Federal Bureau of Investigation

Candidate’s name: Krisztof Patricia

Class:12 A Natural Sciences English Bilingual
Coordinator teacher: Nagy-Vizitiu Desdemona

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 Table of contents

1.Synopsis
2. Budget, mission and priorities
3. History

 Background
 Creation
 J. Edgar Hoover as FBI Director
 National security
 Japanese American internment
 Civil rights movement
 Kennedy's assassination
 Organzed crime
 Special FBI teams
 Notable efforts in the 1990s
 September 11 attacks
4. Legal authority
5. Infrastructure
6. Personnel
7. FBI in Romania and comparison to SRI

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 Chapter 1: Budget, mission and priorities

In the fiscal year 2019, the Bureau's total budget was approximately $9.6 billion.
The FBI's main goal is to protect and defend the United States, to uphold and enforce the
criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to
federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners.
Currently, the FBI's top priorities are:
1. Protect the United States from terrorist attacks
2. Protect the United States against foreign intelligence operations and espionage
3. Protect the United States against cyber-based attacks and high-technology crimes
4. Combat public corruption at all level
5. Protect civil rights,
6. Combat transnational/national criminal organizations and enterprises
7. Combat major white-collar crime
8. Combat significant violent crime
9. Support federal, state, local and international partners
10. Upgrade technology to enable, and further, the successful performances of its
missions as stated above

Chapter 2: History

Background

In 1896, the National Bureau of Criminal Identification was founded, which provided
agencies across the country with information to identify known criminals. The 1901
assassination of President William McKinley created a perception that America was under
threat from anarchists. The Departments of Justice and Labor had been keeping records on
anarchists for years, but President Theodore Roosevelt wanted more power to monitor
them.
The Justice Department had been tasked with the regulation of interstate commerce since
1887, though it lacked the staff to do so. It had made little effort to relieve its staff shortage
until the Oregon land fraud scandal at the turn of the 20th Century. President Roosevelt

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instructed Attorney General Charles Bonaparte to organize an autonomous investigative
service that would report only to the Attorney General.
Bonaparte reached out to other agencies, including the U.S. Secret Service, for personnel,
investigators in particular. On May 27, 1908, the Congress forbade this use of Treasury
employees by the Justice Department, citing fears that the new agency would serve as a
secret police department.
Creation
The Bureau of Investigation (BOI) was created on July 26, 1908, after the Congress
had adjourned for the summer . Attorney General Bonaparte, using Department of
Justice expense funds , hired thirty-four people, including some veterans of
the Secret Service to work for a new investigative agency. Its first "Chief" (the title
is now known as "Director") was Stanley Finch. Bonaparte notified the Congress of
these actions in December 1908.
The bureau's first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of
prostitution in preparation for enforcing the "White Slave Traffic Act," or Mann Act,
passed on June 25, 1910. In 1932, the bureau was renamed the United States Bureau
of Investigation. The following year it was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition and
rechristened the Division of Investigation (DOI) before finally becoming an
independent service within the Department of Justice in 1935 . In the same year, its
name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the present-day
Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI.
J. Edgar Hoover as FBI Director

J. Edgar Hoover, FBI Director

J. Edgar Hoover served as FBI Director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI,
DOI, and FBI. He was chiefly responsible for creating the Scientific Crime Detection
Laboratory, or the FBI Laboratory, which officially opened in 1932, as part of his work to
professionalize investigations by the government. Hoover was substantially involved in most
major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure. But as detailed below, his
proved to be a highly controversial tenure as Bureau Director, especially in its later years.

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After Hoover's death, the Congress passed legislation that limited the tenure of future FBI
Directors to ten years.
Early homicide investigations of the new agency included the Osage Indian murders. During
the "War on Crime" of the 1930s, FBI agents apprehended or killed a number of notorious
criminals who carried out kidnappings, robberies, and murders throughout the nation,
including John Dillinger, "Baby Face" Nelson, Kate "Ma" Barker, Alvin "Creepy" Karpis, and
George "Machine Gun" Kelly.
Other activities of its early decades included a decisive role in reducing the scope and
influence of the white supremacist group Ku Klux Klan. Additionally, through the work of
Edwin Atherton, the BOI claimed to have successfully apprehended an entire army of
Mexican neo-revolutionaries under the leadership of General Enrique Estrada in the mid-
1920s, east of San Diego, California.
Hoover began using wiretapping in the 1920s during Prohibition to arrest bootleggers .In
the 1927 case, Olmstead v.United States in which a bootlegger was caught through
telephone tapping, the United States Supreme Court ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate
the Fourth Amendment as unlawful search and seizure, as long as the FBI did not break into
a person's home to complete the tapping. After Prohibition's repetam Congress passed the
Communications Act of 1934, which outlawed non-consensual phone tapping, but did allow
bugging. In the 1139ccase, Nardone v. United States, the court ruled that due to the 1934
law, evidence the FBI obtained by phone tapping was inadmissible in court. After the 1967
case Katz v. United States overturned the 1927 case that had allowed bugging, Congress
passed the Omnibus Crime Control Act, allowing public authorities to tap telephones during
investigations, as long as they obtained warrants beforehand. [16]
National security

