was argued
after IndePendence'are based'lipon the principle of common. good and the last mentioned gent1eman~ ... Mr~ Khalid' Ishaq' ably argued '.' the .matter _ ' ,
:,equityaiid goo~ co~scieqCew~ich !s,the,'sim.J~, ~sthepniiC~plesqf the request ,of the Court.~.M:aulanaHabibur; Rahman Kandhlavi. gave' .
. (MasalehMursda) 'of Imam' MalIk a~d.pn~clple,of, I~tlhs~n , opinionin writing and~lso madeora.1 submissions.• " : . 1 ' "., ...
.. Hanifa. A/or/iori these laws must be more' 10 harmony' WIth. Shaflah. . 28. The iprim~yqJesti~n for'c~ri$ideration istIic repugnancy' tdtne
,':sonie'respects';the"statute rIaw·'maY not fulfil thestaridard'ofthe law of and !he Sunnah oqheprovisions of the Pakistan Pe~l Code regarding
Qur'an'and may also bC repugnant to it butsuch 1instances are few., • lIlJ'otllUICil.ll m ~ases' of boddy hurt or deatlL, ' '. ., . ~:
:', ::21: 1
ConSequentl{:the first principle'to be fnvoked is to ~st these 29. There : isno contest thaiin ca~ of cUJp~bleha'inicide amountin~ to'~
\ ,':" all the principles of Halid (lawfulness) and Hara~ (unl~wfulness) as laid (qatJe-e-'amd) the normal. sentence 'prescribed bytbe Holy Qur~an' is'
, ' in tbe divine law: ~ ," ' .:', H.;;,.>. Verse 178 of Chapter 2 provldes:-:"' .. , '" '; . ,: .. ' .
;:~., ,', ;. 22:' Th;;h~I/Q~r~an'h~s e~' ressiy'stat~d' ivh~iis;un'i~;iul and . "O~e who·beli~~e !Retali~iio~js.pfescribed for you,in thematter'ot' . ,-,
The Prophet 'of God has ma 'a.dditions to this category. 'bu~ it the inurd~edthe f~eina~ forthefreeman~and. the sI.~ve for, tbesJa~e,
doubted that, the, authority to clare something unlawful or prohibited and tbe :f~le for' the female., . And" f?r him wh,? IS forg1ven~ome;.'
, ,with the Almighty ·or.His~HolyPr phet,(peaccd)~ 'upon, him) and it is what by hiS '(iDjured) brother, 'l?rosecutlOQ accordmg ;to 'usage and'
"lawful foranYJ)~~s.O(lt,of,e~4~~.u,l.llalY.ru,1;,:,:h~t)sJ~~~ld'(~~· 6~: 1)., payment ·unto ,hiin in kindn~ss. This)s. an all~via~ion and a mercy"
~ "'O'prophet'c'wnf'bannest '~hou .. that "which )\Uab,hath 'made lawful from your Lord."He ''Yho transgressetp oCter JhJS ,wtll.have a painful"
;;'thee~'~:;';'+:;"" ;'.;:".::'.,n.( '::},~;~';:~: ';~ :C:}",':-'.:.; , , ' " doom/~ ...' .... . ... ....".
-- -=t:---
-
~
. f
,
~ ,counted-: ..,' ".".' ~,',"~ ", ~ , ~ < .' ,:~ God(Haqooq';AlIab).In's~ch· a c ' . ,,',' .',. ' ," .
ase t~e State, can provide in law for
y' - .
. 32. 1 ¥r ~ Khalid Ishaq we'nt to .the extent of urging .that' the sentence
: ' imprisonment is fci~eignto Isla~. '. " 6
, a~d you there is ri .covenant thene chmet, .of . a folk between whom'.
hiS· folk and .' (a Iso) a . . believing "slav~ e blood-money must pe paid unto'
:33. On the other band Mr;Muhammad Shari Muhammadi IiUD~DnlCll hath not the wherewithal. 1Ouse 11 lllust be set, fr~e•. And whose '
l
e r:u't'wt~o
thatculpllble homicide "amounting to murder (qatIe-e-'amd) may
types; one involving rights of. God (Haqooq-Allah) and ,the other
penaJ1ce ,from " Allah.
. . Allah , \is\ Kn'o" , lse. .. consecutIve'
' months , •.' A
rights of men '(Haqooq-ul-ebad).· Some' disputes. resulting in .tbe 4:93. u • • • • !Wh~so slayethabeliever .' " ' . , , .... .
'directly affect only the accused and the family 'of the deceased as . . Hell, ror ev~r. ,Allah is wroth againSt' hr Of set purpose, hIS rewar9, is
case of a disputc/overwater ortresspassby the cattle in the ~reparedfor hIm an awful doom." m and He had cursed him' and
either, party or tribal vengeance., Suchmatters ,would entail the It IS not fora believer t' k'll . b ..... " ;.' .' . ,', .
man (Haqooq-ul-'ebad) imd permission to ·.compose;the "difference' , .:. . .. ' 0 .1 a .ehever unless "'t b ., b ,...' .'
5:32. 'For that cause W'd I . ' . I e , y mIStake, ,
of pardon t~ the accused would help> in the patching up of difierences. i who~oever killeth a' h~m~n .i,cr,eed for. ,the Children, of Israel that'
"diminishing the 'sense ofvengefuIDessorVindictiveness .. and in
<
., . - ' -. • " - ~~ : \, - ' . -, ~........: , j ' '"' ;MUHAMM~DRjAZ v" FE~ERALGoVBR' ~ " .
ALL PAKisTAN LEGAL DECisIONS·.... ·.· ','., _,(AjtabH;/Ssaill, Member) N M E N r F SS21. '
i. sl~nwr~DgfuniJi~a'~e 'givj{~o~er uoto.· his heir, b~
',' > ,>
.. Whos6 , ': 4:1t:"t~rgi'V~ness is'~nly incumb'nt .'. '.. ';". ~ ',.. ,,'" ..'~ , "
,; evIl in ignorance.{and} thenturri .~~ ,All~h> toward' those \vhodo"·
. Th.ese,~re they toward whom. A.llah~~~IYh (m repet;tance) ~o Allah./ .
.• let- him'not commitexcessin slayi,!g Lo 1 bewillbe belped".· '
:_i2:7,o5;\..~ndwhen,he turnetb~ away: (from. thee),his·effort.in ,tho W1Se~_ .';.... : .." . '
; land is:~to" make mischief therein and. to destroy tbe crops and the
. et: Allah IS' Ever-Kno\ver
,,;.' '. cattle; and Allah lovetb not mischief:~"; .. . . . . , .. , 24:22•.···Andletn'?t. those who osses ' . . ' . . " . , t.
.' .._·.·./?f:37•. ihese '.ver~s'~la~ifY. the 'distinction' ·b~t~ee~·)a.
..
justified'. culpable
t"
swe,a~ not to gIV~, to .thenea~ of dIgnIty and ease 'among you
~uglflves .for the. cause. of An h .md and to the ,~"eedy~and to
-'earth~'
, homicide i.e., a.homicide.with right· i.e.,·slaYing· with' right. "in tbecourso mdulence. 'Yearn ye notth' a. Let them forgive' and show'
'. •of justice", '''man-slaughter or' corruption' in the t and .culpable Forgiving. Merciful" ~ ", . .at .Allah may: forgive y~u?. Allilb. is '
. homicide amounting to murder whicb·is 'one of the 'wots sins "Gunab·e
Kabira'~.~.The
: gravity. of the offence is brought· out' by such warning that " .42'53 "A d '"1' . ,,', . " . : ,
:(. ).,nveny,whoso·is:patient 'd~'
" 1~" , • • . , . • . ., . . •
, . .of t~~ steadfa~t heart o~things." an.' or~lv~th-Lo! ~hat, verily,is' , .
'that his reward is hell forever/Allah's displeasure~()ver', an unjustified
'unlawful; killing' of.'a.,man is tantamount to.ikilling',of,'aILmankind and
45.14. Tell those who believe'to·f " " ';.. . . ' '.
slaying is repeated several times. According toJbn~-Kather (see commentary ,days of Allah; In order that he n orglve t.hose: who hope .not' for,the
.". earo,". " . .... l~y reqUite Jolk· what they "used, ,to
, on 17:33) it is . in tiaditionthat .. the destruction 'of the entire world is
"'. easier in' the·eye of Allah than an unjustified inurderof a believer (Momin),
'_. 'Shah Waliutlah .writes. in . Hujjat~ul Lah u1. Baligba,V01.H II,. translated by '7:\~~~, ~'~(eefProm
to ,for~ivenes~ (0 Muhammad)I.and enjoin kimlness,· and .
:~MohinaAbu
.. away the,lgnorant."
. Muhammad Abdul HaqHaqaniatpage 431' tbe\Vofst ofthc
" tyranny is murder and it is the biggest~ ·sin....ThereJs a· consensus on e prt~clple of to" err is human and to for·
This urge to for giv.c is on th" .. : ' ,'. " ..' "
that~
give divine'. ' .
to .murderis to',obey the call or
.umildt;\!SS~b~~!tu~d'~tp~id~~e p~~~r;b.¢ puni;llIn~ot of ret~iati~~ ,
this point andthe.reason' is'
indignati~n'(~ I~l.. ~,;:)' and it is'the worsf'tn~nner
"to . spread corruption Is'
(.)l..0 among people:' . " '., . . , 2:178.'" ' , ' .~n paymell10fblood-money: .. ' . . .,
, . 38: At p<ige'432 lie'writes that 'sitic'Cpremedit;ted m~d~r (.l~
Jill
. "
,(l!lJu:ed),brother, prosecution' ac w ~'? IS orglven somewhat by his .
••..' ,. And for him 1'" f ,;.,
, ~lmm kmdness."' .. :-. ';-
,'"
, cc:: ':: is' a cause of corruption' an~i acti,?n"itbeCame'nec~safY cO,r mg to .. usage' ,and payment unto . ' .
and may bC? helpfuJ increatirig .good •~W,lg teous . andllnJ~~tified. vengeance
,laterstage than a'personconimittirig other sins. ..'. and the murdered, since insome case~lf '. r,etween .the, familIes
Ke~pi~gin'~iew.tbee~o·rmity,
. " " , " ' Y 39;' oLtheoffeneetheHolY Qur'an bas revenge. ,P.lexander Pope says: , g .of murderer
,5:45. d ,'.''Thelife'for theiife;:and the'eye 'for· the eye,th and the I' .' ,. .' · ' f , ; . .1orce Isonlyhalfov;:rcome." , . ' S,'
. nose for 'the ,nose," and ·,'the ear for, the , ear,aQ,dtlietoo for the ~ a mom~nt of d~spalr oft tlie cnem . , ".
tooth; and. for :;wounds r~a1iati(}n~' Butwboso forgoeth.it .(in tho ~m, a ktnd gesture of'saving his lfre ~yhe3t ~ll.,· !}(:~l'e o~ survival i~ lost to
.
wa:y:of~hi.\fity) itsball be,; expiation;' fC)r bim.:Whose judgeth not mcompletely and may awaken 'th e victims .heirS may overcome
that whlch.Allah.hath.revealed : such are wrongdoers... ,: . me~bers_ of his family. This in so;e ~~~:: of goo~ followsh,ip in bim
and
(See2:i7~) " < '...,. "'14"- ,. ' mamtena~ce,
of,law a~d
,?rderin the locality,may b.. a better gu~r~ntee
fo!
~
. . . ;. ,.to. The' holy Qur'an further 'stresses. in 2:179.'~there 44. There, is theref~re 11 b /- 'd /,.
tion' • '. '••• that' ye may ward off (eviI)." Hadood which hi their entir~t ~,ou ,t· th,at c.ontrary to. the . offences 'of
~!Ia~), the offence'; of' murd~r :~~ wIth vl~~atl?n of rights. of God (Haqooq
.o~the'<?L!e·handttie'.h~IY Qur~an~~als,wi~hthe
::!~': t~~t ~C17~~ti~~ ~~'::.';'1I~;:~~~ .~he :gh:e~f ~~'::: f i,ffr:~th~!
-- -=t=
-.
---
~.
''1.." •
f
•. M ,
'". '. . .(:
_ (Aj/abH'I"",I.,Menrber)
. .' \. ... ' . :;
" ' M U I I M . "
't~
,
, ,2 F SC , ,"
, " 'ALL
. ' ", ' .. .". . have the right ,cother!. , RiAz'v. FEDEaALCJoVER"MENr
, '
, .
,~~~rgo ~hr":'~\!~;n.
e
'..
