Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
co
1
www.gradeup.co
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
1 LINEAR ALGEBRA
1. DETERMINANTS
1.1. Definition:
a11 b12
The expression is called a determinant of the second order and stands for ‘a 11b22
a21 b22
– a21b12’. It contains 4 numbers a11, b12, a22, b22 (called elements) which are arranged
along two horizontal lines (called rows) and two vertical lines (called columns).
a11 b12 c13
Similarly, a21 b22 c23 is called a determinant of the third order. It consists of 9
a31 b32 c33
elements which are arranged in 3 rows and 3 columns.
In general, a determinant of the nth order is denoted by:
a11 b12 c13 d14....l1n
a21 b22 c23 d24....l2n
= .... .... .... ....
.... .... .... ....
an1 bn2 cn3 dn 4....lnn
Which is a block of n 2 elements arranged in the form a square along n-rows and n-
columns.
1.1.1. Principal Diagonal:
The diagonal through the left-hand top corner which contains the elements a11, b22, c33,
…... is called the leading or principal diagonal.
1.2. Minor and Cofactors:
1.2.1. Minor:
The minor of the element aij is denoted Mij and is the determinant of the matrix that
remains after deleting row i and column j of A.
1.2.2. Co – factor:
The cofactor of aij is denoted Cij and is given by:
Cij = (–1) i+j Mij
The cofactor of an element is usually denoted by the corresponding capital letter.
a11 b12 c13
For instance, if = a21 b22 c23
a31 b32 c33
2
www.gradeup.co
Ans. – 6
Sol.
Expanding the determinant in terms of the second row we get:
|A| = ∆ = a21C21 + a22C22 + a23C23
2 –1 1 –1 1 2
= –3 +0 –1
2 1 4 1 4 2
3
www.gradeup.co
2 3 5
Example.2 consider the following square matrix A = 6 4 8 .Now choose the option
2 7 9
3 3
4
www.gradeup.co
(h). If to the elements of a row (or column) of a determinant are added k times the
corresponding elements of another row (or column) the value of determinant thus
obtained is equal to the value of original determinant.
i R + kR
j
i.e. A ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → B then A = B
i jC +kC
and A ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → B then A = B
(i). |AB| = |A|×|B| and based on this we can prove the following:
(a) |An| = (|A|)n
Proof:
|An| = |A × A × A × …... n times.
|An| = |A| × |A| × |A| … n times
|An| = (|A|)n
(b) |AA–1| = |I|
Proof:
|AA–1| = |I| = 1
Now, |AA–1| = |A| |A–1|
∴ |A||A–1| = 1
1
⇒ A–1 =
A
(j). Using the fact that A · Adj A = |A|. I, the following can be proved for A n×n.
(a). |AdjA| = |A|n–1
2
(n−1)
(b). |Adj(Adj (A)) | = A
1 1 –1
Example.3 The determinant of the matrix 2 1 0 is ______ (accurate to one decimal
3 1 1
places).
Ans. 0
Sol.
1 0 2 0 2 1
=1 –1 + (–1)
1 1 3 1 3 1
Δ = 1(1 – 0) – 1 (2 – 0) – 1 (2 – 3)
Δ=1–2+1
Δ=2–2
Δ=0
5
www.gradeup.co
1 2 1
Example.4 If a determined is defined as = 3 0 1 , then what will be value of
4 –2 1
2 1 0 4
0 –1 0 2
Example.5 Evaluate the determinant of the following 4 × 4 matrix A = .
7 –2 3 5
0 1 0 –3
Ans. 6
Sol.
The third column of this matrix contains the most zeros. Expand the determinant in terms
of the third column, we get
|A| = a13C13 + a23C23 + a33C33 + a43C43
|A| = 0(C13) + 0(C23) + 3(C33) + 0(C43)
2 1 4
|A| = +3 0 –1 2
0 1 –3
The first column of this determinant contains the most zeroes. Expand the determinant
in terms of the first column, we get
–1 2
A = 32 = 6 (3 – 2 ) = 6
1 –3
6
www.gradeup.co
2. MATRIX
2.1. Definition:
A system of mn numbers arranged in a rectangular formation along m rows and n
columns and bounded by the brackets [ ] is called an m by n matrix; which is written
as m × n matrix. A matrix is also denoted by a single capital letter A.
a11 a12 ...a1j ...a1n
a21 a22 ...a2j ...a2n
... ... ... ...
