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Seminar Report
On
“ STABILIZATION OF SOIL”
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted By;
ALWAR
CERTIFICATE
Certified thatsrminar work entitled “ STABILIZATION OF SOIL ” is a
bonafide work carried out in the 8 th semester by Mitesh Kumar Saini in partial
fulfillment of the award of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering from
Modern Institute of Technology and Research Centre, Alwar during the
academic year 2019-2020.
Abstract......................................................................................................1
Chapter 1:Introduction...........................................................................3
Soil Structure.............................................................................................6
Uses of Stabilization..................................................................................7
Stabilization Techniques...........................................................................7
Lime Cement.............................................................................................9
Lime Asphalt............................................................................................9
Mechanism...............................................................................................12
Soil Preparation......................................................................................18
Compaction Test....................................................................................19
Specific Gravity.......................................................................................23
Consistency Limits..................................................................................23
Aterberg Limits.......................................................................................25
Soil is the basic foundation for any civil engineering structures.It is required to
bear the loads without failure.In some places, soil may be weak which cannot resist
the oncoming loads.In such cases,soil stabilization is needeed.Numerous methods
are available in the literature for soil stabilization.But sometimes,some of the
methods like chemical stabilization,lime stabilization etc. adversly affects the
chemical composition of the soil.
In this study,fly ash and lime were mixed with clay soil to investigate the relative
strength gain in terms of unconfined compression,bearing capacity and
compaction.The effect of fly ash and lime on the geotechnical characteristics of
clay-fly ash and clay-lime mixtures was investigated by conductiung standard
Proctor compaction tests,unconfined compression tests,CBR tests and permeability
test.The tests were performed as per Indian Standard specifications.
Clayey soil
Fly ash
Lime
The soft clay used for these experiments was brought from a site,near
Kumarakom.The physical properties of the soil were determined as per IS
specifications.
Fly ash for the study was brought from Hindustan Newsprints,Piravam.it is finely
divided residue resulting from the combustion of ground or powdered coal from
electric generating plants. It has high water absorption capacity.
Lime for the study is locally available.it imparts much strength to the soil by
pozzolanic reaction which is explained later in the report.
1
In this test programme,without additives clay was tested to find the optimum
moisture content ,CBR value ,plasticity index and unconfined compression
strength.Fly ash and lime were added in varying percentages and that fraction for
which maximum strength is obtained was found out.The mixture is cured for 3,7
and 14 days.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
General
Sub grade is the in situ material upon which the pavement structure is placed.
Although there is a tendency to look at pavement performance in terms of
pavement structures and mix design alone, the subgrade soils can often be the
overriding factor in pavement performance. The construction cost of the pavements
will be considerably decreased if locally available low cost materials are used for
construction of lower layer of pavements such as subgrade, sub base etc.If the
stability of local soils is not adequate for supporting the loads, suitable methods to
enhance the properties of soil need to be adopted. Soil stabilization is one such
method. Stabilizing the subgrade with an appropriate chemical stabilizer (such as
Quicklime, Portland cement, Fly Ash orComposites) increases subgrade stiffness
and reduces expansion tendencies, it performs as a foundation (able to support and
distribute loads under saturated conditions). This report contains a summary of the
performance of lime and fly ash used with clay.
Fly ashes are finely divided residue resulting from the combustion of ground or
powdered coal from electric generating plants.
The soil used in the study is natural clay brought from Kumarakom.Pavement
subgrade over there is composed of clayey soil whose bearing capacity is
extremely low.Due to this reason ,the roads require periodic maintenance to take
up repeated application of wheel loads.This proves to be costly ,and at the same
time, conditions of raods during monsoon seasons is extremely poor.Therefore, a
thought on how to enhance the stability of roads by chaper means demands
appraisal.
Soil stabilization can be done using different additives ,but use of fly ash which is
a waste material from thermal power plants,at the same time difficult-to-dispose
material will be much significant.
General
The process of reducing plasticity and improving the texture of a soil is called soil
modification. Monovalent cations such as sodium and potassium are commonly
found in expansive clay soil and these cations can be exchanged with cations of
higher valenciessuch as calcium which are found in lime and flyash. This ion
exchange process takes place almost rapidly, within a few hours. The calcium
cations replace the sodium cations around the clay particles, decreasing the size of
bound water layer, and enable the clay particle to flocculate. The flocculation
creates a reduction in plasticity, an increase in shear strength of clayey soil and
improvement in texture from a cohesive material to a more granular, sand-like soil.