'dec.. sed
so dlSposed,to
' , ,set
"t '!r
' , ' , 1 'nts,for'rdallat,onshould, h -State or iUheyare
toC .' . money
the ,cu pn rermq uish
full sentepee',
, elBCltng
theirrigbt of " , e, " •,-'
pullislunen!.
, '",
they ,
ro.taipardo.n'ca.nno.f'm..call. rCdUCti.on Ofs.c.nten.ce since it WiJI. am.o unt
Maudoodi • is of the, isopinion,
i. obliteration.' It, 'for this, reason' that ,in' Tafhim'uI Qura'n, Maumn
, tbat Pardon should be on paYment of blood _
til,-
~f ~ ~.". H MUhammad~IIJ,jllun~hrihas
~ommentmgt~at verse'~bere
' ' may obtain co"'lJfnsabOnlD - , •. , ' ' 't belonaing "to 'the Jall. money. , ' , , ' '.' ," , " '_, ' , ',' " " '',: '
·\-<sec~~W)hese:~n~. is.pardond~dnSoShmO;;r:,~(i;n~:'i'~
"."
" • I . a MaqboolAhmada com....
'45. :Mai ws •
(:'urderer)
'"" ,
", '"
m his broth<,
h'b .demand (of
54., Maulana
when he :said while
whkh alleviate the gUilt. In
on thIS
s!ated'ihe same, Principle
may be circumstances
case the mUrderer may be made to pay
'sS.
'o~, mea~s '~b~
" ;46. blood·mo: 1'heEngJish translation of wbat.·Maulana Abdul Majid Dariyabadi
state~ custo~ ~~
h d
Abbas that 'pardon means, '4 .' .., UI means that teem "l" 'in his comments this verse is ;' 1V0rd ,,,.;..,,' (i:.. some.
be,ac~ordIng
txi acCepted. He also
(
may that>;'J,, should be paid i. a good what) ii <significant which tliat, only a' portion of the' selltenc.
~I"
'blood-m'on-ey) should to an . h-,I: ror prescribed be abandoned not that the Whole ,of it may be pardoned." ,
so~ ~
h,'c'h the 3 alternatives are 8IVeQura'n
!!Ialiationt:am~
os. 399,400 and 401. , .. ... 56•. The tradition aScribed to Anas, that when a matter punishable with
it is Idillk~~tt~~ s:il:~'iJ'~i"
48. 'There are, ahadlS
h at ..
related by t¥b "Kh.!~t~h~:ri.enceforward!
notwonly ,with the text f the In holy
Baluglt-ul direct him to bebefote, the ,holy
• pardoned, does Prophet
'no' mean(peace
thatbe the
uponpardon
him) i Would
he Would
toIaJ pardon, and no' a pardon in tenus of reduction of the sentence Which
be
hi~bJ
but a so wHladis No. 1204, is from' Abu Shurab, s of his family either to - . would amoun, to, T.khJif 'as ,stated in verse (2:178). The ....ningof this
~. tur~s
'Maram,. 'It it will be for the mem er, ' " ..ternent would be clear if it is read in,the context' of the eaplanatioo given
~:~~:. P!'rdo~n':{
so!Oebodt:t way of retaliation.' . d h th r the Q"", by Hazrat Abba, thet Pardon means,paYment of Diyac " ,",' , '
'alternatl'~esJ
The "rgumen so" 'b t they read tramtlons ..'
' 'n~Vl/l j_ The pardon is, no doubt of blood or retaliation only , and not of What
J.'~v:o mea,
the' three u ., ." ,. '. ".' . '. follows this provision in 2:118 regarding. payment according to Usage. which
"s(}m~wl;at t~eat!Dentd~~~~ed~
propositioJls. , , ' , • 'ds"And for him wh?", oay be .onsidered to be a reduction. It would, therefore, necessarily
' '50, Verst: 2:178 ,as stated above eusage and pa)'lllent In kl of Diyat as a, consideration for forgiveness. I am, thereI'ore,
'~ohr'Cgh"vleSn~~
••..•.•'. the
~uIpterlrtm'
,by me is .significa!lt•. Itnoints 10111 of the view that the Qur'anic text provides for two allein..ives Viz.. U '
"
.,' ' .
"
..
..:, . ,53'• . In'the
th~ Hfe
. context
tty its reductlon\\iou . .the . liability
'. . . to pay . UIVV"n..
, .
.•'
' ... ":'~.
;."
., 'i' "
< '60.0 In. tbeview '·of.. Maulami j'AhdulMajidDariyabadh '(see his cOl,lClusion in view of the 0 ".' ; , :,~;": . ...
. .'
~o!~rnentary 0.11 t~e Qura.'!1) $!l~ing 'a' life' is.praisev.:0rthy;:and .tequitableil'
It IS' ,saved from an. unjustified <;murder/attack. IUhe wo.rds. o.f the verse (Qlsas) in th;foUowing man~~~og words of. 2:~ 18. ·.He explains' retaliation'
.. .',' : "
..
- '
. save a personfro.m Qlsas or fro.m Justified homicide would itself amount to take himself from anoiher .~~k~: v~ngeance that every indiVidual may
.~{:sj.!i"a~~~~as~ist~nce in whatisprohibite<i:'.Jn:view, .o~ this I 'cannot ~ame. o.~ an, organised, ci~iIi;:d ua. On th~ other, hand, it is the
subscnbe to the argument.o( Mr. Khahd Ishaq. ,- ". : " 1D.CrJmlD~I,Law. ,It is a cOllectivl~d systematISed form ofpuoishment'·
:;' 61. It, w~s'ur~e/ti;at verSe 33 :6f Ch~Pt~c 11,':', ';who~oeveris' slain ~uty .. ~f Its e~ecution .falls o.n the Gi:for the w~ole ummah. -The '
",.....TI,;l.:ul ...,It, are used to addies th vernm~nt or Its officers. Words - ,
wrongfully we have given power unto heir'.',' co.nfers no.t o.nly the autho.rity
\ .o.f retaliation o.n the heirs of the. deceased victim but also vests. him with even th~ir individual capal(ity:' , s ~ , .l\1usbms coU~ctively and not in
, :..'an unrestricted righ~ to. pardon ,the c!llpr,it...
State6~.~in~~.:~.p
I: n.S.sib.~ .sfO.nr.~.~:~~t.i~~.· ~~~n n~~i.1 S~ri~~.;.~
' ."
Q
This is the view of Ibne'Katber'as also' oiMaulana;M~udoodi ride
a
.:'""62. •. o.i. dFflie . .. t. . agai.n.;S'tlhel' .
~TafhhmilQur'an'" Vol~~ II, page614,no.te 35,' But in the'comrrientaryor executIOn shall be treated 'asaCting on behalf ft'h'" h' e carrymg out the z
'. ' .., ' .' .. ,'.' '.' 0. e elrs of the deceased.: '
,~Qtir'ari by Maulana Ashraf Ali a'different . view 'is : taken since the. verse is .69. The next. pomt IS' whether th .' . .' '. ~ ~. \ . .. ,
: expliiine.d.as sayirigthaL~~We liu,thorised his heir to ob!aiiiietaliation~'. fine IS rep~gnanno Islam.'! have alreqdyeJ:~iellc~hof Jlfelmpri.sonment~nd .
,~. ~ _'~ ,.--~: ' •
of the heusof the deceased to ret r" .' .~It ,theques~lOn of nght .
." ;"''':''''. >'. _', J'
' .,.
: ... '. • .;,.c',
... ; .. '''" I," -' -':,
.' '.<- ;63•. Maulana: Shabir ;Ahtnad" Usmani is .of:,the view' that.the verse
,.,confers upon theheirsofthe"slain' 'a'.right to . seek ,from. the Government of blo?d-mo~eyor Diyat .(2:178).\BUi,labo~ (17;.33) and pardon ~npayment
be saId to .1Ovolveonly ri hts f h hffi;ur er IS an' offence whIch cannot
retaliation. by killing. ::'But, they: should -'not exceed, the' nmitsand arrange
'for the punishmerit of aninno.cent person' instead,of the 'murderer .or of hf
~e rights of AUah,though jngcert~int: ~a~? th.e deceased., It~lso involves
gIve~ preponderance 'in the interest, of . .t e nghts. of th~,hetrs may be. ,
'innocent, persons 'in addition to ,the murderer .' or. disfigure the murderer by
, cutting his.ears" nose etc;' . ,....'.:--? " ' , ,'.' . creahng goodwil! and amity if poSSi61eb~~:~U:bnch t?f peace 10. the locality by .'
the aceu.sed orhlsfamHy. . . . '. . e etrsof the deceased and .
',,:;", 64:"This:later':i~ie~ is"th~s'preferable.,The,v.:-ords'~buflet him not
.' ,commitexcess,in slaying' immediately following the:words 'whoso is stain
wrongfullywehaveg!ven ':power: unto .his heirs'claiify the divine intenlof 'ndi!I;~~~~%~l:~Uinfo(~l:lca&cive. th~ sin; 10.00 Ihe ';orsl of sin
mankmd. For this reason the Ii . ~. ferson as the murder of· the. entire
.confermentor only the'authority of' retaliation by this verse on the, heirs
of the slain •. '. . ;:;, " . ' ,,~, o~ death. Acc<?rding to the. ttadjti~h~f\~nte~ce for the offence of murder is .
, '65•. 'In
~view ofthis:;discussiontbe utmosUhatcan be said for amendment hIm) .,l!ri .Jii' 4r (we shaU'Tll •.. 0 .; ; '. oly ~rop~et (peace: be upon
R ' .,.'. . . '.' 1.. a person : ,who kills) or'i,t'l.alJ1 -,: ~("'"
ofthePakistatiPenalCodtnsthat. the :, alternatives' sentence of payment or ( etahatton IS Allah's command).:The·Q. .', ; ' - . ....,~ . ' V - '
> blood-money should be a,dded.to·section 302~ i . ,~,.' :;... . (' .' .' " .'. ur an emphasises Jill'" q:... A.lI'
IDsurrectionis..~uc~,~ray~!th!1n murder)~ It the " . ..I.J~.J':"". itA.\: '.
: '66~. Even~lit is'a~sumedfor.ttle sake: of,reasorii~g'that'complete
by, Jma~, I~n~e,:Talmla' m .Slyasat-e-Sharia' .~. refre, pomts out as . . stilted
pardo'nisalsoconteinplated in2 '~178"tha~ cannot 'help the petitioners since
person IS,.!? I~volve. oneselfinmischie£' 'c!r~~\ 39. that; to. murder aoy
tbat'provision, cannot be 'included} in the Penal ,Code' which deals with
(.,J J .\~;): .:. It~a~not' be doubted itha;' miSChi~f.lon an~.moral.depravi~y. \
\ punishment only (see 'section ,2). and' n~t ;with. compoundabi1.it~.,'Asis clear
,from section 2 ofthe Penal Code It deals With the acts or; OmlSSlo.ns contrary
affect th~ so.ciety. as much ·a~anindiv{dmil.' For' '.' corruptlonan~ depravity . ··
or a ml~hle(mo.nger (1$.\":') whohabituall . thIS r~a.so~, 1he punislunent
, to., the, proVl.,·sion.....Of..th.c-:Code :a.nd.'the.l.iability Of. th.e pe.rson guil.t y of tho.~
orthe socIety IS death (see Islanii Faujdari' Q~ causesb~nJunes to the members
omiSSions topunishnient .under; this i Code•. ~ The, petitioners' _purpose ca
be served by the 'amendment of section 345, Cr.P.' C•. but as would be seen, pa~e 163) .or;detention, in
prison till he.re~~on ~ SaJam~tAIi Khan;
it !S stated at'page 5, of: ~he above book whkh;~" It JS for this reasons tbat.
later•. in my.view it is a section dealing with the procedure o.f the Courts and/
as such it is not ,within the jurisdiction of the Federal ShariatCo.urt to. give) Kltab-ul-Ikhtly~r~ ~n the authority. of Fathul-Taqdi: :an..• prdu. tra~lation··. of ..
,i.< . 'a declaration or directionforamendment"o.f that section," . ''Two'',.rightS' '" b l ' . ~ c . ' ; , . . ..',; . ' . : . ' .•.
'~ ': 67.', It ~~S)~t: one~tage argued, :th~ugb.< hair-h~ari~dlYJ'i tbat verse ..' are . ended to retahalJon' one is th .......',..... .