Thus, A = is a matrix of order mn.
ai1 ai2 ...aij ...ain
... ... ... ...
am1 am2 amj ...amn
It has m rows and n columns. Each of the mn numbers is called an element of the
matrix.
2.1.1. Transpose of a Matrix:
The matrix obtained from any given matrix A, by interchanging rows and columns is
called the transpose of A and is denoted by AT or A’.
1 2
1 4 7
Thus, the transposed matrix of A = 4 5 is A ' =
7 8 2 5 8
6 5 6
(A) 5 6 6
6 5 6
6 5 6
(B) 5 6 6
5 5 6
7
www.gradeup.co
6 5 6
(C) 5 6 5
6 6 6
6 5 6
(D) 5 6 5
6 5 6
Ans. D
Sol.
1 1 2
Since A = 2 1 1
1 1 2
1 2 1
T
A = 1 1 1
2 1 2
1 1 2 1 2 1
Now AA T = 2 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 2 2 1 2
1 + 1 + 4 2 + 1 + 2 1 + 1 + 4
= 2 + 1 + 2 4 + 1 + 1 2 + 1 + 2
1 + 1 + 4 2 + 1 + 2 1 + 1 + 4
6 5 6
AA = 5 6 5
T
6 5 6
2
• A matrix having a single column is called a column matrix, e.g., 7
9
• Row and column matrices are sometimes called row vector and column vectors.
2.3.2. Square matrix:
• An m × n matrix for which the number of rows is equal to number of columns i.e. m
= n, is called square matrix.
• It is also called an n-rowed square matrix.
• The element aij such that i = j, i.e. a11, a22… are called DIAGONAL ELEMENTS and the
line along which they line is called Principle Diagonal of matrix.
• Elements other than principal diagonal elements are called off-diagonal elements i.e.
aij such that i ≠ j.
8
www.gradeup.co
1 2 3
Example: A = 4 5 6 is a square Matrix.
9 8 3
3 3
Note.2:
A square sub-matrix of a square matrix A is called a “principle sub-matrix” if its diagonal
1 2
elements are also the diagonal elements of the matrix A. So is a principle sub
4 5
2 3
matrix of the matrix A given above, but is not.
5 6
2.3.3. Diagonal Matrix:
A square matrix in which all off-diagonal elements are zero is called a diagonal matrix.
The diagonal elements may or may not be zero.
2 0 0
Example: A = 0 4 0 is a diagonal matrix.
0 0 7
9
www.gradeup.co
(b) AI = IA = A
(c) In = I
(d) I–1 = I
(e) |I| = 1
2.3.6. Null matrix:
• The m × n matrix whose elements are all zero is called null matrix. Null matrix is
denoted by O.
• Null matrix need not be square.
0 0 0
0 0 0
Example : O3 = 0 0 0 , O2 = , O21 =
0 0 0 0 0 0
10
www.gradeup.co
1 0
Example: is involutory.
0 1
4 3 3
Also –1 0 –1 is involutory since A2 = I.
–4 –4 –3
A3 = 0.
2.3.12. Singular Matrix:
A matrix will be singular matrix if its determinant is equal to zero.
a11 a12 ...... a1n
. .
. .
aij =
nn
. .
. .
an1 a21 ...... ann nn
Ans. 2.909
Sol.
5 2 m
Since A = 3 4 2
1 5 1
11
www.gradeup.co
32
m= = 2.909
11
2.4. Classification of Real and Complex Matrices:
2.4.1. Real Matrices:
Real matrices can be classified into the following three types of the relationship between
AT and A.
2.4.1.1. Symmetric Matrix:
• A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be symmetric if its (i, j)th elements is same as its
(j, i)th element i.e. aij = aji for all i and j.
• In a symmetric matrix: AT = A
p a b
Example: A = a q c is a symmetric matrix since AT = A
b c r
Note.4:
12
www.gradeup.co
A – AT
(a) For any matrix A, the matrix is always skew symmetric.
2
(b) A ± B are skew symmetric.
(c) AB and BA are not skew symmetric.
(d) A2, B2, A2 ± B2 are symmetric.
(e) A2, A4, A6 are symmetric.
(f) A3, A5, A7 are skew symmetric.
(g) kA is skew symmetric where k is any scalar number.
0 6
Example.8 Matrix A = will be skew – symmetric when P = _________.
P 0
Ans. –6
Sol.