The change in the structure causes a decrease in the moisture sensitivity and
increase the workability and constructability of soil. Soil stabilization includes the
effects from modification with a significant additional strength.
Soil structure
The clay particles in the soil structure are arranged in sheet like structures
composed of silica tetrahedral and alumina octahedra. The sheets form many
different combinations, but there are three main types of formations .the first is
kaolinite,which consists of alternating silica and alumina sheets bonded together.
This form of clay structure is very stable and does not swell appreciably when
wetted .the next form is montmorillonite, which is composed of two layers of silica
and one alumina sheet creating aweak bond between the layers. This weak bonding
between the layers allows water and other cations to enter between the
layers,resulting in swelling in the clay particle. The last type is illite, which is very
similar to montmorillonite ,but has potassium ions between each layer which help
bond the layers together. Inter layer bonding illite is therefore stronger than for
montmorillonite,but weaker than kaolinite.
Clay particles are small in size but have alarge to mass ratio,resulting in alarger
surface area available for interaction with water and cations.the clay particles have
negatively charged surfaces that attract cations and polar molecules,including
water forming a boundwater layer around the negatively charged clay particles.
The amount of water surrounding the clay particles is related to the amount of
water that is available for the clay particle to take in and release. This moisture
change around the clay particles causes expansion and swelling pressures within
clays that are confined .
Uses of stabilization
Pavement design isbased on the premise that minimum specifiedstructural quality will
be achieved for each layerof material in the pavement system. Each layermust resist
shearing, avoid excessive deflectionsthat cause fatigue cracking within the layer or
inoverlying layers, and prevent excessive permanentdeformation through densification.
As the qualityof a soil layer is increased, the ability of that layerto distribute the load
over a greater area isgenerally increased so that a reduction in therequired thickness of
the soil and surface layersmay be permitted.
Quality improvement.
The most common improvementsachieved through stabilization includebetter soil
gradation, reduction of plasticity indexor swelling potential, and increases in
durabilityand strength. In wet weather, stabilizationmay also be used to provide a
working platformfor construction operations. These types of soilquality
improvement are referred to as soil modification.
Thickness reduction.
The strength and stiffnessof a soil layer can be improved through theuse of
additives to permit a reduction in designthickness of the stabilized material
compared withan unstabilized or unbound material.
STABILIZATION TECHNIQUES
Portland cement can be used either to modify or improve the quality of the soil into
a cemented mass with increased strength and durability. The amount of cement
used will depend upon whether the soil is to be modified or stabilized.
Cement stabilization is most commonly used for stabilizing silt, sandy soils with
small quantities of silt or clayey fractions stabilization of soil with cement has been
extensively used in road construction. Mixing the pulverized soil and compact the
mix to attain a strong material does this stabilization. The material thus obtained by
mixing soil and cement is known as ‘soil cement’. The soil content becomes a hard
and durable structural material as the cement hydrates and develops strength. The
cementing action is believed to be the result of chemical reaction of cement with
the siliceous soil during hydration.
Stabilization of soils and aggregates with asphalt differs greatly from cementand lime
stabilization. The basic mechanism involved in asphalt stabilization of fine grained
soils is a water proofing phenomenon. Soil particles soil agglomerates are coated with
asphalt that prevents or slows the penetration of water, which could normally result in a
decrease in soil strength. In addition, asphalt stabilization can improve durability
characteristics by making the soil resistant to the detrimental effects of water such as
volume. In non-cohesive material such as sand and gravel, crushed gravel, and crushed
stone, two basic mechanisms are active: water proofing and adhesion. The asphalt
coating on the cohesion less materials provides a membrane, which prevents or hinders
the penetration of water and thereby reduces the tendency of the material to lose
strength in the presence of water. The second mechanism has been identified as
adhesion. The aggregate particle adheres to the asphalt and the asphalt acts as a binder
or cement. The cementing effect thus increases the shear strength by increasing
adhesion. Criteria for design of bituminous stabilized soils and aggregates are based
almost entirely on stability and gradation requirements. Freeze-thaw and wet durability
test are not applicable for asphalt-stabilized mixtures.