:ofChapter 1 .17;confers .the rightS of killing 'on:the'heh: only; I , ~tlrees ~he world of corr~ption(.)t..;.;) a~d . ' . e CJ~ht. of Go~s.ince
IU sO'11 ." . . ' ".' ' ...' .'..' secondly the fight of
subscribe to this wide proposition •. The last portion' qf. this. verse 'Lo. '. '" ar as It IS asource~of satisfaction toth h" ' . .' man.
';' . will be helped' gives a right to the 'society or :.the ..state to arrange for. eXei~utIOi!l" I .," " '. .' ... ' ".' '., .,~elrso.fthe slam." . ' .
, ~. of the deatD' penalty. Muhammad" Ali" in . his 'commentary'says that , t I,S further .state~on. the samepage on the. auth?~ity ~f ltabia~ :,,--; .
. ' words. probably indicate. "that as the Go.vernment js bound to aid him 'The preponderant nght,'however "th' : . . .. ,.... . .'. ..
, bringing the nlui:dererwitbin reacbofthe law,'the heirsh6uld noUake the law . B;1readyseentha.t, retaliatio9 ,c~rr:;rise:to~ftma~ ';beca~~elYo~ have·
,'~ ,in his own hands".: This alsqappears to be,tbe opinion of Maulana.' S~abbir. !lght the man IS preponderant; 'But 't d wo rights In w~lCh the
Of
'Ahmad,Usmani, since; he, also insists upon ,the. State aid: in ," bringing' the l~no rllh~0fi.God:' '" .... J , . oes nofm~n t9at ·t.h~e
'offender to book. MaulanlJ! Abdul 'Majid Da~iyabadi. comes to.. the . . ;\-,
'.'
,. ~,
--
- -----
, .
~f
" While :-, ' 'ate. or', Ruler is
No. 48) Allama h ' 'ured one forgives, the f< St the preservation orJaw to waging war against .Allah' Who' has ordained the retention a
"Even where t e IOlt' n as is' necessa~y or ,
' to~'~"'ke< such ac 10 , " , •
societyfullof virtues and free of vices.•lt is for this reason that
ShabbirAhmad ·Usmani is' of·the·.view(see bis Comentaryon 5:33)
order in s~cle y.
' , ,J'j' • t .. ' . e view In there is no justificationforcurtaiJing the. generality of,the words used
/~/ ' ,
:.
Abdul Majid Daflya
,\ badi is also' of' the sam
h: offence of. cu pa e.
I bI
~oclety ~is verse to Specific offences oC sedition; rObbery or dacoity, The language
de~ .o~
'71. Maulana 2'178. He, states that. ,t e State or the the verseshouldbe considered. in its wider sense. T,obe at war with
commentary on is not only an attack the
'tliereby that the offence and. His .' Prophet (Peace 'beupori: hiin)or' to . create corruptions or
" amounting to muron the individual meamn " ':'
in the land wouldcover aJlsuch matters as•...;.'.(1) offensive. by the
whole but also 11 as private. '. ., Vol V IUIl·ll"U~J:IIU:> (2), the .mi8chief of dpostasY(3) highway robbery, (4) dacoity, '.'
public chara~ter as we F h by,' Ab'dur' Rehmhn .~l~f~~~ Stat~ lmjIJsti.!ied murder, (6) plunder. looting or.·
pillage, (7) criminal. conspiracy .
72 In <Kitabul- Iq 'b' " discussed .the a,:,t O~I propaganda. .Each 'of these offences. are' Such for Which .
"')
I?i: e 589, has een 'd He writes , - . 'f
i~
translatIon, th offence of mur er. ho have a right 0 would be liable to alleast one of the sentences referred to therein.
connection Wit e to say that if· those Y' may' arise; n. qalUt-e' na/,"aqorunjustiJiea. murder clariCies'the
.. "It will'not be corre~ law and. order sitw:~rd
to retaliation will
The reference
.J pardon the accus~ stated the person entl eAssuming
of the worthy commentator. In fact creation of disorder in. society
~eath:
that he. one wishes to' be an ordered society Would itself amount to. creating' .
' has already been nishment of 'f he is 'of the View
',insist upon the, pu can still pum~h"blm I d it is necessary to ornliscliiet~(.)w) 'thus
•. a person 'who 'jsa goonda (arch
.
. the accused the ludf~y shall be dlst,:,rb~d a~nCed that he has
ace in the l~a I till be IS, c~nvi
takes pride:in his .beingcalled 'a'goonda~
It is his hobby as well
pe under de tentlon • . • <. .1. ' " to create terror ill the minds' of members of' his. Jocality Who would
< • •
· . h'm f put an '. end. to his criminal. activities. lIe earns his living by sale of
! If." .;"., 'd'fferent schools 0 and other intoxicants, prostitution. gambling,. blackmail and making.
~' ~C" in tbe attainment of,thatobjectiye 'is so unscrupulo.....hat he, do.; not
,o~ ~ught.tobe
ll].ollge~mg..
the mu,rder:'rI;"hat, contingenoy be can c.', ' , C 'L_=._ _
in the abetment commisSion of offences, oC murder
'. deport ~':
. ....
< . . . . : ,
"
~s ~h. M hamma , ) Murder committed by such person would, ,therefore, fall Within the
Moder~tesOthat canb~,g~ve.n5~33.....,.,
; ",74.ThIS rld:(printed by '\h blooct:money (Dlyat. In fact this isa verse which if acted upon would eradicate the menace
,!nthe,
10 which ,he st , ',' . 'd _down In
l'
tazir 7 1, which' provide,S the
corruption or
arch 'criminals : from the society. The verse provides the best pro
. . . 75 This' IS also;. al ...... , . t . . Allah, and, ralsmg .'. . .. of vices which attract members Who otherWise would have been virtuous
. h
.up~n
': .;'. .'. . gt'ngwar agams . . . , ' '.' ..:, _
.sentences {or wa '. ..•.. ..' . . -, ..' .' ...... ':". war. Alia members .·of. the. Society. According .·tols)ami 'PaujdariQanoon
~~~d !:::
:the land:::- "'. '. . '. d of those 'Yho ,make. Jnd ' wilL be Ali Khan, page I 63,' mischief-mongers canbci PUnished \\lith death
h~1d
. '.Messenge, 1 d' r 'crucdied,' or R. f the' land .. Suc WI.
· '. 'des be
'. ..... " will kll e or0w.
cutoff, ill be expelled
'ld'" andou!to..0 t.h'"e Hereafter
. . '. theirs
. WI
U
Bahgha, page431 has the offence of murder to be .tbe worst form'
i, . ~degradabon
Sl ' i n the wor,.
.. ~, ,
'... .
" ( 3 ) cuUinS
corruption (.lW) among the people. lIe says :_ .
~t:"a!~\:~~ ;1 th,\'o~error'°th~dl~;ii:"i~~~r.~h=~~
page 225 (Translation by Muhammad Ismail Godarvi): ' . . .'
J~r~ l~plicable i~ter ,!~ra ~\on (~J~f the llambJischool of thought is death: . ..... . . . . .'
'Shafe~ ~some
" there is.:no to in the Jand
~the
' of the verse " u n t to creatlOg corrup I . , 'the ' ACCording toiniam and Imam Ahmad and CoIl';;"... '0
· iJdividual or a group amo se spreading, corruption m Imam Ahmad aod Imam, Malik iC a per'OIl introduces hi land
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-
-
.
-
:::
-+
.......
1980 . ·fJuII1.MMADRiAz v~FEDERAL GOVERNMENT'
,~" , .'. :, A;.ipA.lti~1AN~?A~J)I!C~iON~.'" • t snoul
(A/tab lIUssain. Member) .
;~S F S"C , . .... .,'." belonging to Qudnya ~ec th1 of isreal' (Bani4srael)w~s'repe~ted . tbatthe' unjustified murder ,or one ',.1
In the .view oflma~ Mali~th~eyr~~~ ap~states b~t because 1t was is
human being as if the entire mankind has been killed. This. context proves
(3)
bput t o' death not because
' " .' , '.' , . - . ' that wherever the killing is the .result of or. with a view to creating corruption
· e I U) in the land; . ,. . ,;', -tf_~ (~W) -,it should be dealt· with in th~manner proyided by verse 5: '33· . 1
[st corrupt~on ~ . . . " , . t usman. Hazrat ~sa
'Y?}l: '. " ' , H rat. ,Urnar a:nd Iiazra "" rson prRcttslRI and the 'sentence in a case ofuoJustified. mrirderfrom among 'the four. '
.rnaglC 15 ea "sts say that he 18 \1a e 83.:Faced with ..the prinCiple of. verse 33, of Chapter\S sOfue learned
· apostate but some Jun d"':' ',' . .n counsel submitted tbatanother section could take.care of the Circumstances in' ...1
.f (lW) in the Ian ' : " : t' S· the comtnlS510 which that verse would be applicable. .In this connection reference was made
· cortUP I~n ,:, . ' u Hanifa a pe:so~ repea 10 e 'slain· by way of
(5) Acc,?rdlng t~ Im::sta~le' by 'death 1S ba~le to b,
to sections 396•. 397,P.P.C. But this objection is without. force. The policy
· of an offence P, '" ,.,' .
'
' ',1:.' b'tualty makd
is
oflaw to make'the legislation as comprehensive as possible, so as to make.. . ·'.1
nP,rson who ua 1 ut it applicable to' different circumstances.·' .It is for this reason tbat the Pakistan .. .
:' taz.,., ,.' Penal Code in its section 302. has ,de~ribed '.lwoalternative sentence'
• ' • • <, •
t.
death bas attained finality but before execution 'of the said sentence; .'
• im{lri~O~llisei!te~~ta~jJn tbat·the!' ShdOUf:ld bet~ep~;~l:h~f~:~:~rth unless be 92; .In
.view'~f what has been' statedab~ve if is .not necessary to deal,
!lccep nt' No one can be bams~e f om , ' , with the argumentsab<?utsection 345, Cr.P.C. The. Peshawar' High Court·
IS appa:e " t,I\" , ' ,,', ••
is kept in prtson .'. )i' • u 's reproduced (tradition in the case of GulHassan (1), hashowever taken the view that section 345, ,
Cr. P. C. is repugn1l.nt to . the ',Injunctions of the Holy Qurtan . and'
:~ ,~7.', A ~ traditionul:~i~!~ ~~°Atl!::~bn~~~~jar Askalan~e~!e~a:no;::; Sunnah and. has. disagreed... with the arguinents that being a matter of
~t t~!O~~dl~n~!fr~~~~:~i:ft~~o:e~;::~id~~~~~{~' ~~~K~~i~;~!~:ed.
Tenth Edition, page 475. },have the highest respect for· the erudition .and:
Y
~el of Kitab-ul.Fiqb by ~~dul ~~~~ hive th~ intention that the person
o. cases, the person ;;tlzmg ,1 Malik is as stated in M?va~ta at page
knowledgeof law,of ,tbe 'learne,d,Chief Justice but I regret that I cannot·
a~o~ be killed sin~e the View of Ima?1 d the victim' witli the obJechve tbat be ..inforce'or, foitbe matter of that',this' Gouit, has.' any,' juris'diction' to,'make
: ~~:e' 672; that ifd th: ~a~o~lJ'a~:~~e subject to ret~liation. " . a declaration aboutsectioo 345,Cr.P.'C. or the. Second Schedule or the
h said Code•. :" .,.' - '.. , ' .r
. ' the s~ntence of a. person vJolently
'
should" be pu: to. ea ", . ,
, 88 Yet another lOstaf!ce IS of Ib him the killer will ,be hand~ 94~ Under,Artic1e':'203-D'of .the' Constitut;o'n the Court has th Dr
,", • his slave. Accordmg to ra m Muhammad is opposed to thiS jurisdiction l()'examine or decide whether or not an}, law of provision '0 D "
kllhn~ 'the heirs of the deceased slave. Im~ e~aUation inter owner and slave. law is repugnant' to the Injunctions: of Islam as laid ,down .in. the Holy
oy:~ since according to him thbre l;~~ ~~ved' froni retaliation an~ should be Qurao and Sunnab 'of .the Holy ,Prophet (peace ,be upon' him)., 'Law~, has
, ~n the other ha~d ~he own~r ~oo~e 'the view of' Imam Abu Hamra also (fot been defined in Art' 203-B 'as riot including inter alia ,'any law' relating to
the procedure' •.', There can "be. no' dispute' on the. question that the' Code
. imprisoned.' :T~lS ~~ul~~!:r by Imam Muhamm~d; page, 265). ,. ' of Criminal Procedure is a law relating to the procedure~ofth~' Court.
