LAN,Hub, Switch,

Router &
Internet Browsing
Arun Aggarwal
GM ( NW)
Tel: +91-120-2728294(O)
+91-120-2728410(R)
E-Mail: arun_aggarwal@bsnl.in
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 Need for Networks
¾To share resources (files, printers,
modems, fax machines)
¾ To share application software (MS
Office, Adobe Publisher)
¾ Increased productivity (makes it easier
to share data amongst users)

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 Characteristics of a LAN
¾physically limited distance (< 2km)
¾ high bandwidth (> 1mbps)
¾ inexpensive cable media (coax or
twisted pair)
¾ data and hardware sharing between
users
¾ owned by the user

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 Classification of a LAN
• The factors that determine the nature of
a LAN are :

¾ Topology
¾ Transmission medium
¾ Medium access control technique

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 LAN Topologies
Basic topologies are
¾Bus

¾Star

¾Ring

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 LAN Topology - BUS
WS WS

WS Server
Broadcast

Peripheral BUS Tap

Head end or
Terminator.
•A transmission from any station propagates throughout the length of
the median in both directions & can be received by all other stations.
• At each end of the bus is a terminator to avoid reflection of signals.
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LAN Topology - STAR

CENTRAL NODE
(HUB or SWITCH)

Two pt to pt
link

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 STAR TOPOLOGY
In the Star type topology, each station is directly
connected to a common central node.
In general, there are two alternatives for the
operation of the central node:
¾ The central node operates in a broadcast fashion.
The transmission of a frame from one station to
the Central Node is retransmitted in all of the
outgoing links. In this case, although the
arrangement is physically a star, it is logically a
bus(HUB)

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 STAR Topology
¾Another method is for the central node to
act as a frame switching device. An
incoming frame is buffered in the node and
then retransmitted on an outgoing link to the
destination station. (LAN Switch)

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LAN Topology - RING

Repeaters without
Buffers.

Ring

unidirectional

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 LAN Components

• Network Interface Card (NIC)

• Cabling (Inter connecting media)
• Drivers

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 Network Adapter/ Interface Card
¾are the physical interface or connection
between the computer and the network cable
¾ are installed in an expansion slot in each
computer
¾ network cable is attached to the card’s port
to make the actual physical connection
between the computer and the network.

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 Functions of NIC
¾ Prepare data from the computer for the
network cable.
¾ Send the data to another computer.
¾ Control the flow of data between the
computer and the cabling system
¾ Receives incoming data from the cable and
translates it into bytes
¾ Implements the LLC and Media Access
Control functions (i.e the Data Link layer
function of the OSI model).
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 Transmission Media
• Twisted Pair
– Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
– Shielded twisted pair (STP)
• Coaxial
• Optical fiber

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 Transmission Media
Considerations
• Cost
• Distance
• Number of computers involved
• Bandwidth

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 Medium Access Control
(CSMA/CD)
1) If the medium is idle, transmit; otherwise go to
step 2.
2) If the medium is busy, continue to listen until the
channel is idle, then transmit immediately.
3) If a collision is detected during transmission,
transmit a brief jamming signal to assure that all
stations know that there has been a collision &
then cease transmission.
4) After transmitting the jamming signal, wait a
random amount of time, then attempt to transmit
again. (repeat from step 1)
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 ETHERNET LAN
¾ Most common & preferred network architecture.
¾ Bus or Star Bus-based technology.
¾ Uses baseband signalling & CSMA/CD to arbitrate
network access.
¾ Network Adapters are used to drive the signals over
the network.
¾ Transfer speed:10/100 mbps.
¾ Cable Types: Thicknet, Thinnet, UTP.

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 Hub
BACK PLANE Passive
Hub
Ports

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 Hub
BACK PLANE Active
R R R R
Hub
Ports

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 Bridge

Bridge

• Bridges interconnect ethernet segments.

• IEEE 802.1D specification is the standard for
bridges.
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Multiport Bridge/LAN Switch
LAN
Switch

D B Data

A B C D
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 BRIDGES
ADVANTAGES:
¾Since bridges buffer frames, it is possible to
interconnect different segments which use
different MAC protocols.

BRIDGE

LAN A LAN B
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 BRIDGES
ADVANTAGES:
¾Help in localising the network traffic by
only forwarding data onto other segments as
required (unlike repeaters).

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 ROUTERS
In an environment consisting of several network
segments with differing protocols & architectures,
a bridge may not be adequate for ensuring fast
communication among all of the segments.
A network this complex needs a device :
¾ Which not only knows the address of each
segment,
¾ But also determine the best path for sending data
& filtering broadcast traffic to the local segment.
¾ Such a device is called a Router.
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 ROUTERS
¾Routers work at the network layer of the
OSI model.
ROUTER ROUTER
R&R R&R
NETWORK NETWORK
LLC LLC
MAC MAC
PHYSICAL PHYSICAL

LAN A LAN B
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Router

Routes the
Packets Based on
Network Addresses

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 ROUTER
¾ Uses dynamic routing.
¾ Operates at the protocol level.
¾ Remote administration & configuration via
SNMP.
¾ Supports complex networks.
¾ The more filtering done, the lower the
performance.
¾ Provides security.
¾ Segments the networks logically.
¾ Broadcast storms can be isolated.
¾ Often provides bridge functions also.