The advantages in using combination stabilizers are that one of the stabilizers in
the combination compensates for the lack of effectiveness of the other in treating a
particular aspect or characteristics of a given soil. For instance in clay areas devoid
of base material, lime have been used jointly with other stabilizers notably Portland
cement or asphalt, to provide acceptable base courses. Since Portland cement or
asphalt cannot be mixed successively with plastic clays, the lime is incorporated
into the soil to make it friable, thereby permitting the cement or asphalt to be
adequately mixed. While such stabilization might be more costly than the
conventional single stabilizer methods, it may still prove to be economical in areas
where base aggregate costs are high. Two combination stabilizers are considered:
1. lime-cement
2. lime-asphalt
Lime-cement
Lime can be used as an initial additive with Portland cement or the primary
stabilizer. The main purpose of lime is to improve workability characteristics
mainly by reducing the plasticity of soil. The design approach is to add enough
lime to improve workability and to reduce the plasticity index to acceptable levels.
The design lime content is the minimum that achieves desired results.
Lime-asphalt
Lime can be used as an initial additive with asphalt as the primary stabilizer. The
main purpose of lime is to improve workability characteristics and to act as an anti-
stripping agent. In the latter capacity, the lime acts to neutralize acidic chemicals in
the soil or aggregate, which tend to interfere with bonding of the asphalt.
Generally, about 1-2 percent lime is all that is needed for this objective.
Introducing geo-textiles and fabrics that are made of synthetic materials, such as
polyethylene, polyester, and nylon, can stabilize the soil. The geo-textile sheets are
manufactured in different thickness ranging from 10 to 300 mils (1mil=0.254mm).
The width of sheet can be upto 10m. These are available in rolls of length upto
about 600m.
STABILIZATION WITH LIME
Lime stabilization is done by adding lime to soil. This is useful for the stabilization
of clayey soil. When lime reacts with soil there is exchange of cations in the
adsorbed water layer and a decrease in the plasticity of the soil occurs. The
resultant material is more friable than the orginal clay, and is more suitable as
subgrade.
Lime is produced by burning of limestone in kiln. The quality of lime obtained
depends on the parent material and the production process. And there are basically
5 types of limes
1. High calcium, quick lime (CaO)
2. Hydrated high calcium lime [Ca(OH)2]
3. Dolomitic lime [CaO+MgO]
4. Normal, hydrated Dolomitic lime [Ca(OH)2+MgO]
5. Pressure, hydrated dolomitic lime[Ca(OH)2+MgO2]
The two primary types of lime used in construction today are quick lime(calcium
oxide) and hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide).Heating limestone at elevated
temperatures produce quick lime and addition of water to quick lime produces
hydrated lime.
Equation shows the reaction that occurs when limestone is heated to produce quick
lime with carbon dioxide produced as by-product.
CaCO3+heat CaO+CO2
Addition of water to quick lime produces hydrated lime along with heat as
byproduct:
CaO+H2O Ca(OH)2+Heat
Mechanism
For soil stabilization with lime, soil conditions and mineralogical properties have a
significant effect on the long-term strength gain. A pozzolanic reaction between
silica and alumina in the clay particles and calcium from the lime can form a
cemented structure that increases the strength of the stabilized soil. Residual
calcium must remain in the system to combine with the available silica or alumina
to keep the pH high enough to maintain the pozzolanic reaction. Soil that should be
considered for lime treatment include soils with a PI that exceeds 10 and have
more than 25 percent passing the #200 sieve.
In lime stabilization the liquid limit of soil generally decreases but the plastic limit
increases. Thus the plasticity index of the soil decreases. The strength of the lime
stabilized soil is generally improved. It is partly due to the decrease in the plastic
properties of the soil and partly due to the formation of cementing material.
Increase in the unconfined compressive strength is as high as 60 times. The
modulus of elasticity of the soil also increases substantially.
The hydration property depends on coal source, boiler design and the type of ash
collection system.The coal source governs the amount and type of organic matter
present in it. Eastern coal source contain small amount of calcium. This class F
flyash does not exhibitself-cementing characteristics. Western coals contain higher
amount of calcium (about 20%-35%) and are classified as class C flyash.