refer(!nce see Klta, " ." teference from Murvan bm Hakim It provides in its section 5(1) ,that 'all, offences undecthe.pakistan .Penal
" :: 89. Mu'avi,a Bin. A;hu sufiafd ~~t be killed in retaliation but should Code shall be investigated, enquired into, tried and otherwisedealt'with .
directed that an ,tns~ne person ~hOU , "', ,', according 'to the provisions hereinafter. containeg. It .isnot neces~ry,to ';
· beimprisoned~ >' . ";~"e as~ertion of Mr. Khalid Ishag.that Isla,
90" These lDstances n.egatIve tb, punishment or for detentIon. los,
consider the import of, investigation and inquiry since the relevant.
procedure is',that oftrial:which. is .undoubtedlY govemedby the provisions'
does~ot,recognize 'jmprrsonm:~~f'imprisonmentand fine in. section ~O of the :Cr;P.C.Nowa trial under the ordinary parlance wilt not
· ,'therefore, clear, .t~:~l!~y~:Jeof Tazir are,notrepugriantto ~'!d hf~Yo~~~ t
only deal witb the forum but also witb tbeway in . which it ·.is.to start ,in
being sentences eVl. ',.' h ,.' r requnes to be· amen . " '1 continue and to; come to an 'end ina Court oflaw•. For the trial to start
and Sunaah. The' section,. soso~b~ep~ovision firstly about persons Y'ho Jlh it is necessarythat'complete facts' constituting the olTence be 'presented .'
inCcurto[ a report in writing of such fact be made:by any Police Officer
:~~lu::'!~:u~!dW::~!J~r:e~a~a~i~~~~e~~i~~f~~~uJec~~~e;~~:~ ~~e :U1Pul~i
·. or the Court may:upon all ·information-received from any perSon other
than Police Officer or upon his 'own. knowledge or suspicion that. such
, " offence can be co,mpoun e J , . nd thirdly the forum which sho
~:; liable to be ?umshe~ for,!az~~~ :uestionof genuinen~ss of the com offence has. been ,'committed may proceed to take.cogni&ance oftlie matter. "
havetheauthont~to eterrnme ", ' . " " . In a case triable exclusively by a Coudor Session the : case is to be sent
by the Magistrate, for' trial. to that Court.' . A ,trial,. envisages framing of.'
promise. ',,'. " is necessary in view of tbe circ~ cbarge,taking' ofeviderice and. ultimately passing a final' order. of
'91 'Ihis la~t ment10ned prO~ISI~\, h'an accused person uses all tactics discbarge;acquittal 9r .,collviction •. All these> proceedings :including;, the
stances' prevailing in the co,:nt~y tnt~~ lCr with investigation of the offcnco, procedure how a trialwoidd come to an end are matters of proce<;ture;
including force a~d blac~lall, /0es t~ heirs of the deceased: per~on; who 95., Section '345,> Cr. P. C. provides '.for compounding ofOffence~" ,
including -the eVld7nce• 3f!le Imking retaliation may be terrortsed mto the Pakistan Penal Code;. witb' or: without ,permission of the Court E
will otherwise be mtereste d~ ~ethe offences. 1 respectfully agz: . ee
because certain offences are compoundable with . the permission of the B
, mission to agree to compoun m ssan' iven by the Peshawar Sharla~ Court only. '. Subsection (6) of section 345 deals.With the effect of composition
su gestion in the case of G~), Ha on gthe genuineness of a comproml~
, ' . -. • >
manner in'
" Court, It ComposiUon rs, ,tbe of Iaw.deahng Wlt:.S Court about
I Tradition NO..• 1203.•. ,The ,baH. V.ie:VIs co n.t rary·.to' t.h is. ". But Sha.fe'i .any'
the a'lu!"
, to. ou
Court an
~,ndIt a
h holy Qur an .a
declaration b t JOI Propbet, (pea
o~
.', •, ", between a suhstanll"
v'~r
that the disUn"lOt, s context since,
inte~
tb1
,100. A. regards the objeclion about the sentence oflhe abettor it Wi~'
l~wdlStIDCIlO.~
.::4 pr9~:~ub~~!a~r~~t:~1
:.' . I am also tbe
t to :'y re:r~~~o;o/~b:~~fta,:'~"":l :~::gh~
any' relevance In ,t 'uestion al,. 0
Iromicid~
he sulllcient to quote from Minh,j.ut Talibi.. Page 397: "premeditated
law
conllnited under Coertion by violence renders liable under th ::
talion not only the person Who exercised the coercion but also the
' accomplices~'.
0(
; Court. ",
' " ,97. The next q,::!~~S 4O~~.cial
" , about the proVIS f tbe Cr, P. C.. W !!I1Sl}Vu,,1t
401 to ': Governmen\
o~ to'_~nJ>r:l u"1I' . that the latter cannot' be ""OCUted, in retaliation, (See pages 53710 544 of
,:~~ t:~~~~~;':~s~~~r:.:~~fUI:g'i:m~n~~~n\~
,agree 'of .ections 401, and subl:ct fl.dings that
102, Before finishing the subject of , ..tirdei I Would deal With . the
d!:!! te"", to 304, P" P. .
:_ of section C, a Iso whicb, deals with culpab Ie homicide
~ot~":~:n~oiiiU:~Se°htenceO~~l~~?O~O?::~yed ,ahfYoTeA:l~~, i~
the of dOe. no'ire (1) QaUe-Amdor premeditated lliurder... ,
'
~ held . (2) Qatle Shibeb Amd is murder 'When a'person dies as a !esult of ioj.,:
Im~m
to commtt in view' of t c. ses where the rig 1.' cases the Imam ftom 'Omethiog' wbich . is' neither a weapon oor like a weaPOn e,g; a
h~~. "r~.
the rna er "certain co, that in 'ue" the
awaid /azlf In It' would, foliO", d mit orcomnrute . whip or asmali stone"Accordill8to Imam Abu YOUSuf and
preponderanC;'the authority to,suspen ,,,' "'.. ",
death~
Mohammad it is, Shibeh Anidwhen death .is caUsed as aresult of
~
Th 1 arned counse.. 0 f sectIOn 337, r'
~as
99. h e° which prov1s10ns., ,1, ' it challenged. M
'Muhamma olll
(4) Qatle Misle Khata'orhoniicidebY'q_''';''r is When a whil
perso~
oqh~ ~
Nr.. 1 of I>-J'''''''",:-
79·Karac , m E 'denee Act "" 'I ,case S. P..o. 'nd sleeping falls .On another -on Who is. tberebYkilled. or a ]lerson
. and no v, etitioner ID a SInn ar am cleatln my relate fa/Is froto a roof on another. ]leison Who is thereby killed or Sotoe
eveu: ,f the II
or retaliation,
cate. ' While
. at . ten.t.
orie.s. i.S .:t.h i. o.n. ill..categOries
the other . . rpre.me.dare
'0 Punishable
ita.. ted ID.Ur.d. e by.... paymen
. r. isP .. i.S.'ha.b.1. 'J
' It isa well kn,o;::"ns' to death s'!ould bave the sin;.
fJtPI.alJC'n is Dot bowever~ enforceable byCoufts.. .
Oad ,of offering- ("l<f'Y foi. ,exPiation O( Offeriri .'
; .'' . five orhad
Sanna' bee~~
seven party
tants of that, ,Y .
to the deat
• 'Balughul , e by Allama Ibn-e
¥aram "
" ;'" 101. Seetions.104, and 304.A,.p; P. C, corresPOnd to Qatle Sltiba Amadjl:
Qatle Khat", As· in Shariah offences uDdel sections 304 and 3OI-A areJC
" ,
of the Pakistan Penal Code concerning bodily injuries I would like to make
certain comments. Ii is, not necessary to ,change the whole structure of the
,prohIbition is:save, 'with ,right' • It.)S further emphasised that it sho,uld Ab Khan whi hU,t by. para, S13 ( 1 "
'. wrQngful slaymg ,In which, the '. beltS of . the deceased would have. a ngbt
'retaliatiori. It' is this wrongful slaying which is 'culpable homicide'. u;he commissio~ t~ of IS a tran,slationo!Kitl:!u~~~i3::'Fau~dari Qanoon
, lOS; Section, 299,:defines culpable llorilicide ;Wllich in the pa~lancc : : ~ cause deathWI~~:I~s~ch intention. ~y;: ~~thdr with ,the illtention
.•.• Islamic Jurisprude~~. or Fiqb' compriseS' of; premeditated .' m~der (w If weapon.' It would lDvolve the use of one WIth the inten..
, "~np~eineditated' -homicide (oW., 4:"'J;i) 'acd " homicide' caused by ....."li_NII mU~d:rbui~ something like t~i~sbe ~ premedit~~~P~~:~o~thi~g
..... whether rash orsimpte (~,. J:i)~ ,:Ibis ·'last·category includes (Uai...J..t not to kiJI." an unpremeditated o~en(J..!!~)it .is not premedita'fe<i..
116 Alth ' h ' '" . , SlOce the intent' '
" .homicide caused byquasl_errorandlSa:..~Jf'.•J:lbomicide whichisthe
result of error.' " . . " ' . ", h~s been ~:e tbhe reference to the ',' " ,IOn IS J
ew. t at death caused b lUJ,sts in a literal sen~ns IT~erdy illustrative '.
..premeditated murder (~ J:i) .while/tbatwhichdoes:rtot' amount to sue IS not liable to ' ammals IS not premedita' rowlDg the
alld which is not punishable. withdeathunileithe Code is other than' ,and other books QIsas.· Such opin' te~ murder (J....c J;')
.
..
,
36.~S C .
re!lpect.of ·reco,nciliation. with' Qurtan. and
where death IS caused when the offender was depnved of power of self.
first ~un~ah.:rhe ex~eption ~ . Atiyone'killed
.•... . .. the"tbiefitwoul~ '~a
, . of unjustifi~ble .
case
. control by gravE o! sudd~n
provoeation or by.mistakeor ...ident, ,J)catb 123,~;It isthus'c)earainou~i :~ceedmg. the r!gh~' '!fself-defenceifin
~ J:I~
th: . '. ...... .'
recorded a There arci howhve t '. .; • '.: ' " . . . . ' .'., ..' ,
'onbeingqu~stioned ~b'outt~ecourse to traditiJn~fa
l .'
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FllDBRAL~ GOVERNMENT" .
, ! ,J
MUHAMMAD'RiAZ V.
· 38'F~S., ,C • ALL PAKisTAN' LEGAL 'DEcisioNS 'PS C39 ..
J 1 • ' , ' '.' , , ,.._ ,- ,
. . . ,(A!tabHlIssain. Member)
Abdul'Rahman-Aljaziri. page704 t is reproduced the opinionofHanafijuristl be executed: In case of" . .' . '. -,!.
that ifit is proved that there was a cliild in the womb it would not add a according to personal law olt~mdent thde blood lll~ncy shall be. di.stri.b, u.te.dJ
separateliability.~,since it is apart of the same body (of pregnant woman~ '. ,~'. , . . . . e ecease amongst hiS beirs. .
It isfor tbis reasc5iiJhat the fine ora slave is' not termed by the jurists as 139. ThiS shall be foIl d b ' ," " ,
. '\ Diyat, or ,blood-money). Thus the. statute law is not different from the law of cannot
. he
'.' sUbjected ' to QI'sa owe y ~proVlso
s. •Tbese are :...... enumerating
. the pers,ons Wh]
. ,-Shari~{ .. ,,' . ' . > •. : ' . ,,". • .,' . .'. (1) A person ifJessthan 15 ye~rs ofage ; Q
.'13'3. The fifth and the last exceptiorl: is that c~lpable, homicide is not (2) A ~erson who is insane at th'e' t' f Cl
· murder when the person whose death is caused. being above. the age of
eng., ., ".. .... , .' . Ime 0 . execution of the sentence ;
eighteen years, suffers death of takes the risk of death with his own consent
The" framers of the Codeblid in mind suttee or duelling (1891) 1aCol. (484)
. (3) Aperson killing hi~ son'~ ;
, (489) (F.' B.) Per Pigot, J. Leaving the question ohge aside since in Shariat a
The last exception is based upon the tradition "J. I '.. . ' _, ,
personoU5years ofageispresumed to. be a major,tbis provision is in
accordance with the opinion 9fImam·MaJik•..' . ' ; . .... . " be subjected to lretaJiation 'f10 k'11' I h: ') J IJ .,jl.lll ~1.41':l (father wdl not
the same meanings are traditions r I 109 IS son To the ' t r "
~'..,JI •.l1 " - . same euect and bearing
,. .134. Section 301 deals with'culp~blehomicideby' causing. death of a Thejurists have extended th' " ~ t.tJ~ JIi.I'i and ~"J~ .:aJ I..,J , J':A:!'i)
person other than the : person whose . . death was intended•. It declares such to cases were
h . IS prInCiple of I'nval'd
offence also as murder: There is'no tradition about this but it is clear that the murderer' th I a t'Ion of retaliation (Q' )•
· if intention w~s to commit murder ofa~human being and during that attempt of the slain., My. 'view is tha~Sthi: ,mother and grand parent, how high so ~!:~
someotherbuman being died the offencebavingbeenconimittedin . execution bfu a~alogy except in case of a IS nOiha fit matter for extension of cJasse~
a ecbon for the child' no paren mo er. On account of extreme love a d
of intention and premeditation -td kill must amount' fo .premeditated' murder.