For skew-symmetric Matrix:
PT = −P
0 P 0 6
=
6 0 P 0
0 P 0 6
+ =0
6 0 P 0
0 P + 6 0 0
=
P + 6 0 0 0
P+6 =0
P = −6
2.4.1.3. Orthogonal Matrices:
A square matrix A is said be orthogonal if: A T = A–1 ⇒ AAT = AA–1 = 1. Thus, A will be
an orthogonal matrix if:
AAT = I = ATA.
Example: The identity matrix is orthogonal since I T = I–1 = I
Note.5: Since for an orthogonal matrix A:
⇒ AAT = I
⇒ |AAT| = |I| = 1
⇒ |A| |AT| = 1
⇒ (|A|)2 = 1
⇒ |A| = ±1
So, the determinant of an orthogonal matrix always has a modulus of 1.
13
www.gradeup.co
–2 / 3 1 / 3 2 / 3
2 / 3 2 / 3 1 / 3
1 / 3 –2 / 3 2 / 3
Sol.
–2 / 3 1 / 3 2 / 3 –2 / 3 2 / 3 1 / 3
We have AA ' = 2 / 3 2 / 3 1 / 3 1 / 3 2 / 3 –2 / 3
1 / 3 –2 / 3 2 / 3 2 / 3 1 / 3 2 / 3
4 / 9 + 1 / 9 + 4 / 9 –4 / 9 + 2 / 9 + 2 / 9 –2 / 9 – 2 / 9 + 4 / 9
AA’ = –4 / 9 + 2 / 9 + 2 / 9 4 / 9 + 4 / 9 + 1 / 9 2 / 9 – 4 / 9 + 2 / 9 = I.
–2 / 9 – 2 / 9 + 4 / 9 2 / 9 – 4 / 9 + 2 / 9 1 / 9 + 4 / 9 + 4 / 9
3 + i –3 + i
2 is an example of a unitary matrix.
Example: A = 2
3 + i 3 – i
2 2
2.5. Operations in the matrices:
2.5.1 Equality of matrices:
Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are said to be equal if and only if:
(i) They are of the same order and
(ii) each element of A is equal to the corresponding element of B.
2.5.2 Addition and Subtraction of Matrices:
14
www.gradeup.co
If A, B be two matrices of the same order, then their sum A + B is defined as the matrix
each element of which is the sum of the corresponding element of A and B.
a1 b1 c1 d1 a1 + c1 b1 + d1
Thus, a2 b2 + c2 d2 = a2 + c2 b2 + d2
a3 b3 c3 d3 a3 + c3 b3 + d3
a b1 c1 d1 a1 – c1 b1 – d1
Thus, 1 – =
a2 b2 c2 d2 a2 – c2 b2 – d2
15
www.gradeup.co
Where cij = ai1 b1j + ai2b2j + ai3b3j + … + ainbnj i.e. the element in the i th row and the jth
column of the matrix AB is obtained by multiplying the ith row of A with jth column of B.
The expression for cij is known as the inner product of the ith row with the jth column.
1 2 3 7 0
Example.10 For the two Matrices X = ,y = , the product YX will be:
4 5 6 8 −1
7 14 21
(A) YX =
4 11 18
4 11 18
(B) YX =
7 14 21
7 14 18
(C) YX =
14 11 21
7 14 21
(D) YX =
18 5 6
Ans. A
Sol.
7 0 1 2 3
YX =
8 −1 4 5 6
7+0 7 2 + 0 5 7 3 + 0 6
YX =
8 1 − 1 4 8 2 − 1 5 8 3 − 1 6
7 14 21
YX =
4 11 18
3 2 2 3 4 2
Example.11 If A = 1 3 1 , find the matrix B such that AB = 1 6 1 .
5 3 4 5 6 4
Sol.
3 2 2 l m n
Let AB = 1 3 1 p q r
5 3 4 u v w
3l + 2p + 2u 3m + 2q + 2v 3n + 2r + 2w
= l + 3p + u m + 3q + v n + 3r + w
5l + 3p + 4u 5m + 3q + 4v 5n + 3r + 4w
3 4 2
= 1 6 4 (given)
5 6 1
16
www.gradeup.co
Ans. 16
17
www.gradeup.co
Sol.