The amount of calcium oxide in flyash is lower than that of lime and much of it is
combined with silicates and aluminates, so flyash has less effect on plasticity than
lime.
Boiler design and operation depends on the rate at which the hydration occurs.
During combustion the inorganic matter is fused consequently rapid cooling of
fused particles occur. So the flyash particles are non crystalline in nature.
Compaction time after mixing is critical to achieve maximum density and strength.
When compaction is delayed hydration products begin to bond with loose particles
and disruption of these aggregation is required to densify the material. So a portion
of compactive energy isutilized in overcoming cementation and maximum
densities are reduced.
In fly ash the high loss on ignition is due to the presence of unburnt carbon. The
combined amount of silica alumina and iron oxide (84.6%) indicate its suitability
as a pozzolanicmaterial.fly ash is no-plastic in nature.its moisture condition does
not predominantly affect the dry density. The fly ash has high angle of internal
friction.
The grain size distribution of is shown if fig 2. Fly ash is a fine grained material
.about 86% of the sample passes through 75 micron sieve indicating that fly ash is
essentially a silt size material.
CHAPTER 3
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, a brief review of various experiments conducted using clay and the
same stabilized with lime and flyash are explained.
MATERIALS USED
1. Clayey soil
Soil is brought from a paddy field in kumarakom.Soil over thereis highly
plastic clay. Therefore the strength of pavement subgrade needs to be
ascertained to withstand the compressive loadunder traffic.
Sl Properties Values
No:
1 CBR value 4.3%
Physical properties
Specific gravity 2.27
Loss on ignition 11.8%
Chemical composition
Silica (SiO2) 58.3%
Alumina (Al2O3)+Iron oxide (Fe2O3) 26.3%
Calcium oxide (CaO) 2.2%
Magnesium oxide (MgO) 0.3%
LAB TESTING
Firstly the above tests were conducted on plane clay sample to determine its
properties.UCS test is conducted to evaluate it strength. Thereafter, certain
percentages of lime and flyash are added to the clay sample to stabilize it. And the
percentages of the above additives which produce the optimum strength to the soil
are chosen by conducting UCS test on them.
Soil preparation
The soil was collected from site in large sacks. It is brought to the lab and is dried
in oven for 24 hours in large pans. This soil due to loss of water formed big lumps
which is broken to smaller pieces or even fine powder and is sieved according to
the needs of different experiments.
Compaction test
Compaction is the densification of soil by reduction of air voids. The purpose of a
laboratory compaction test is to determine, the quantity of water to be added for
field compaction of soil and resultant density expected. When water is added to
dry fine grained soil, the soil absorbs water. Addition of more water helps in
sliding of particles over each other. This assists the process of compaction. Up to
a certain point, additional water helps in reduction of air voids,but after a
relatively high degree of saturation is reached, the water occupies the space ,which
could be filled with soil particles, and the amount of entrapped air remains
essentially constant.Therfore,there is an optimum amount of water for a given soil
and compaction process, which give rise to maximum dry density.
Compaction of clay,clay-lime and clay-flyash mixtures were carried out
using standard proctor test with three layers on each 25 blows. Samples for
conducting compaction tests were prepared using moulds of dimensions 10 cm
diameter and 15 cm height. In this study, lime is added for about 10% and cured
for 3, 7, and 14 days. Also,flyash is added for about 14% and is cured for 3,7 and
14 days. The values of optimum moisture content and maximum dry density are
obtained in a plot of dry density versus moisture content.
Unconfined compression test
2.5 1370 70
5.0 2055 105
7.5 2630 134
10 3180 162
12.5 3600 183
CBR value= (Test load/Standard load) X100
The shear strength of a soil is its maximum resistance to shear stresses just before
the failure. Shear failure of a soil mass occurs when the shear stresses induced due
to the applied compressive loads exceed the shear strength of the soil. Failure in
soil occurs by relative movements of the particles and not by breaking ofparticles.
Shear strength is the principal engineering property which controls the stability of
the soil mass under loads. Shear strength determines bearing capacity of soils,
stability of slopes of soils, earth pressure against retaining structure etc.
Direct shear test is conducted on a soil specimen in a shear box which can split into
two equal halves and is covered with porous grid plates on either sides. Normal
load is applied for a constant stress and shear load is applied at a constant rate of
0.02 mm/minute. The test is repeated for different stress and failure stress is noted.
