Philosophy
has a great deal with the way the
A prelude to Ethics
Outline
With a partner, answer the following (1/2
crosswise) :
1. Para kanino ka bumabangon?
2. Paano mo mapapatunayan na ikaw,
kasama ang mundo ay hindi kagagawa
pa lamang sa loob ng limang minutong
nakalipas?
3. Ang talino nga ba ng isang tao ay
nasusukat sa kanyang galing sa
pagsasalita ng Ingles?
After answering, categorize these question
whether they are under the division of
Epistemology, Metaphysics, or Axiology
Etymology
What is ‘Philosophy’?
Philia =“love” sophia = “wisdom.” (Pythagoras.)
Love for wisdom
Knowledge + Action = Wisdom
"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know
nothing ." (Socrates)
What is Philosophy?
Real Definition.
 It is a search for meaning.
 The word “search” means to look, to
find, to seek. This connotes something
more serious and intense.
 It is a quest.
Philosophy as a Concept
The Difference Between Philosophy and
Theory
 Philosophy is an individual’s beliefs and
individual chooses to live his/her life
and the way he/she views others.
 Theory on the other hand can be a
scientific view, or an idea that has not
been proven to be tangible and or
factual.
 In short, Philosophy – set of belief
about reality. This is about man’s world
view while theory is an assumption of
the existence of truth about reality.
The Difference Between Theory and Law
The Difference Between Philosophy and
Principle
 Principles are "ought" statements. They
refer to an ideal...the way something
ought to be.
 A philosophy is made up of principles,
 it is a broader view regarding how
things should be, along with some
support for why they should be that
way based on claims about the way
things are.
 Thus, philosophy is considered to be a
larger and more inclusive abstraction,
of which principle is a part.
Example: Philosophy: all men are created equal,
and entitled to certain basic inalienable rights,
including life, liberty and the pursuit of
happiness, because the alternative views
always lead to some kind of evil in which one
man exploits another.
Principle: all men are entitled to liberty
3 main divisions of Philosophy
1. Metaphysics
2. Epistemology
3. Axiology
Metaphysics
  Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy
responsible for the study of existence.
 It is the foundation of a worldview.
 It answers the question "What is?"
 It encompasses everything that exists,
as well as the nature of existence itself.
 It says whether the world is real, or
merely an illusion.
 It is a fundamental view of the world
around us.
Metaphysics
 Metaphysics is the foundation of
philosophy. Without an explanation or
an interpretation of the world around
us.
 The degree to which our metaphysical
worldview is correct is the degree to
which we are able to comprehend the
world, and act accordingly.
Metaphysics
Metaphysical Questions:
1. What is the origin of the
universe?
2. What are the ultimate material
components of the Universe?
3. What is its first cause?
4. What is the ultimate reason for
the existence of the universe?
5. Does it have a purpose
Epistemology
 Knowledge Science that Explores the
nature and limitations of knowledge
Definition of knowledge Investigates
how knowledge is obtained Explores
the relationship between belief, truth
and knowledge
Epistemology
 Epistemology is the explanation of how
we think.
 It is required in order to be able to
determine the true from the false, by
determining a proper method of
evaluation.
 It is needed in order to use and obtain
knowledge of the world around us.
The Epistemological Questions
1. Is it possible to have knowledge at all?
2. Does reason provide us with knowledge
of the world independently of
experience?
3. Does our knowledge represent reality
as it is really is?
4. What is knowledge?
5. How is knowledge acquired?
6. What do people know?
7. How do we know what we know?
8. Is human knowledge trustworthy?
9. Can our senses be trusted?
10. Difference between opinion, knowledge
and wisdom
Axiology
 Prescribes values
 Study of value.
 Philosophical fields that depend
crucially on notions of value or the
foundation for these fields, and thus
similar to value theory and meta-ethics.
 The term was first used by Paul Lapie in
1902 and Edward Von Hartman in 1908.
MEANING OF AXIOLOGY:
AREA OF AXIOLOGY:
  Axiology studies mainly two kinds of  Does our knowledge derive from divine
values: revelation, from ideas latent in our
 ethics and aesthetics. minds, from empirical evidence, or from
 Ethics investigates the concepts of right something else?
and good in individual and social
Axiology
conduct.
 Aesthetics studies the concept of  Prescribes values –
beauty and harmony.  what we should or should not do –
 what is appropriate and not
In total, Philosophy is
appropriate?
 concerned with "how things in the  Ethics – examines moral values and
broadest possible sense of the term prescribes the standards or ethical
hang together in the broadest possible behaviour (What is moral and right?)
sense of the term." Philosophy aims at  Aesthetics – values in beauty and art
an overall picture of what the world is (What is beautiful and good?)
like and how we fit into it (Stellar, 1963)  3 divisions applied in the Philosophy of
 the way we approach problems that are Idealism (Plato)
presently too elusive to be investigated
scientifically.
 The goal is to frame questions, explore
possible solutions, and forge conceptual
tools needed to advance to a more
definitive stage of investigation (Russell,
1918)

Abstract reasoning

 Based on reason; its methods utilize

logical argumentation.
 Philosophy uses arguments of principles
as the basis for its explanation

Metaphysics

 Examines the nature of reality

 What is real and what is not real?
 Is there a spiritual realm of existence
separate from the material world?

Epistemology

 Deals with knowledge and knowing,

influences methods of teaching and
learning
 On what do we base our knowledge of
the world and our understanding of
truth?