:Itcannot be., equated withquasi.murder ,(~',,,:':J:i) 'or homicide by premeditation' except in most t can be, expected to kill his/her child b
, error -(l1:...J:I) be,cause in ,thefirst}htVintentionto kill, eann'otbe pre·
~ourd for gi,,:ing,bim/ber benefi~~~~~1~:~ums~a~ces. This might itself be
a so utely ,unJustdied. But tne doubf In re, atlon to the murder being
i
·sumed from tl1eweapon used and in the. other' there. is· never 'an'. intention to ~ change In the degree of relationsbi ' fn ~hls groul'!d wit! disappear with
kill any' human being•. The want of intention .to kill a bumanbeing takell lIon was made by the Proph t (p.. p. n t e context In which this exemp..
· . these two categories of casesorit of the ambit of premeditated murder., Any mean father only and cannot in~1 d :,ace be upon him) the word JJ", can
opinion .to 'the contrary would be repugnant to' analogical reasoning or u e lather's father or any h' h .
'",Qiyas. . ,'.. . _ " " . '. '.; c' ...• .'." . ". ,'0, . f 140. The jurists b~lVe Ig er ascendant.
becomes the heir of the d also exempted from' retaJia'tion . .
135.', The only provisions requiring consideratiouinmatteis of homicide
are,sections 303 and last' portion· of' 307 headed '.'attempts ,by :Jife convicts.
i
and finds that' there' has. been a. genuine composition' may s"lllo:;mu,lc as wen ~s, ?ther members of th' 0 . their duty of keeping the •.
sentence of death ,by.the sentence of payment of 'Diyatquantum of actIvItIes: Tbj~} is '. a' 'fonn' ~lf" glJup, under control and check
· shalf be laid down in the Schedule to be attached to the Code and for . .c0m.Pbeamonsetc.. of' theaccu~~ ec~he ~!le upon the helpers
.onvhich time shaUbe fixed by tne Court. . " . . , " prescrl ~ .Itmay veryacc d' . ,e. 1St of supponerso;
'138., It should becladfied thatincaseof defllultof the'accusea Rahman'j\IJaZ)ri '{see!J(itabul~j l~g~O trcumstances, According'
'(0 make the required payment by deposit in Court the~cntenceofdeath , " ' . ' , ' '. '; 'l •. , 0.5, page716),tbeAqila of /
:40 F SC· '. .·ALL PAKISTA~LI!OALDI!CiSi~NS . . . VOL.
, . '..' . '. ..,. ..', be the members ' of, tpc
an aceused, i~ he. is a ~o\,er~me!l~~~~~~t,::yrelies f9 r this proPosltlo~ : :
, -MUHAMMAD RiAz'v, FJ!DEaAL GOVONMENT·· F S C 41
' (Aftab Hussain.' Member)
I!lervic~ in hiS Immediate . epa. tabIishedGoveroment offices, an
the decisions of Hazrat umar.,who.~s . liable. to'.,pay penalty imposed on sa 1~7.f·:T~e tra~itionfromAnas that:~heHOlypr()Pbe(peacebe'.ul?on
.. ' .:
ai£used for offetJs:e. comml e . '. d·ti
. the membersof}~e respewv y c:im during'his tenure of Government
::. . .
him) would dIrect or:recommend pardon In cases pumsbable. by' retaliatIon,
(Qisas)'bas already been referred.to~. The object cJearJy was to aV9id Qisas as
1~/
service.'
,- '< ...- -, The adoption of this methtd
. ld ceri~inly
~O~ogeneous
pui a cheek on the
'society' where
the r~c
fa! as, POS$ible. This,p'oJicy.appears,to
gnevous hurttoo.·· . '.
have been foJlowed incases of
. the present society whe:e hete~ogem~~ir children:' it will be almost ImpoSSl.ble the niaQner of his execution was by; sword. The aim was firstly to fix one
parents to claim. obedience rom bably in a few cases.. Such exception metbod of executiQD of all, criminals sentenced to death and seCondly that
to obtain that -benefit, except pro '. . ',"" . '. ' the execution sli'ciuld be by a simple method causing the.Jeast'pain orsuffering
to th~<:onyi~.,. . ' c .. , , ' / c.'.. . . ' . . '. , ' : ' , . ' . ' .. ! : ' , ' . .
dea!h cau~ed as a re~u \wner ' of the vehicle .~an be made
' nlay be :-:- .. ." - • . t of rash a.nd negligent drlVIng of a'
I j . (0. Injuries ,or
. . ': public vehicle, m .whlch. case \t.e ....... ~'" .
149; ,But Qisas (retaliation) in 'eye for eye, andthenose for the nose,
and the earfortbeear~ and the toothforthe"tooth'presenteddifficulties~'
lia~le for pay~ent.,. 'a The.term·Qis.isisconsideredsynonYmolls with Musawai. e., to make' a . thing.:.
equal to:lnother thing~ Qisas; therefore, means making 'tbe ' punishment \
. member of 'group known for lis
I •.
(2) Injuries or dea~~ c~use\~h a case the . leader and other members cqualto'the:crime Sahib MUSlim 'by Abdul Hameed Siddiqi, Vol: III, 895,
criminal propenSities 10. W I,C . a ment. .
that group can be made hable for p ~ .. ca-n be made Note2J25•. 'Tocause harm to the assailant equaJtQthe harmc;aused by him
to the' victimisn()t possible in many cases. Dltferentp'rinciples have therefore
• 'I . . . ' .
'
144. In' Such exceptlOna . I fa;hs specific prOVISion
public vehicle o'r the member 0. f bcenevolv~ ,.to .. mit!gate' tbe' probable .ineq~ality. tbe:Wtimate emphasis. in
payment of . Diyat ,by owner 0ay b~ In other cases no specific. o.rder most of the'cases-- belDg on the alternatIve . ' sentence of, payment of com- .
criminal group.tlaas the caseadr: They can be made to voluI!-t~rily peDBJttion~ '>";" ........ ,.:, ',' '" .... '" , ..' / '. .. '
illother person's foot,theroot of the. fonner shotildalso be cut.' But ifit be ."
r other compensation IS depOSited I s ofland revenue,'evel;l after the ,
amounts shall be recoverabl~ as ~rre?r t Those' who are: interested lR Dot possible 'to obtain retaJiationheshouId pay compensation (Diyat). It, ..•.
undergoes. full sentence of lmpClson~:ll ~sCue and make contributions for therefore, follows that inability. to cause the.. equal' or' almost equal . ,injury
wouJdentitle the claimant to demand co.mpensation;. . . , ... :," .
early relea~e ;m~~ then cO,me. t~ '.
151. '!tis for this reason tbatretaliation in cpt~ing limb is limited to
'. .., .... . . _ .'. ,
charging hls,l~ablhty~, ' . i '. 'e4SofChapter Sof Holy
a
cases where. the limb is cut from the jpint. It iSllot permissible to cut '0
. 145~ It has already been ,se.e~t~at v:~o 'to the human . bodies· eye for the bone.' , . . _. " '. \
provides retri..bution for othe~ndnJ~~~esear for the ear ~nd the tooth ~or 152. 'There isnoQiSas=~"',
eye and nose, for the nose'b . "will"have to be lllcorporated In
too'th. This principle oLretrl ution., '" . , " " , ' (1) Infractureof,the:bonein'Yiew:ofthe traditio'n ofthe:frophet.
" Penal Code•. ' ..., ' . ." .' 'as:nieariing causing of bodily "be upon him)p..la.JI u'.IJ"l,qi'~, " ". ' . . ,'. ", .
,. '146. S~ction. 319, defines bu~s . Then certain hurts aEe ..desHmaleQ (2) If fulfnose 'js cut sin~eit
WouJdrequire 'cutting fhe :nasalbones. ' .....••...
. disease or mfirmIty to any perso '.:..:..:;; .•. . '. ',;.' . .
. grievous in section 302, ~.P!C., they.are " ' . .... ..'
. ..
.'
mPor'tbe same;teasonitthec.utting of'th~Iiinblnvolves clit.tfps,pf:t~
Thudly. ... ,.' erma ne . ,'. '" 'c. i ' '.' . , (6) Iri cutting 'Of a, tongue;' . . .' .'... . '
. Fourthly 'Priv~tion o~ any TeTber o~ J?!~t..; .' . , (7) Iran addition~'-finger of the victini cut•. ' .
is '... ".
Fifthl' Destruction orperma!1~nt'~palClng orthe
, .
, , , .. y..... .' of any member.or Jomt.,. .'
(8) In the cutting of skin of -the head or the body or Cll ttips the fiesh. ci
the cheek, beUy or back; or iri the ~utting ofhair; '..... .'......
Sixthly... l'ermanent disfiguration of t~e hea,~ orface.
. Arabic Nam~oJ
Injury. ,.'. .
"
Natur~.of /nju;; '. Compensalioll .' Sbajja,h K', . 1:,,, '~
lama
. oj
andprivation any mel;b.e::~~~~lo.ft. impaimu?I1l
,·Hurt on .head or face . . jOlfU.,· ..
.. '
/
'.. ~UHAMMAD lUAZ Y. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FSC 45
(Zakaullah Loditi, Member)
. ~ '.'
. .... ' . , . know as 'Zaman IS O'll . petition it has also been challenged that in Ii case of intentionaC murder, .
.:. 157.'Thecompens~tlonno Diyato r Ursh in .the form mount of Zaman
tion for hurts for Whlc; be left. to the' Judge ~o.fixth~He should also add
more than,one .accused cannot be awarded capital punishment.
; . ; ' ~ .
'. , . /
Diyat is ~ed •. It;sho~~ view.tbe natute ofthe IDlurY'ther loss suffered by 3: Dealing with the' first set of petitions, suffice it to say that tbi
compensatIon keepIDg ~y tbe complainant.· and any 0 Tbis will obviate the points involved in these petitions were SUbject-matter of Petition No. 7/1979•
. to it expenses borne ble as '. liquidated damages. .... . . decided by Shariat Bench of Peshawar High Court, on 1st October 1979 U
him which ~ay ,be pr?~r 't for damages.. . .... . . ' . (P L D 1980 Pesh. 1). As this Court' is only a successor Court; in my bumbl U
,'. llecessity of· hIS filll1g a CIVI .SUI , .' • '.... .... t b' rt principles laid d?wn for
view, these points cannot be re-examined by us. We have also been infornied
, ' .. ' '., d'n . the' sectlons,abou. U I ..cd with the dlfferen?C
. . 158. WbJle ame!"611~ about, murder shall.be f01
amendment 0Qf, proy~s~atter of hurt shall be compoun a . .
°d blewith tbe perml5 by the learned Deputy Attorney-General that an appeal has since been filed
by the Government against the said judgment which is pending decision.
that cases of ~sas I. '.' '. , . . . . " .