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 THE WORLD WIDE WEB
¾ The World Wide Web is an architectural
framework for accessing linked documents
spread out over thousands of machines all over
the Internet.
¾ The World Wide Web is a system of Internet
servers that supports hypertext to access
several Internet protocols on a single interface.
The World Wide Web is often abbreviated as the
Web, WWW, or W3.

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 THE WORLD WIDE WEB
¾E-mail (Simple Mail Transport Protocol or
SMTP)

¾Telnet (Telnet Protocol)

¾FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

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 THE WORLD WIDE WEB

The Client Side

¾From the user’s point of view, the Web
consists of a vast, world-wide collection of
documents, usually just called pages for short.
¾Each page may contain links (pointers) to
other,related pages, anywhere in the Internet.
¾Users can follow a link (e.g. by clicking on it),
which then takes them to the page pointed to.
Pages that point to other pages are said to use
hypertext.

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 THE WORLD WIDE WEB
The Client Side
Pages are viewed with a program called a
browser.
¾The browser fetches the page requested,
interprets the text and formatting commands that
it contains, and displays the page properly
formatted on the screen.
¾Strings of text that are links to other pages,
called hyperlinks are highlighted, either by
underlining, displaying them in a special colour,
or both.
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 THE WORLD WIDE WEB

The Client Side

¾To follow a link, the user places the cursor on
the highlighted area and selects it (by clicking
the mouse).
¾Not all pages are viewable in the conventional
way. For example, some pages consist of audio
tracks, video clips, or both. When hypertext
pages are mixed with other media, the result is
called hypermedia. Some browsers can display
all kinds of hypermedia but others cannot.

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 THE WORLD WIDE WEB

An Overview of the Web Browser

In it's basic form a Web browser is an application
that uses information stored at locations around
the World Wide Web, in order to perform a local
task.
¾To get the desired information from the Web, a
browser uses the client-server paradigm. When
given the URL of a document, the browser
becomes a client that contacts a Web Server on
the computer specified in the URL, to request
the document.
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 THE WORLD WIDE WEB

¾ HTTP allows a browser to request a specific

item, which the server then returns. To ensure
that browser and server can inter-operate
unambiguously, HTTP defines the exact format of
request sent from a browser to a server as well
as the format of the servers reply.

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 THE WORLD WIDE WEB
¾Besides an HTTP client and an HTML interpreter a
browser can contain components that enable the
browser to perform additional tasks. Many browsers
include an FTP client that is used to access the file
transfer service, and an e-mail client that enable the
browser to send and receive mail.

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¾The user doesn't invoke such services
explicitly, instead the service is invoked
automatically when it is needed to perform a
task. For Example file transfer can be
associated with selectable object on screen ,
when a user selects the item the browser uses
the FTP client to obtain a copy of the file.
Example : click here to download a file from
ftp.math.tau.ac.il

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 THE WORLD WIDE WEB
Helper Applications and Plug-Ins

¾Software programs may be configured to a Web

browser in order to enhance its capabilities. When
the browser encounters a sound, image or video
file, it hands off the data to other programs, called
helper applications, to run or display the file.

¾A common helper application utilised on the Web

is the Adobe Acrobat Reader.

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 THE WORLD WIDE WEB

The Server Side

Every Web site has a server listening to TCP port
80 for incoming connections from clients (normally
browsers).

¾After a connection has been established, the

client sends one request and the server sends
one reply. Then the connection is released. The
protocol that defines the legal requests and
replies is called HTTP.

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 THE WORLD WIDE WEB
Retrieving Documents On The Web : The URL
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator.
¾The URL specifies the Internet address of a file
stored on a host computer connected to the
Internet.
¾Every file on the Internet, no matter what its
access protocol, has a unique URL. Web
software programs use the URL to retrieve the file
from the host computer and the directory in which
it resides. This file is then displayed on the user's
computer monitor.
¾URLs are translated into numeric addresses
using the Internet Domain Name System (DNS).
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 THE WORLD WIDE WEB

Retrieving Documents On The Web :

Anatomy of a URL :

A URL contains the following information :

Protocol : Specifies the Internet protocol to
access a resource. The abstract encompasses
FTP, Gopher, and HTTP Internet Protocols.
¾Network Endpoint : Internet addresses of
Internet Information Server and protocol port
number.
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 THE WORLD WIDE WEB
Retrieving Documents On The Web : The URL

¾service is a required field. Web server support

FTP, Gopher, and HTTP services.

¾host is a required field. This field is the host

name or IP address of the Internet Information
Server.

¾port is an optional field. This field is an

abstraction used by the network and transport
layers to select a service on the server.

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This field is not frequently used. It may be specified
if the service is available on a non-standard
protocol port number.

¾path is an optional field. It specifies URL

resource location. A path without a file name
following must always end with a / (slash)
character.

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 THE WORLD WIDE WEB
Retrieving Documents On The Web : The URL

URL on the home page of the U.S. Census

Bureau
http://www.census.gov/pubinfo/www/news.html
Structure of this URL :
1) Protocol : http
2) Host computer name : www
3) Second-level domain name : census
4) Top-level domain name : gov
5) Directory name : pubinfo
6) Directory name : www
7) File name : news.html
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