Beginning in the 1940s and continuing into the 1970s, the bureau investigated cases
of espionageagainst the United States and its allies. Eight Naziagents who had
planned sabotage operations against American targets were arrested, and six were
executed (Ex parte Quirin) under their sentences. Also during this time, a joint
US/UK code-breaking effort called "The Venona Project"—with which the FBI was
heavily involved—broke Soviet diplomatic and intelligence communications codes,
allowing the US and British governments to read Soviet communications. This effort
confirmed the existence of Americans working in the United States for Soviet
intelligence.[17] Hoover was administering this project, but he failed to notify
the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of it until 1952. Another notable case was
the arrest of Soviet spy Rudolf Abel in 1957.[18]The discovery of Soviet spies
operating in the US allowed Hoover to pursue his longstanding obsession with the
threat he perceived from the American Left, ranging from Communist Party of
the United States of America (CPUSA) union organizers to American liberals.
Japanese American internment
In 1939, the Bureau began compiling a custodial detention list with the names of
those who would be taken into custody in the event of war with Axis nations. The

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majority of the names on the list belonged to Issei community leaders, as the FBI
investigation built on an existing Naval Intelligenceindex that had focused
on Japanese Americans in Hawaii and the West Coast, but
many German and Italian nationals also found their way onto the secret list.
[19] Robert Shivers, head of the Honolulu office, obtained permission from Hoover
to start detaining those on the list on December 7, 1941, while bombs were still
falling over Pearl Harbor.[20] Mass arrests and searches of homes (in most cases
conducted without warrants) began a few hours after the attack, and over the next
several weeks more than 5,500 Issei men were taken into FBI custody.[21] On
February 19, 1942, President Franklin Rooseveltissued Executive Order 9066,
authorizing the removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast. FBI Director
Hoover opposed the subsequent mass removal and confinement of Japanese
Americans authorized under Executive Order 9066, but Roosevelt prevailed.[22] The
vast majority went along with the subsequent exclusion orders, but in a handful of
cases where Japanese Americans refused to obey the new military regulations, FBI
agents handled their arrests.[20] The Bureau continued surveillance on Japanese
Americans throughout the war, conducting background checks on applicants for
resettlement outside camp, and entering the camps (usually without the permission
of War Relocation Authorityofficials) and grooming informants to monitor
dissidents and "troublemakers." After the war, the FBI was assigned to protect
returning Japanese Americans from attacks by hostile white communities.[20]

Organized crime

In response to organized crime, on August 25, 1953, the FBI created the Top
Hoodlum Program. The national office directed field offices to gather information on
mobsters in their territories and to report it regularly to Washington for a centralized
collection of intelligence on racketeers.[38] After the Racketeer Influenced and
Corrupt Organizations Act, or RICO Act, took effect, the FBI began investigating
the former Prohibition-organized groups, which had become fronts for crime in major
cities and small towns. All of the FBI work was done undercover and from within
these organizations, using the provisions provided in the RICO Act. Gradually the
agency dismantled many of the groups. Although Hoover initially denied the

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existence of a National Crime Syndicate in the United States, the Bureau later
conducted operations against known organized crime syndicates and families,
including those headed by Sam Giancana and John Gotti. The RICO Act is still
used today for all organized crime and any individuals who may fall under the Act's
provisions.
In 2003, a congressional committee called the FBI's organized
crime informant program "one of the greatest failures in the history of federal law
enforcement."[39] The FBI allowed four innocent men to be convicted of the March
1965 gangland murder of Edward "Teddy" Deegan in order to
protect Vincent Flemmi, an FBI informant. Three of the men were sentenced to
death (which was later reduced to life in prison), and the fourth defendant was
sentenced to life in prison.[39] Two of the four men died in prison after serving
almost 30 years, and two others were released after serving 32 and 36 years. In July
2007, U.S. District Judge Nancy Gertner in Boston found that the Bureau had
helped convict the four men using false witness accounts given by mobster Joseph
Barboza. The U.S. Government was ordered to pay $100 million in damages to the
four defendants.[40]
Special FBI teams