3
Tr(A) = aij = a11 + a22 + a33
i =1
Tr(A) = 2 + 5 + 9
Tr(A) = 16
The matrix obtained from given matrix A on replacing its elements by the corresponding
2 + 3i 4 – 7i 8
Example : A =
–i 6 9 + i
2 – 3i 4 + 7i 8
Then, A =
+i 6 9 – i
respectively. Then,
( )
(a). A = A
(b).( A + B ) = A + B
( )
(d). AB = A B, A and B being conformable to multiplication
(A)
T
denoted by Aθ or A* or . It is also called conjugate transpose of A.
2 + i 3 – i
Example : IfA =
4 1 – i
To find Aθ:
2 − i 3 + i
First find A =
4 1 + i
2 − i 4
( )
T
A = A =
3 + i 1 + i
18
www.gradeup.co
cofactors of the elements is called the transpose of the matrix and it is written as Adj(A).
A1 B1 C1
Cofactor − matrix(Cij ) = A2 B2 C2 . Then:
A3 B3 C3
A1 A2 A3
T
Adj(A) = (cij ) = B1 B2 B3
C1 C2 C3
a b
(g). For a 2 × 2 matrix A = there is a short-cut formula for inverse as given
c d
below:
−1
−1 a b 1 d −b
A = = .
c d (ad − bc) −c a
19
www.gradeup.co
1 3
Example.13 The inverse of the matrix is
1 2
2 3
(A)
1 1
−2 1
(B)
3 −1
−2 3
(C)
1 −1
2 −3
(D)
−1 1
Ans. C
Sol.
−1
1 3 1 2 −3
A −1 = =
1 2 (1 2 − 1 3) −1 1
−2 3
A −1 =
1 −1
Alternate solution:
Adj(A)
A −1 =
A
1 3
A =
1 2
= 2–3 = –1
+
2 −1 2 −3
Adj(A) = =
−3 1 −1 1
Adj(A) 1 2 −3
A −1 = =
A (−1) −1 1
−2 3
A −1 =
1 −1
K 2
Example.14 The Value of k for which the matrix A= does not have an inverse is
3 1
_____.
Ans. 6
Sol.
K 2
Matrix A =
3 1
20
www.gradeup.co
K 2
=0
3 1
K−6 =0
K=6
Example.15 Let A, B, C, D, E be n × n matrices, each with non-zero determinant, If
ABCDE = I, then C–1 is ________.
A. ABDE
B. DEBA
C. BAED
D. DEAB
Ans. D
Sol.
A, B, C, D, E is n × n matrix.
Given ABCDE = I
Now post multiplication of E–1:
ABCDEE–1 = IE–1
Similarly, ABCDD–1 = E–1 D–1
ABC = E–1 D–1
Now A–1ABC = A–1E–1D–1
B–1BC = B–1A–1E–D–1
C = B–1A–1E–1D–1
C–1 = (B–1A–1E–1D–1)–1
C–1 = (D)–1 (E–1)–1 (A–1)–1(B–1)–1
C–1 = DEAB
1 1 3
Example.16 Find the inverse of 1 3 –3 .
–2 –4 –4
Sol.
The determinant of the given matrix A is
1 1 3 a1 b1 c1
=1 3 –3 = a2 b2 c2 (say)
–2 –4 –4 a3 b3 c3
If A1, A2, ……be the cofactors of a1, a2…in Δ, then A1 = – 24, A2 = – 8, A3 = – 12; B1 =
10, B2 = 2 B3 = 6; C1 = 2, C2 = 2, C3 = 2.
Thus, Δ = α1A1 + α2A2 + a3A3 = – 8.
A1 A2 A3 –24 –8 –12
and adj A = B1 B2 B3 = 10 2 6
C1 C2 C3 2 2 2
21
www.gradeup.co
3
3 1
2
–24 –8 –12
adj A 1 5 1 3
A −1 = = 10 2 6 = – – –
–8 4 4 4
2 2 2
– 1 1 1
– –
4 4 4
22
www.gradeup.co
23
www.gradeup.co
1 1 2
Example.17 For the matrix A = 1 2 3 , Find non-singular matrices P and Q such
0 –1 –1
1 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 0
We write A = IAI,i.e. 1 2 3 = 0 1 0 A 0 1 0
0 –1 –1 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 –1 –2
1 1 1 = 0 1 0 A 0 1 0
0 –1 –1 0 0 1 0 0 1
Re placeR2 by R2 – R1
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 –1 –2
0 1 1 = –1 0 0 A 0 1 0
0 –1 –1 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 –1 –1
Operate C3 – C1, 0 1 0 = –1 1 0 A 0 1 –1
0 –1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Re placeR3 byR3 + R2 :
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 –1 –1
0 1 0 = –1 1 0 A 0 1 –1
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
I 0
From here it is clear that left hand side is of the normal form 2 of matrix A with
0 0
Rank 2.