.' sian of the Ses.sl ons Judg~., . .' '/ '. '. . •• '. .,...' 4." Some questioIls were raised before, us'witli regard to the existin
• .... '. ". . . " , .'. .' d as ta'azir puntsh. legal position intbe relevant field' with pointed. reference to some lacunas '
Ta'az":.. . , ' '.' .'. . . nishments shaUbe retame .' d in addition alleged to' be appearing .in this judgment. In my opinion it would only
" "E 'sting' provisions about .P~ ... "
. lU ' , ' t already dlscusse " a.
a nd may be pronounce
,'," \ _' ..' . .< ~ relevant to raise such points before the. Court now' ceased of juris
menton the pnnclp e .' ". " diction in the matter,' As far asthis forum is 'concerned, it cannot go int
,
to the sentence of compensatl~n. ". ." , . '. s'p:
. .. '. . n above 1 dismiSS ',. •
No. 20/19*K.aracbi and
d direct 1hat the
.
them in exercise of pan~llel jurisdiction. lam also very humbly unabl
to contribute to, the view. taken by my learned brother on the poin
, 159. For the reagin:n~v~now the' ~ther pehtlor;aklstan Penal Code as cHon of Peshawar Bench; .I am quite clear. in my, mind .that the
S. P. No. If7be9.Ka~d:~n the different ,sectJonl~50f15\h~0 158 of this judgment. JUriSdictIon of, a' Shari at Bench' has no '. ' nexus to the Court's territorial
amendments ma 7 138 139 141 144, ' . 1981 J""'''''''''V'''' Hrather extends to ' laws, 'irresPective of the list in th .
suggested in paras. 13, '~e a; fro~ the, 1st April," ' . on which they find place. Imay also add' that once a Ia v'
This decision shan, be effect!. ' l d like to place on record moo' struck down· by anyi Shariat Bench of a High Court being' repugnant V
" 'th this Judgment I wou f the Bar have accept the Injunctions. of Islam,Wbecame extinct as from tbe date .fixed by
- Defore partmg. w~nner in which the ~embers ~out the assistance that judgment, and such decision was binding on all Courts.' Accor:dingl
appreciation for/~~a:satioo of Laws in paklltatr ~ ~e petitioners, the least I question of. any complication, as pointed out by my learned brotber,
, the challenge o. d from the learned counse M 0 thanks are specially due to did not arise.l. The referellceto the number of Judges in the Federal
this Cour.t riliel~e it was very sati~factOry. ~ us curiae, I would not haw Court vis-a~vls .the. Shariat Benches is also:' insignificant in . view of
can say 1S a tf hose assIstance as amlc ,
Mr. Khalid Is~aq bu o.r.,!, some difficult points. . nowt.h.a...t.enJoys.
a.:1.' these,.:
Smce Be.nCb.es• e!l.j.oJ..e~. identi.c.al
the .JUrIsdictIOn of tbesej.urisdictio.n
Bencbeshad a. s tberelevanc
Fe.d.eral '. '
felt confidcpt In detcrmtnmg, "ta of going through t~e w .examined by it and not., to a. particular territory,' therefore, the .'
J Ihad the advan ge h Mr Justice
ZAKAULLAll LODHI,.-: d by my learned brot cr • l""""'U'U'" of conflicting judgments by different Benches, was. also out of '
ment proposed to be v~~hr~; to add a few l~nes of my own. as discussed by my learned brother. ' .' .'
Hussain. I would. howe " '" f petitions in which repugnadncy ~~b 5. Petition No. 4/80 questions the ,scheme' the pe~al proVl~lOn
of
2• We had before us' fodur sctcso~e and Pakistan Penal Cho te (pea WI ce ~1"'llJ50ffencesag8.jnst bumanbody. enumerated supra, in H;that the
. f C' 'nal Proce ure f h' Holy ,Prop e
pr?visit?ns 0 of' H~\Y Qur'an and sunna~h 0 Inju~ctions of Islam). has
not provide for ','Diyat" aod. 'Qisas' in terms of the Injunctions, of
, as they do not provide for' inflicting similar injury to the aggresso w
,InJunc~:)- (hereinafter referred '~o ~s , e , . '. '., . "eye foreye'·and."ear fo( ear"etc. ' I .am in respectful agreement with W ,.
~~rallenged:,':, . , > . . , '~f 1979'and9/S0section302. P.P. main conclusions arrived at.by my learned .brother in this context. .
. (Olil' 1;>et,itions<N.os.'133456~4~i:2402. '402-A 'and'~tOh2';Bc~~e~~} has
I find 'myself' unable to contribute to the observations' incorporated
153 'of the judgment. These are to, the effect that in cases whe,
. . '. .read with secllons(h'
C de .et:emal
•...... "ter' d"'scrlbed
.. - ' as . ", e, . . .">
Procedure,. 0
..
, '
-
-
---
i
-
~UHAMMAJ) RiAZ v F
., (~ftab Hus:~!R~~eGObVI!R)NM"BNl'
'
F S. C' 49
~Iber t~
others ,tbe . ; In er '
, and sudden r ClCcu~stanccs in whicli . - . '
prr~t~iropert~ o:::i"~ri':;./pl!,:efeoce,
c~:mne(:ted ~I~~~:i:" eg~ees.
. . down Ibe I.w, wbU.lbe part is 1!e read witb othe; . direction. in tie '
~~nge Ib~
. book and.· a laW suiting 10 lhe needs oflbe society is to be ,legislated. Tho a:d'l.. d'uscd, such a,
gtadoal in lhe conditinns existing in tbe said early period in Arabia e open by the HoI B therewitll defence
:",~omogeneous ,cco~dmglY
brOUgbtl!'mto fold. of a weU.\Ulil, perfectly organised 'and ",ltemel! 7, Petition No, 12/79 y. ook Itself for ','Jjtehad": Thefleld has been
• _ tremendously,
pobllcahstale.. ,1I",,'" Ibe demands
.,1 Ike,tbe field,ofinle
ntiona
!. .m
urders alsocbJut&Ol
of the. s(!CielY·
natc
in tbis ·lie14 nrn'''''';'-'':-th t~e. Eviden~~~~;re~r~t dpetitions,nWotl~::!!Ch'
dealt with in Jalses the same co " '
have already
f~lIs
.Iso!he pnoclple l",d;cIo",n ,\aleron was "punisbment",proportio tolllo ef VIews of my I ' al e therein is n yIon about the
gravllY of offence-It IS eVldenl from verse ','42:40', ,. ' 8 outside til<: sco';!:":r ;.rother tbat, thle,;e;::r , .,1 contribute
. ;,;', ~l!A'I<'~ - '\, '. ~
.""r',~J~.." ral~
-" , .: ,fVl(lefli')e PetItion No, 1/79 . t "Court's j nrisdietio IlIg a q oestion of
~l(llen(t=e~~~~lirti':~:br.~J.;F:V~~i:.'h:vfr.~tj~w?!hi~wh~)a~~~\~~~-
"
_OS J" .... JI,:>I.t. ........ $ r.t: I~ S 1.1.'" (r"a.)
~
Verses 2:194,10:217 ..10 :126" 22:00,' 4O;40al$O exptaiil ,Ilrls n
prlocil'l"
I(~i)0 bencli~not~ong
11 y or otherw' f rence of op' , c convIction
Word' 1&1;-, does ,nol mean 'pbysicallY tbe . same.
,but.,con """ 1Irat·
prop~itionate
to ,the accused, and thnt accused, the Judges
0<
decISIons"on ,the same sobjeCthave beCn dilfere ; '" For an otTenoeof tbeft
~pe
to all Ik eqUlllbnom" and th ' r once, would
.,w~
1D~~ryonaQt'\ndal~~f~ten~~na~om~~de q':ti~~eas~i' .\'!,;~tigation
limbS were mutated first and ,Ibe. Ihe offender, was kilied.:'InHa7J'at
: declsions find appatent departure from Qur'an•. though 'when , or Jud:" • of life and not to t ,e of Ibis priDci Ie
in tbe light of spirit: of Quean; at'least! find norte. I' wnuld UU,lIIl1V,IIl.
omit to cite examples. lam also of tbeviewtbat whilepr.,.in!! a nl>T-ti"I',I_'~ b: •
,"!ladith'~ into ,",vice; tbe particular. periOd and existen,"· of Qru'
,
referred .t~n ;;":/'1'8, 179, 5:4'8.1U:~:3~nj'f.ctioo',in
or an namely , cr, we flOd d f" 00 of case
&' .w...'
n
Witb respect to, eatb "!ladith", tJiey, ,sbould b. usod
ca~
utmo,t.cautio , wheil legislating. ' Another noticeable fealure' of verse ~0. sne
';Qe!ltr"... lives and tlra'i roo ~onder '{or one 'loss :r''i~d
advent of Islam,hai,!lC .. 'the society that say. that verse
.t the time
2:t?i
,I
bis~rreclion <d--' .~were 'jV1i~
liis in its " "dparV' I,'e, 'ac 'ulprit a'!o be forgive. if for IThe ruie that was IJ.:'d"IVe o,f .ocial "tat:,.e on one .ide
s ave, free man f, own fnst was th or sex could
~u"'ion <&1)
of I) reasonably possib"',; would be a so made' an' ,or free man and at a slave should
pe avoia:dg~vernent exj.~:an
la~dyment, Tbi~mmon
of ilibe,principle' of ,"eye fl!' eye" was enforood io the Icould in the for woman elc.
~.te
the law of of "Diyat", law that
instance. VisibIi change of mode and method ce in Ibe decl,ion' of
_.
--
--
-+
.--
-+
::::
, "
>~;:'background is a matter W h Id It 'th keeping in view the,soclal .,.. -LSJJU' ~t...r.. ~'. ~t:f ~ d;'fSJ\,.(L:~ (rJ.....>
. ,.., . d 't should therefore be ea wI'd . fons To argue, therefore,
j ,
~n th~ State and other relevant co: ~~U;d a~ against one life is t~o
~ore 'than one 'person could not d'fficuity at the same t!me; But It
.
o~~ £..ul JJI"J'·l!". 'cJl~ ,i:'yW--. c)"f H .E.... 0:/,,3
. .'. ...,l;-":'~ ~. £ op ~
."
: :.. '"r' ~ $II ~. ~.I' ,~~))J~""~~ I.J~. ,
~. ...• . ' . '. '.. . Jl$1Jt..\t J'J.JJ:i"J:P 'J.i1 )"~ £ ~.,)Lt.,~ ~JJI ....J~.,..L,Uf" .11:'~: ,,~;,;:£ ,c.SJ,
.
. (H . .
~JA. ;}~,.~,-l..J oJ. ~J ." . .....- .. / .•.. ' '. -&jL- r(J~\il'
. '-.' wt'1> .U'· ~.t)'.'£). \.' ".. L.Jl,.i.l .$'~ ..........v~.. \.f.r.. \ ,'. t, 'Ift,!,.,t..
• ", .... Jj': 41.u.. S .t·~ ~ •.~. ;: i:. "'-t:.d'~
", .. c.r- 'r.'.,. .... ,(;; , .•.. ' · <. In this conne'ctioll.verses4 :135 and 5,:8,'2: 282-3 mayals6be referred
7, " . t' t ",,~.'jj .A··fSJ\t:'.:~iofU--J 1J~.:r:.....~.\";, : Verses 5:107 arid: ·108 enjoin' upon the Qazis'(ludges) to summon
f
, I.;'
~ JJ'J"#" 'C'.~ . ' ~/. yLft,,),s'".,.U; ""....'.
: . ·... S~~".,~.~JJ¥'ut . -,.,. '.'~
·set. of witnesses in .case theyGid not believe 'those that were produced
.' !: 10. .The otherpart 0 ,t , ~ co~ rover's evidence. . ,No SUg;ge&1tlOn . before'the Qazi were not worthy, of confidence; benefit of doubt
, be found in the Holy, ,Qut:d , of the worthy Caliph se' ry,a of' evidence" Verse 5:106 has direct rele:vance to thisprincipie.
· . of Islam, whicheJdreWd~idjn:~ .p'articular.. case .was!1o~ 10· b' is,' however no direct reVeJationabout.the.·use'ofCircumstantial evidence,
·'mo.re than _one. u g , . . . ..... .1,". ),.,., '~.).,. any example : . of t IS corroboration· 'of' .oculal"'·testimony' or' as .independent . evidence 'to .
,,' , 'the penod ' of \fOi;:,~ ," ", . conviction. in;acriminat case. Same is the case about the worth .'
.tb¢reaftefln , .' "'~" ' - , ' 'rida s .. of Islam. a, priJ1CI1111e to - bet attached ~tciaij: approver's statement. It· is phenomenpn, '.
• not to be ~oun~~', ~oweve~ll~a~h:~i~~d ygroJrid; thoug~ vague attracted the mooemsystem of. laws•.~But in the 'scheme of
'. nature" of review· or appe .. not in practice. Accord!ngty, . • asthey:stand'intbe; .Holy Quc'an there' is~h1so no re8Son to put.
'as codification of l~~S was bondthe sCope of this Court ~ on .the use of such evidence, provided it waS logically and' reasonably
. factthat such questton fall't :;ray'
d be usefully '~e!Darked ..t,;,.:h:~a:...,t n;".'" in th~ .'. fajr:. 'dedsi~n., of~ases':lfen<!e,' this\should also, ~ttr.act law.. '
•being matte!s ofpro~ . ur~ulated . keeping. in view the a~tentton& . ......... - ••.. ~ _ " " . '.' ". .