A failure envelope is obtained by plotting shear stress with different normal stress
and is joined to form a straight line from which angle of shear resistance and
cohesion is obtained.
Specific gravity
The specific gravity of solid particles is defined as the ratio of the mass of a given
volume of solids to the mess of an equal volume of water at 40C. Specific gravity
of normal soils is between 2.65 to 2.80. Specific gravity of soil mass indicates the
average value of all the solid particles present in the soil mass. Also it is an
important parameter used for the determination of void ratio and particle size.
Consistency limits
The consistency of fine grained soil is the physical state in which it exists. It is
used to denote the degree of firmness of soil. The water content at which soil
changes from one state to another is known as consistency limits.
A soil containing high water is in the liquid state. It has no shear resistance
and can flow like liquid. Therefore the shear strength is equal to zero. As the water
content is reduced, the soil becomes stiffer and starts developing resistance to shear
deformation. The water content at which soil changes from liquid state to plastic
state is known as liquid limit. The liquid limit is find out by Casagrande’s liquid
limit device. The number of blows of this device is find out at different water
content. Flow curve is plot with number of blows on x axis and water content on y
axis. The water content corresponding to 25 blows is the liquid limit.
Plastic limit is the water content below which the soil stop behaving as a plastic
material. It begins to crumble when rolled into a thread of soil of 3mm diameter.
At this water content , the soil loses its plasticity and passes to the semi-solid state.
CHAPTER 4
The following chapter covers the results of the testing programmes. The
results that are presented include soil properties admixture percentages and the
various testing results for the soil additive combinations .
Native soil properties and admixture percentages
Soil chacterstics were determined using atterberg limits ,hydrometer
analysis, specific gravity, standard proctor compaction and unconfined
compression tests. The test results is shown the table
The grain size dirtribution curve for the soil used is shown in figure.
The percentage of lime and fly ash for stabilization is determined from the
unconfined compression test. The test results are shown.
The native soil has an unconfined compression of 400kpa. This increased by the
addition of lime and fly ash. The maximum strength is obtained by the addition of
10% lime and 14% fly ash.
Atterberg limits
The atterberg limit test results with various soil additive combination at different
curing period are presented in the table and graphs showing variation of atterberg
limits with curing period is plotted for different soil-additive combination.
For fly ash had more limited effect on the plasticity ofthese soils.The liquid limit
remains constant with curing period for the fly ash-clay mixture.The plastic limit
increases from 19 at 3day to 26 at 14days, as a liquid limit remains constant and
plastic limit increases, the plasticity index values decreases from 16 at 3days to 9 at
14 days.
Optimum moisture content and maximum density for native soil and each of the
soil additive combination at different curing period is presented in the table and the
variation of maximum density and optimum moisture content is plotted
Sl no: Water content Dry density
1 18 1490
2 20 1517
3 22 1467
4 24 1427
The maximum density and optimum moisture content for the native soil are
1517 kg/m3 and 20%. When mixed with fly ash the optimum moisture content
and the maximum density is decreased.The maximum density is 1490 kg/m3 at an
optimum moisture content of 18.9 % at 3 days.It is reduces to 1000kg/m3 at an
optimum content of 14.9% in 14 days. So both the maximum density and
optimum moisture content decreases for fly ash-clay mixture.
When mixed with lime, the optimim moisture content is increased and the
maximum dry density is decreased.The maximum density is 645 kg/m at an
optimum moisture content of 24% in 3 days.In 7days the maximum density is
445 kg/m3 at an optimum moisture content of 26%.The maximum density is
decreased to 235 kg/m3 and optimum moisture content increased to 28%.
DIRECT SHEAR TEST-FLYASH
Load(kg)
Penetration(mm)
3 days curing 7 days curing
0 0 0 0
0.5 4.24 6.98 9.36
1 10.35 15.65 21.28
1.5 25.88 28.99 34.76
2 46.92 54.74 65.96
2.5 73.689 79.05 87.99
3 89.82 95.77 100.01
4 95 99.95 119.76
5 97.51 109.59 124.82
7.5 125.62 134.98 154.87
10 131.06 149.65 170.21
12.5 140.69 156.32 190.97