1 0 0 1 –1 –1
Hence, P = –1 1 0 , Q = 0 1 –1 and (A) = 2.
–1 1 1 0 0 1
2.11. Vectors:
An ordered n-tuple X = (x1, x2, … xn) is called an n-vector and x1, x2, … xn are called
components of X.
24
www.gradeup.co
A vector may be written as either a row matrix X = [x 1 x2 … xn] which is called row
vector.
dependent.
(iii). If A is a square matrix of order n and A 0 then the rows and columns are linearly
independent.
25
www.gradeup.co
(iii). Any subset of a linearly independent set is itself linearly independent set.
(iv). If a set of vectors includes a zero vector, then the set of vectors is linearly
dependent set.
2.11.7 Inner product:
x1 y1
x y
The inner product of two vectors X = 2 and Y = 2 is denoted by X Y and defined
xn yn
y1
y
as X Y = XT Y = [x1x2.....xn ] 2 = x1y1 + x2 y2 + ..... + xnyn which is a scalar quantity.
...
yn
Note.8:
1. XTY=YTX i.e. Inner Product is symmetric
2. X.Y = 0 the vectors X and Y are perpendicular.
3. X.Y. = 1 the vectors X and Y are parallel.
x1
x
If X = 2 is a vector of order n then the positive square root of inner product of X and
xn
B. 11
C. 3 5
D. 43
Ans. C
Sol.
Length or Norm of the vector is defined as:
X = 22 + 42 + 52
X = 45 = 3 5
26
www.gradeup.co
Example: If X = [0 –1 0]
then X = 02 + (−1)2 + 12 = 1
The two column vectors X1 & V2 are said to be orthogonal if: X1 X2 = X1T X2 = X2T X1 = 0.
1 2
Ex: X1 = −2 and X2 = 1
0 0
X1 X2 = X1T X2 = X2T X1
_________.
A. –2
B. 3
C. –3
D. 12
Ans. B
Sol.
6
1 – 2 0 k = 0
0
[6–2k + 0] = 0
27
www.gradeup.co
6 – 2k = 0
2k = 6
K=3
if
0, i j
XiT X j = ij = .
1, i = j
by:
where A is matrix of the coefficients and X is the column matrix of the variables.
Note.9:
(ii). If A 0 and (A) = n (number of variables). Then, the system has unique solution
(iii). If A = 0 and (A) n then the system has infinitely many non-zero (or non-trivial)
solutions.
28
www.gradeup.co
solutions of AX = 0 is (n – r).
variables) exceeds the number of equations then the system necessarily possesses a
non-zero solution.
Example.20 Find the values of k for which the system of equation (3k – 8) x+3y + 3z
= 0, 3x + (3k – 8) y + 3z = 0, 3x + 3y + (3k – 8) z = 0 has a non-trivial solution.
Sol.
For the given system of equation of have a non-trivial solution, the determinant of the
coefficient matrix should be zero.
3k – 8 3 3
i.e. 3 3k – 8 3 =0
3 3 3k – 8
1 3 3
(3k – 2) 1 3k – 8 3 =0
1 3 3k – 8
Replace R1 by R1 + R2 + R3:
29
www.gradeup.co
1 1 1
(a + b + c) b c a = 0
c a b
(a + b + c) [(c – b) (b – c) – (a – c) (a – b)] = 0
(a + b + c) (–a2 – b2 – c2 + ab + bc + ca) = 0
i.e. a + b + c = 0 or a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca = 0
a+b+c = 0
1
[(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2 ] = 0
2
a + b + c = 0; a = b, b = c, c = a.
Hence the given system has a non-trivial solution if a + b +c = 0 or a = b = c.
2.12.2 Non – homogenous system of linear equations:
If the system of ‘m’ non-homogeneous linear equation in ‘n’ variables x1, x2, … xn is
given by
a11x1 + a12 x2 + .... + a1nxn = b1
a21x1 + a22 x2 + .... + a2nxn = b2
……… (1)
...................................
am1x1 + am2 x2 + ... + amnxn = bm
Then, the set of these equations can be written in matrix form as:
AX = B ……… (2)
Where A is coefficient matrix, X is column matrix of the variables and B is the column
matrix of constants b1, b2, …. bn.