'. on the pOlOt! ca!1, e f IslamiC: judicial systeJ.!l. Moreso,
, which is t~Q ~Iflce/ 0 d. the "Hadith"'i\rid,maJot part of
" .... '" - , . '
11. Next. comes,ihe . qontention .that . an J~bettor. co'uld not.,be .
,'Quranic InJund~o.ns an . to be. tackling' the' cases of , ; hence the principle of :'ljtebad" snould be invoked~ The 'concept
.. developed.later, o~y. rPlh,arssubject is,. directly and .substantIally mens rea' is.,. of .fundamental . importance '. in~' Islamic '. "legalsystem~
Since the treatme~t ~. ,.IS 1 . tberefore,a~ few word~'may evident from, the di~tinction created by theabove-cited ve~s which
. upon the law'ofevldencem Isttam, 'n' this. field; also we find only
'. '.' Alike' many other ma ers, I , . . . .... . . IIUIlgulsn' accident~l-murder. (Jt1' 'J:i) from. intentional murder .. (~ J:i)
,. '.
MUJLUiMAD RiAZ v~ FEDERAL GOVtiiNMENT
. . (Karimullah.Durranl. Me~r)
, ' IsJam~U"
brings,ueh law or provIsion in'to
f'.. •
conf~rmity'withtbe, I~junctionso
, : ,. " , ,_ .•
\
' The cumulative effect of these twoclau~ellwould be to remove the so-decla
is fOf this rc~asorithat the President,in caSe of a Federal law and the Governo
law from the Statute Book from ibedate the relevant decision takes effect. I
of the Province' in ,case o~' laws falIing within the Provincial, sphere, ar
enjoined upon to take ,steps to. so amend law as to bring it in conformity wit
the decision of the Sharlat Bench of a Higb Court. ',' . :., .
Now. this 'declaration of repugnancy by a Sbariat Bench. of a law or
provision of law to the lrljunctionsof Islam can ,possibly result in two ways•..
Either it would leave nothing for the authorities'mentioned in clause (a)
of the sub-Article reproduced above to. legislate in order to give effect
' thereto' when. no :Jacuna is left .in, law ,with.the ipso facto removal of the
impugned law or provision from the Statute Book, as was the p,?sition created
b'the decision in Naimotullah Shah v. GOl't. ofPakistan. (1) wherein clause Cd)
of sul}:para. (3) of paiagraph 25. of MartiaILaw Regulation No. US ofl972,
COnferring first right· of . pre-emption, on a tenant inland sold byJhe owner,
decJared repugnant to the, InjunCtions'or.Islam and' tbe decision was
to~akeeffect immediately with the 'pronouncement thereof. Or,on
otberh'and, it would necessitate alternate or 'consequential legislation .
the authOritiescoricerned' where it is so required to . be clone in oroerto '
in the lacuna.or to avoid chaos resulting· from the' removal 'ofth
·tCJ)1llmlant law. ,Nevertheless, the decision wiJJ take its effect on. the existin 0O "
of Jaw fOithe whole of Pakistan notwithstanding tbe territoriaUimits 0 G.
High Court coneeroed.' Inothei,wordssuch declarationasis under-discus_, '
Would have extra~territoriaJ effectiveness.1twould not be a situation '
lIDorr,,,,,,," in the annals " of legal . history, . 'as
many. a Federal' Or Provincial, law '
n
be effective' in .the whoJe.' of .the· country once it is held ultra I'ires.
1 .authority. of its legislator: Unless,' of course, it is follOWed by. a
IontradlictlO'1ry... decision by another' competent Court in which casetbe appJi
of the decisions would remain confined to the extent of the territorial
of the' respectiveHigbCoiirts.~' '.. ,':
An objeCtion was taken ,to the effectiveness of the decision of Shariat .'
. of the Peshawar. I!ighCourt. ondieverfsame'bypotheticaJ reasoning
lD case of confllctmg declaratIOns by more than one High Court. the
of'repugnancy by one wotild,not remaincapabJe oJ'impJemen ..
outside tbeterritoriaI limits of its jUrisdiction. This objectionwas
.ably 'countered by Jbe'Jearued amicus curiae' Mr. Khalid M. lshaq,'
the refusal of the 'Shariat 'Bench'.ofa High Court todceJiuc a Jaw
to the tenets of Islam would only' be of 'the effecttbat law i: .
lSeQuelJlUY .de~lared
'r.emain. u.n.efii
..ec.·'ted
repugnant by anoth~r
... 0.iI.' ',. the Statute Book til.J SUCh....t ime.as it i : .
Shariat·· Bench .i!l which event II
law would cease' to'be'a vaJJd one. But poSition could no .
same:wbeIi: a .declaration of.' repugnancy . ofa. law or. a provision of
already been made by.a'ShariatBench- ofa High Court and thereafter
Bench of another High Courtis'asked to make a contradictory
to·that aJreadymade.ln this 'position the latter would notbe com
of
in.a~tto ~tin~ .'
to enter into examination the particular 'Jaw,. becauSe .tbat Jaw would .
J
. e.x!.s.tin.g.•. ·8.n d. IS..ur. i.sd...I'ct,
beShamtBench: to, soiO..ndeclare
.'...' t.o.....d.ec
.. 'lare,
a lawa I.aw,
whichre.p.lsvahd
.u. lawISlamv. .
at tbehme,
as it may, thissituatioit' dOes not .arise "in tile case of the decision
. . . <Op;LrfI97~i Pesh.(Shariat J3~nch) ,104" d. ,
" "
, ,
ALL PAKISTAN tiG~;DECiSiON$'
,
, ~Ot. XXXlt'
,
1986
'MUHAMMAD R' " . , '
., . '" lAZ v. FlrDBRALGo ..
, 'under'referrence as no other Shariat' Bench" either-before or after the
. specified therein,i,e. 1-12-1979, has made a' contra pronoimcement in tho
Ja=
Oil
" : ; ' (Kal'/mullnll Dlirranl.MembeVE)R~
behalf of G d ' . " 1'.,
~ p S C 55 .
, ,
. regard ana therel9retheonly decision In, thefield,sofar~ is that of the G
( .......'J.J,..s::i.,' 0
•"
and tile
,
d om
cn er becomes th- •• '.',
• . }lassanKhan's'petition. I would not-IiketofurtherinduJge in.discussioni:ln h" u· ~1\t1 1!.IJ1.:l) 'Th' f e rCCJplcnt oOr R
.....- the ~mpetency' of ,the petitions agitatjng the same question beforeu& as after . Vi lch are. comitlitted : ' IS, 0 course, does not in I d . IS alu~a
having had the benefit·· of the perusal ofthejudgInent of the learned Chair.. !»?lUent an offen In furtherance of"P, , C u ,e tbose murders
manand.in view· of the., fact· that I myself am mainly itl, agreement with the FUna' and/or of,:e ,of murder is found to asad. and/or 'Fitna' 'Tt..
, essentials oC that as well as those of'the judgm<;nt of 111Y learned brother case 'of (.4&' J.:.t) agtng of war against the S c()ntal~ elements of .l,~e, 'Fa 4
· " . 'Ati;o I cannot persuade 'myseJftoag~~e'withmy s~id'learnedbrotb'ers perSOn 'who kills the culprIt. Similar are the ther' partIal nor total 'Au~der
cases of a e 'd' ,
on the n'on-permissibility :Of, complete pardon "by, " the/heirs, of a r, ' f1 ' '," e murderer afte.r haVlIlg
,,' lUW'
received n' t' ~ Cf IVlst and of
, victim' cif'QatH-'Amd' to the murderer.ln 'nlyopillion' verSe 178 of availab~m in Ol~~ in .c?mlQ~ .to the conclusio ,~ya J~ lle~ of :Qisas'. a,
Chapter II of the H,olyQur:an cannot· be: read.in isola~ionof the ,other verses
of the lIolyBook.' 'It has, to· be read hi'conjunction,with other verses on M~a~Q~~-Bi1"~hUbh.~~m~~t,l-l-~lUa~' as it is a~a~~~leCOfPl~te '~fuw' is
, usmam of Verse 178 ,e commentary f n Katl-I-Khata.,
thetopic'J of.. 'Qisas' arid' 'Afuw', found. in different 'cbaptersof the
Qur'an. 'Tbe various' 'Abadith' 'of tbe Holy Prophet .. (PC!lOO .be, upon' him) , ,Interpretation of the ph
under :_
(_' of ChaPter The II.
Maulana Shabbir'
rase "-J.J~.) r;;.. ~ ilJl') , appe~ded) to the
Ngte
on these topics are also to 'be "kept in.mind While interpreting the verses, , " " ' • , . , J In this
under, refere41ce in 'order )0 see whether 'total' pardon is availabJe to tho .;iI,W JAIo.-'~: . . . . . ' . .. ." ' Verse reads as
.e... r....."J
culpritoftbe murdermentiooed. therein; . ': ".', , ':' " ,._
After a '.careful s~udy'of 'these'versesand ~he'Ahaditq',I have come
the; conclusion that tbe heirs .of tile deceased in 'Qatl-i.'Amd', are --~"~'--L
. "..1" "'~~
·· .
f
"io
•
'.H-c.
. ...'
~ G..,ujlj.).". .•
to grant total pardon to' 'the culprit inthe.s·ame manner and in the .. . ~. ·..eft', UJA....ii
IJ ....cJ.J)·1
"" .•
',J.
Qatl-i-8hilbh-i-'Amd' 'and "Qatl-i-Khata'. They ,arej fuUy'entitled ' " ;., .
.'., . ' '.:., ..... , ' .Yc.t;.JI:'.Ji'
,forego tbe" right· of.' realization ,of the Whole, ora '. part of the. amount
. Diyat in the, same manner as they are. entitled ,to Jorego tbe right of AswilL'beseen ti '. '. ..' '.. ""~)~~:IJ~J~" .......... '
. But it has ,to be noted ..that in' case of cOQlplete pardollDY tbe' heirs tho lsmani has read . ,r?~, the above-quoted . . .' .• ,7"" .:.,:
Maqtool ' in' 'Qatl-i.'Amd'. the perPetrator of. the. offence is not absolved additi~n:.b~~' the o~~r;~slfonrefo~ total p::rdon . {lt;~e·~auIana Sh,abir Ahmad
. of his liability to Tazeer, as.he is not purged of the, 'Zulm' which be bat OCCurnng in the verse" . '. Cetve Dlyat 10 lieu of'QJsaS~se'tbnder reference iii
. committed on tHe, Society by takinglifeofa M~Soom.ud.;Qam I.e. a human a parcelor'somewhat' m respect~f.AfuW(.i~j is a, ?ugb the ~ord
.,.", being whos~ life was, ',not legally. forfeited to ,the State iripunishment oh be that wh' . . ' thus the .plamm ",". whIch means ath'
/. , t crime.: J am ill fttUagreement; with ,my liameabrother Aftab Hussain~ M., , Osoever somewh t. . .' . eanrngof the ph .. , .'. '.,. lng.
i when be says tbiltin case' of this,:type,of"murcler. tbe Right ofGod is merged pensatJO~ for the , lost 'Jjli a rPhardons ,his, brother h rase, Inter alia, wOU.ld
· witb . tI~ose .of JIis 'crea!ures (Haqooq-uJ-'£bad) and that ,the, prescribed' come when the heirs ar e. ,e questi0n, of' ' . e shall receive
punishmentin. this . offenceis. 'Qisas\ . It is Qnly a reduction of sentence :;/uJlpardon there~~~fd Prittarbe ed .' to ful1y ~ir:~. tt.hef Diyat woull.:::;
, bebalfOf God Almighty \"bicb. comes 'as 3' blessing.from Him to tbe verse· lays dow' th . any quest" i accused as ,. .
hasbeeriused .. . .n, e,provision,for . . Jon of payment of ' In case
, thattbi~ pnnisbmentgets, con\'etted'jnto'payment of ' Diyat to' the beirs total pardon., connotes partial pardon,.', bufiid ment of compensatio~l:t.,. As
, " the deceased 'on'partial'p:udon by tbem: ami once Diyat is .paid both
. . . . '. • ' ? Cs not by IOterid . . e Word
, . . me~texc.lude·
" ' 1 Rigbtsof God which lladmerged into tbe·Rightsofmenon the cornmi_
will be exacted In this case by, the'Court, wbowill have the discretion , ,. proVIso the ,... ..... . JSas' by , . •
taking into consideration attending'circumstances of each case, either to Was translated b 'M '.. . .' '. relQ (AJ ~ U~ ' . ' " ' mcorpora_·
. . Y ,aulana Mah d ". ..HI .~ u..l,.&j ~.J) " '
a suitable Tauer to or leave the matter to rest with Allah by not aWllrdilll1l
sentence at·all. This·Tazeer~an be.toany,extentbarring the; sentence of,
, "".
oM.