Note.10:
(i). The system has a solution (consistent) if and only if Rank of A = Rank of (A|B).
(ii). The system AX = B has a unique solution if and only if Rank (A) = Rank (A|B) = n
number of variables.
(ii) The system has infinitely many solutions if (A) = (A | B) n (number of variables).
(iii) The system has no solution (or is inconsistent) if (A) (A | B) i.e. (A) (A | B) .
30
www.gradeup.co
x + 2ay + az = 0
x + 3by + bz = 0
A. Arithmetic Progression
B. Geometric Progression
C. Harmonic Progression
D. None of these
Ans. C
Sol.
|A| = 0
1 2a a
1 3b b = 0
1 4c c
2ac = ab + bc
2ac = b (a + c)
2ac
b=
2+c
2 1 1
= +
b a c
2x + 3y + 5z = 9,
31
www.gradeup.co
7x + 3y – 2z = 8,
2x + 3y + λz = μ,
Have:
(i) no solution
Sol.
2 3 5 x 9
We have 7 3 –2 y = 8
2 3 z
The system admits of unique solution if, and only if, the coefficient matrix is of rank 3.
2 3 5
This requires that 7 3 –2 = 15(5 – ) 0
2 3
If λ = 5, the system will have no solution for those values of μ for which the matrices
2 3 5 2 3 5 9
A = 7 3 –2 and AB = 7 3 –2 8 .
2 3 5 2 3
2 3 5 9
AB = 7 3 –2 8
0 0 − 5 − 9
Let A = [aij]n×n be any n-rowed square matrix and is a scalar. Then the matrix A − I
32
www.gradeup.co
The values of this characteristic equation are called eigen values of A and the set of
The corresponding non-zero solutions to X such that AX = X , for different eigen values
kA.
(b). The eigenvalues of A–1 are the reciprocals of the eigenvalues of A. i.e. if 1 , 2.......n
1 1 1
are the eigen value of A, then , ,... are the eigen value of A–1.
1 2 n
(c). If 1 , 2 ,...n are the eigen values of A, then 1m , 2m ,........nm are the eigen values of
Am .
A A A
(d). If 1 , 2 , 3...n are the eigen values of a non-singular matric A, then , ...
1 2 n
(i). In a triangular and diagonal matrix, eigen values are diagonal elements themselves.
(j). Similar matrices have same eigen values. Two matrices A and B are said to be
similar if there exists a non-singular matrix P such that B = P–1 AP.
(k). If a + √𝑏 is the one eigen value of a real matrix A then a - √𝑏 other eigen value of
matrix A.
33
www.gradeup.co
(l). If a + ib is an eigen value of a real matrix A then a – ib is also other eigen value of
A.
(m). If A and B are two matrices of same order, then the matrix AB and BA will have
same characteristic roots.
0 −1
Example.24 Let λ1 and λ2 be the two eigen values of the matrix A = . Then, λ1
1 1
+ λ2 and λ1. λ2, are respectively:
A. 1 and 1
B. 1 and -1
C. -1 and -1
D. -1 and -1
Ans. A
Sol.
Sum of Eigen values (λ1 + λ2) = Trace of A
Sum of Eigen values (λ1 + λ2) = Sum of diagonal elements
λ1 + λ2 = 0 +1 = 1
Now, λ1. λ2 = Determinant of A
λ1. λ2 = 0×1 – 1× (-1) = 1
2.13.2 Eigen Vectors:
The corresponding non-zero solutions to X such that AX = X , for different eigen values
are called as the eigen vectors of A.
2.13.2.1 Properties of Eigen vectors:
(a). For each eigen value of a matrix there are infinitely many eigen vectors. If X is an
eigen vector of a matrix A corresponding to the Eigen Value λ then KX is also an eigen
vector of A for every non – zero value of K.
(b). Same Eigen vector cannot be obtained for two different eigen values of a matrix.
(c). Eigen vectors corresponding to the distinct eigen values are linearly independent.
(d). For the repeated eigen values, eigen vectors may or may not be linearly
independent.
(e). The Eigen vectors of A and Ak are same.
(f). The eigen vectors of A and A-1 are same.
(g). The Eigen vectors of A and AT are NOT same.
(h). Eigen vectors of a symmetric matrix are Orthogonal.
2.13.3 Cayley Hamilton Theorem:
Every square matrix A satisfies its own characteristic equation A – λI = 0.
Example:
34
www.gradeup.co
2 2
Example.25 Characteristic Equation of the matrix with eigen value λ is –
2 1
A. λ2 + 3λ + 4 = 0
B. λ2 + 3λ –2 = 0
C. λ2 – 3λ = 0
D. λ2 + 3λ = 0
Ans. C
Sol.
Since characteristic equation is given by:
A – I = 0
2– 2
=0
2 1–
(2 – )(1 – ) – 2 2 = 0
λ2 – 3λ = 0
3 1 4
Example.26 Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A = 0 2 6 .
0 0 5
Sol.
The characteristic equation is:
| A – I |= 0
3– 1 4
i.e. 0 2– 6 =0
0 0 5–
(3 – λ) (2 – λ) (5 – λ) = 0
Thus, the eigen values of A are 2, 3, 5.
If x, y, z be the components of an eigen vector corresponding to the eigen value λ, we
have
35
www.gradeup.co
| A – I | X = 0
3 – 1 4 x
0 2– 6 y = 0
0 0 5 – z
36
www.gradeup.co
D. 3
Ans. B
Sol.
3 3
A=
2 4
Let λ1 and λ2 be eigen values of matrix.
λ1 + λ2 = trace of A = 3 + 4
λ1 + λ2 = 7 …………… (1)
λ1λ2 = Determinant of eigen values
λ1λ2 = 12 – 6
λ1λ2 = 6 ………. (2)
Now use relation:
(λ1 – λ2)2 = (λ1 + λ2)2 – 4λ1λ2
(λ1 – λ2)2 = 49 – 4 × 6
(λ1 – λ2)2 = 25
λ1 – λ2 = 5 …………. (3)
–3 3
A – 1I =
2 –2
2 R
Replace R2 → R2 + R and R1 → 1
3 1 –3
1 –1
A – 1I =
0 0
GM = Order (n) of matrix – Rank ρ(A–λ1I)
GM = 1
Now, Corresponding to λ= 1:
3 – 1 3
A – 2I =
2 4 – 1
2 3
A=
2 3
Now R2 → R1 – R2
37
www.gradeup.co
2 3
A=
0 0
1 3
A – 2I = 2
0 0
ρ (A–λ2 I) = 1
Thus, Geometric Multiplicity corresponding to (λ 2) = 2 – 1 = 1
Thus, number of linearly independent eigen vectors = Sum of Geometric multiplicity
corresponding to different eigen values
Number of linearly independent vectors = 1 + 1 = 2
2.14. Diagonalizable matrix:
If for a given square matrix A of order n, there exists a non – singular matrix P such
that P-1AP = D or AP = PD where D is the diagonal matrix then A is said to be
diagonalizable matrix.
Note:
1. If X1, X2, X3, ………., X3 are linearly independent eigen vectors of A 3×3 corresponding
to eigen values λ1, λ2, λ3 then P can be found such that P-1AP = D or AP = PD.
1 0 0
Where D = 0 2 0 and P = [X1, X2, X3]
0 0 3
38
www.gradeup.co
ASSIGNMENT
4–x 3
=0
1 6–x
A. 6, 4
B. 4, 9
C. 5, 6
D. 3, 7
Ans. D
3 – x 2 2
2. For what values of x, the matrix 2 4–x 1 is singular.
–2 –4 –1 − x
A. 0, – 3
B. 0, 3
C. 1, 3
D. –1, – 3
Ans. B
cos sin a b
3. If x = , and If XX is given by
T
. Then what will be value of b + c:
– sin cos c d
Ans. 0
0 2
4. Matrix A = – is orthogonal. The values of α, β and γ respectively are:
–
1 1 1
A. , ,
3 2 6
1 1 1
B. , ,
3 6 2
1 1 1
C. , ,
6 3 2
1 1 1
D. , ,
2 6 3
Ans. D
39
www.gradeup.co
6 9 0
5. Consider the following matrix 3 12 6 which has determinant equal to 945. Then the
9 6 15
2 3 0
determinant of matrix 1 4 2 is
3 2 5
A. 35.0
B. 3.88
C. 52.5
D. 13.12
Ans. A
3 3 a b
6. Consider the following matrix . If Inverse of this matrix is given by then value of
2 5 c d
(ad – bc) will be:
7
A.
27
1
B.
9
C. 1
7
D.