.
'. ( I ' • pi . '.
,," ':>)A J~
'..
..'
ur
moo ul Hasan as nnd ."
..er._
c, ...., fi li~ ('"' ;( •.'
U ..,WhICh
,'.
" '., .',
of
as to exact, 'Qis~s' is the right of the, heir~ the deceased (W:J. 4J.tl t:I.~ J.lle persuasion to
rel,ative to an,
....~. _
. , pardon' contained in h· .. ;.
' , ) ' 1 . /oJ - .. c.:.' . '. '";, .. '
17:33 and once ~m opti~nto notto have,~is~s~is :exercisid by them It has bee~ ~~~~~ar cause for 'Qisas' :nd ~ords reprodUced above ,':
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. . ALL PAKisTAN LEGAL DECisioNS' MUHAMMAD RiAZV. FEDEJW.. GOVERNMINT FSC57
56 F, S C.~ ; . ' - . .. ~ . f L r , '(Korimulloh DUTToni, Member)
. . . ' a statclnent 0: aw 0
. oj, .
. " .,' . f thO . v"rselS • •
a ..~
. Maul~na-Usmani. further elaborates the meaniogof these words in the
-' " I.e. . .
. The earhe.r part 0 IS '" ". .. • '.... 'I' , . 'fi '.".' 1 ._~~I"
' ....' " d t b ; ght tlerem or ... - - • fOl!oWlDg manner:- . ,. ~ '.. '. .
~IJi 'but the later 'part IS an an?en, men,., ,roues law of Islam (1.1'"1) by
The whole vetjr includin~ the, .r:-.. part. eCso~78 . 179'~nd~194ofChapter ,E~ u·;'~ L~lL J:... .;~:. ~,a.~ ~ J:Nl 'Y1.tt!" tr.J~ ~
reading this verse in. conJfnC~<?nt~I~Vre.rs~any ~ .Jurist of Islam has h~ld
'~<" • II aml Verse. No. 126, o . hap e\-'(AI '~quba p. 136).' The great Egypttan dl.>l ~clt...~~)~ 2:-.).F cit... ~ L 11)' ~,J.,S' .. cJ!'l
'.Afiiw' as .a··form. of pun~sn:en ~. "I ·d":.'I·,~l:..J.lh.a.s h.eld th..at 'Af.uw· ~4,r j~:;..I.S'ti. ~c=.,'~.(.,. 4i ~~illr:t....,r- J';i:.
,($jl~.ltt" iJl••..)i ~L. 'U"lJ.,.. , Vol. II~; p_ 157). "He IS als~:~f~ e opmlo
". iJ.:. L; /'
'Afuw' is better. than th7 p~nis~me!1t.. ,; .... ":""tl 't: G :d ~n 'the person The Abadith narrated by~t.;j.J1 r:;J.r ""I and ~, .,~"':.tIi (apparently
. '" " ····h t 'Af ' is one of the greaes ~o. . ,
,Needless to say ta ~w"f ;hisdeadly'enemles oragamst. a two different fRawees·. one belonging to 41;;' ~ and othet to ~.l.J:I which
who pnictises the same even hm.caseP d the' greatest harm. Verse 134 of
' , . h hands he as receive, . . . . Th" erse is as. are included by Darmi; Ibn-i-Maja and Abu Daud in their compilations of
personfromw ose. .. tly be quoted.·in .this.,.c.'ontext. IS"V,
the Sunna of the Holy Prophet (Peace be upon him) and which are considered
- Chaptet: HI may cor,tve~len ..•. ~', ,'. ' : .,',.' '. ..
by the consensus· of the learned as three out of six authentic compilations
~~llOWS :-:- .• ·.~IW"~I, ~idIJ' ;.IJ~b ;.1,rJ1 u~iJj.U!.!lJ.!lJ1 (I\:.. c,~) are tothe effectthatthe Hol~ Prophet' statedthat in (...." ~Jii) .
aDb .1. IJ"'WI IJ" v:: • lJ, -. - , ..•; " o~JI",="""i'
any out ,of three courses 9f ~Qisas',' payment of Diyat or pardon by the
. '. ' '.':, d "d
It has been'ren ere
·nUr~u"bY'Sheikh~UI.Hitid.MaUIana
1., '.. , .•
Mahmoodul Hasan heirs of the deceased can' be adopted·· and ..nothiDg· else is to be acted upon •
These Ahadith when examined . in the Jigh Jof the above-quoted verses of the
in the following m~nn~r:-, ' , ' . , ' ..'l? ' ).. " J - . Holy Book ,would not leave any scope ofdouhton their authenticity as these
'. t ·~!:V-t. I ,,~... ~. ;Ll~,E:, f!.r.' , (J ~JI ",. do not lay down a rule which is not found in the HolyBook•. There are
:JI,~ J-' .~ ~ J,J ~ ... ~ , .. ," I t'~
also other narrations on the topics. of murd~ in .c_C,'-'" bydiffere~t
(-""
iIC~ . . . ".~l.. .Jl' '·1 A ",.,r", fJ:"~'y ciLuJ.' ~ -.
.~.I" $l) L.' V· . J-' ' . .' , ~'.. .,'I' "",1... narrators in which the messenger of .God has been reported to have said that
. in case of murder one can either exact 'Qisas' or take 'Diyat'~ ~ The mention'
" ,' ......... ' . , •. h' < . iby' ,Maula~aU~maniis'as under!-:, . ofthe3rd method of COfilPosition' by the above-named two narrators would
,The commentary ~n'tlsver~~ ' , ' " ',l:'t..("""~'~ not render'. their narration conflicting to .the latter Ahadith, wherein two
.' .' '. '(' '. ( '. . . . ' . 7 .... L~'LJ\...r:-IJ! ,s-IJ. I,JiY
, J.)ld $"~.,J. A. . ~ '-lr.'" "':.' ,<_. (':"'. ;~LU K"Jll, ), U.tII1a1l.." .
~".Jh.~·,,::J,) .Y, U I.Y'." . ,
methods are mentioned of dealing with ,a ease of murder. As long as in
..,. "., • addition in' one or more of Ahadith to. the rules laid down in the rest uoes
'4J'!t> ~.""UUIo" u.r' . . J",-:C,-·,:.l··"<.r .,.':ol 'I"~, not come'in .. conflict. with the .Qur'anic'principles,the addition will be con
". , .. ,~,.u.~,~~~: •.:=..U':"JJ'" ::,. • lidered as an expansion of the rule of law .and not a contradiction tbereto~
,,' f • -, , " , . - ~ J . ,A ,
his· been, rendered i'nto Urdu in th~ same pubIicatio~ as under' : -'
.Needless to
li8y"".that this Hadith iss commentary on this verse of the
1.1(),~979Th~!ju~gment of the Shanat Bench 0; I~~ng
sections 54,55 an':{ Hassan Khan v. Governme he Pesbawar: High Court
decision: ," . ..,
'.'.~
Qur'an.j;::..
:
d
402 and 402.B of 3~~ f the Pa~is~an Penal Cod!, OidPakls!an (I) declaring
. ..., . etl~ ) .•, ..••. ci;)~ V'"'J.,.wl.:1:. the Schedule . 0 e of Cnmmal Praced ,an, sections 345(7) 401 '
repugnant· to .Injunctions of Isla:reis 'l!~h ~e relevant ~rts of
,
fJeld.
In this respect yet another H~dith from the compilation of '')j'.) JlI may IIfely . 2 I' .' mdmg and holds the
be quoted :~. • t IS held by ma' 't '
. .
. .
o exemption of death se t Ilona ground :_ repugnant to
tl,}r. ..»1 ~ ~I JJ-J .:..~ L. Jli .JOL. lJ ..,-11 IT •••• \:S.
a •• '
(a) an offender who's' n ence has been provided for
'. !
."-~tf
. .
..~'~I '::II'~~ ~'#~l ~
- " , ' \ \
(b) a parent killing h~S/h]Qsane at the time of execution' and
.3 " 1 er son. '
Mah~i, Karachi) rendered into " Sec~lons 304 and ' .
prOV1de for c~mposjtion and3g:;!e::eo/~.b~g~~nt becau~e they do not' I .
Vol.lIIHadith.No. 1084 published by Qur'ari
UrdU it would read as under:~ :. . . '
4• Sections 324 325 Iya. J a so
.. ~l..",I ~I ~~. AlJ :.., UlI~~~' ;:Cui~IJc~1 ~.l..., ~ \S"~. lIOt also provide fdr Qi~ 326, 329, 331 and 333 are rep
. or payment of compensation uggant because they
~.,)j-'~ ~l... ~ ..:~~,j,~,. JJ"J~~"'~ -~ '?!-£ .c:."JJ 5 F h .' . ( eeyat, Ursh or
al~o urt'dermore sections. 326 and
<
"'I.;'T J 1)' rj'::lu"l..;J ~ ~ til~ \~I CI"'~ £, ~'y'TA...u...JJs"'~
. . - •• ' -! •
proVI e for composition. . 329 are repugnant be
6. Sec',. . ." . , . . . '. cause they do
:' ' . ·~(S Ju, i..'::I,):.:.,l-J~ ;L../'. ~" t).J1t: tlons 335 and 338 . ' ~. , " .
. .., '\ .' .. payment o('Oiyat'. . ,are repugna~t because they do not .
7., Other provisions I r ' . " , ' . ",
,
C.M~.J'iJ~" contains
,.,
also . provIde
. ihe, following' • .!.-!.....
from Tirmizi> ,and,
!llJIUIZOalilf as they do n t ,re ~ 1!l8 to hurt in Cha
Maja: Abu Dardatoldhebeard God's messenger say, "No one will suffer compensation (Diya~ J;:'t
de ~r absolute compo~~d~bq,y( of P.P. C. are
any bodily injury and forgive it without God raising him a degree .for it and 8. 1 " ' . or aman).· . I I Y and payment·"
removing a sin from him~'. ' . . n c;:ases m , which .)L.,;JI·· ., . . .
the ro . . . ,U-- (nght of mao) is t·· .
apPJy.Th~V:~;::n~f sections 40', 402~A-dlid .402 reated to be pre
........" . .I l .
c Itwas oii the basis of the above-quoted versesofthe Holy Book
.' the Holy Prophet (peace ~c:,repug~nt to the HoJy Qu·~' Cr. P. C. shaH
Ahadith besides many others on' the topic" unde.r disCussion that almoSt
the leaders of differenfschools of. Fiqh in Islam have conceded the . rigbt
complete' pardon .to the h:eirs ····of the victim of ,'Qatl~'Amd'. 9. This d" . : " lIpon him) to this extent r an and the Sunnah
eCls',on shan take efti' .•... .
In tbeCourt's Order dated23rd~fromJhe lst of April J980.
heirs have, therefore, the option either toexact 'Qisas' through the
the .Court or the State, or to as for payment of'Diyat'. They can also
the whole or a part of the amqunt' of the 'Oiyat'. The consequences of :_ .•., , pt~mber 1980 passed in h .
.; .. _ . . , t e follow1DJ
. pardon . in tolo on the . part of the heirs have been discussed by me in
(1) S.P. No. 13/19(L) , . .
, earlier part of this nO,te. ' . .' . ., ' .' . . . ••• "Muhammad Riaz'
. lam also in complete ugreementwith the tearnedChairman, i>ll""nUllOlD versus \
" ,Ahmed,J. as Jwas. with Abdul Hakim Khan. C. J. t as he then was, (2) S. P. No. 69/79(L)' ',Federal Government andanothor
.'
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60 F S;.~ Au. PA~JSTAN LEGAL DI!CisioN~
(5) S. P. No.
, ,
12J79(K) •••.. Mr. Muhammad Shaft
'
versus
Federation of Pakistan and another
. . ' , }md8dullan Unlu ' (,'
(6),.~.P. No. 2O/79(K) . : 1ersus' .
w,' !
Federation
. of pakistan andanotll•
'
(7) S. P. No;7180(K)
• 1, .':
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, . "' .
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