3
Ans. B
–1 –3 −5
7. Consider the following square matrix A = 3 4 7 find the value of |adj(adjA)| __________?
4 1 3
A. 9
B. 121
C. 13689
D. 81
Ans. D
8. Consider the following statements:
1. A matrix whose determinant is Not equal to zero is called singular matrix.
2. The homogenous system of linear equations is always consistent.
3. A square matrix will be idempotent matrix of A2 = A.
4. A square matrix will be Idempotent matrix if A2 = In.
Which of the following statements are correct?
A. 1, 2 and 3 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 4 only
Ans. C
40
www.gradeup.co
3 0 0
9. The eigen values of the matrix 0 2 –3 are __________.
1 1 –2
A. –1, 1, 3
B. –3, 2, –2
C. 3, 2, –1
D. 3, 2, –1
Ans. A
3 1 3
10. Consider the following matrix 0 2 –3 and one of eigen value of given matrix is λ 1 = 3, then
1 1 2
Ans. 5
12. Consider the following system of linear equations:
x + ay + z = 3
x + 2y + 2z = b
x + 5y + 3z = 9
The system is consistent and has infinite many solutions then a+b _______.
Ans. 5 (a = –1 and b = 6)
2 2 1
13. Consider the matrix A = 1 3 1 which has one of its eigen value equal to 1. Then find the sum
1 2 2
1 –18 –18
1
Ans. A–2 = –5 10 –6
16
5 6 22
1 2
15. If the matrix A = then find the value of |A |using Cayley Hamilton theorem.
4
2 –1
Ans. 625
41
www.gradeup.co
16. Consider the following system of linear equation (where p and q are constants).
x1 + x2 + x3 = 1
x1 – x2 + 2x3 = p
3x1 – x2 + 5x3 = q
This system has at least one solution for any p and q satisfying:
A. 2p–q + 1 =0
B. 2q + p + 1 = 0
C. 2p + q – 1 = 0
D. 2q + p – 1 = 0
Ans. A
2 –1 3 1
17. The rank of the matrix 1 4 –2 1 is __________.
5 2 4 3
Ans. 2
–1 2 3
18. If matrix A = 0 3 5 , then the product of eigen values of A2 is:
0 0 –2
Ans. 36
3x – y – z + 2w = 0
3x + y –z – 2w = 0
12x + 3y – 4z – 6w = 0
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Ans. B
2 1 1
20. Consider the matrix A = 2 3 4 whose eigen values are 1, –1 and 3. Then trace of (A4 –
–1 –1 –2
3A3) is __________.
Ans. 2
42
www.gradeup.co
1 2
21. Consider the following vectors x1 = –2 and x2 = 1 statements regarding these vectors are as
0 0
follows :
1. Vectors x1 and x2 are orthogonal vectors.
Ans. k = 2
3 1 3
25. Consider the following matrix A = 0 2 –3 which has one of the eigen value equal to the 3,
1 1 2
then find the number of linearly independent eigen vectors of the matrix.
Ans. 2
43
www.gradeup.co
1 0 0 1 0 0
26. Consider the matrices A = 1 0 andB = 2 1 0
1 3 4 1
–3 14
A.
–2 1
1 –2
B.
3 1
1 3
C.
–2 1
−3 –14
D.
4 17
Ans. D
29. Consider the following statements:
1. The determinant of a skew symmetric matrix of even order is zero.
2. The determinate of a skew symmetric matrix of odd order is zero.
3. The determinant of a Hermitian matrix is always a real number.
Which of the following statements is/are correct?
A. 1 and 3 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 3 only
D. 2 only
Ans. B
44
www.gradeup.co
1 2
30. Consider the following vectors x1 = –2 and x2 = 1 statements regarding these vectors are as
0 0
follows:
1. Vectors x1 and x2 are orthogonal vectors.
3 2 cos sin
33. The matrix A = is transformed to the diagonal form D = T AT where T =
-1
.
2 7 − sin cos
Find the value of θ which gives this diagonal transformation.
Ans. =
8
45
www.gradeup.co
34. The value of c for which the following system of linear equations has an infinite number of
solutions is _________.
1 2 x c
A= =
1 2 y 4
Ans. 4
35. Determine value of ‘b’ such that the system of homogenous equations:
2x+y+2z =0,
x+y+3z = 0,
4x+3y+bz =0
has a Non-trivial solution.
Ans. 8
****
46
www.gradeup.co
47
www.gradeup.co
48