FBI SWAT agents in a training exercise

In 1982, the FBI formed an elite unit[41] to help with problems that might arise at
the 1984 Summer Olympics to be held in Los Angeles, particularly terrorism and
major-crime. This was a result of the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich,
Germany, when terrorists murdered the Israeli athletes. Named the Hostage
Rescue Team, or HRT, it acts as a dedicated FBI SWAT team dealing primarily with
counter-terrorism scenarios. Unlike the Special Agents serving on local FBI
SWAT teams, HRT does not conduct investigations. Instead, HRT focuses solely on
additional tactical proficiency and capabilities. Also formed in 1984 was
the Computer Analysis and Response Team, or CART.[42]
From the end of the 1980s to the early 1990s, the FBI reassigned more than 300
agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime, and made violent
crime the sixth national priority. With reduced cuts to other well-established
departments, and because terrorism was no longer considered a threat after the end
of the Cold War,[42] the FBI assisted local and state police forces in tracking
fugitives who had crossed state lines, which is a federal offense. The FBI Laboratory

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helped develop DNA testing, continuing its pioneering role in identification that
began with its fingerprinting system in 1924.
Notable efforts in the 1990s

An FBI agent tags the cockpit voice recorder from EgyptAir Flight 990 on

the deck of the USS Grapple (ARS 53)at the crash site on November 13,
1999.

Between 1993 and 1996, the FBI increased its counter-terrorism role in the wake of
the first 1993 World Trade Center bombing in New York City, New York; the
1995 Oklahoma City bombing in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and the arrest of
the Unabomber in 1996. Technological innovation and the skills of FBI Laboratory
analysts helped ensure that the three cases were successfully prosecuted.[43] But
Justice Department investigations into the FBI's roles in the Ruby
Ridge and Waco incidents were found to have been obstructed by agents within the
Bureau. During the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, the FBI was
criticized for its investigation of the Centennial Olympic Park bombing. It has
settled a dispute with Richard Jewell, who was a private security guard at the
venue, along with some media organizations,[44] in regard to the leaking of his
name during the investigation; this had briefly led to his being wrongly suspected of
the bombing.
After Congress passed the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement
Act (CALEA, 1994), the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability
Act (HIPAA, 1996), and the Economic Espionage Act(EEA, 1996), the FBI followed
suit and underwent a technological upgrade in 1998, just as it did with its CART team
in 1991. Computer Investigations and Infrastructure Threat Assessment Center
(CITAC) and the National Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC) were created to
deal with the increase in Internet-related problems, such as computer viruses,
worms, and other malicious programs that threatened US operations. With these
developments, the FBI increased its electronic surveillance in public safety and
national security investigations, adapting to the telecommunications advancements
that changed the nature of such problems.

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September 11 attacks

September 11 attacks at the Pentagon

During the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center, FBI

agent Leonard W. Hatton Jr. was killed during the rescue effort while helping the
rescue personnel evacuate the occupants of the South Tower, and he stayed when it
collapsed. Within months after the attacks, FBI Director Robert Mueller, who had
been sworn in a week before the attacks, called for a re-engineering of FBI structure
and operations. He made countering every federal crime a top priority, including the
prevention of terrorism, countering foreign intelligence operations, addressing cyber
security threats, other high-tech crimes, protecting civil rights, combating public
corruption, organized crime, white-collar crime, and major acts of violent crime.[45]
In February 2001, Robert Hanssen was caught selling information to the Russian
government. It was later learned that Hanssen, who had reached a high position
within the FBI, had been selling intelligence since as early as 1979. He pleaded guilty
to espionage and received a life sentence in 2002, but the incident led many to
question the security practices employed by the FBI. There was also a claim that
Hanssen might have contributed information that led to the September 11, 2001
attacks.[46]
The 9/11 Commission's final report on July 22, 2004, stated that the FBI
and Central Intelligence Agency(CIA) were both partially to blame for not
pursuing intelligence reports that could have prevented the September 11 attacks. In
its most damning assessment, the report concluded that the country had "not been
well served" by either agency and listed numerous recommendations for changes
within the FBI.[47] While the FBI did accede to most of the recommendations,
including oversight by the new Director of National Intelligence, some former
members of the 9/11 Commission publicly criticized the FBI in October 2005,
claiming it was resisting any meaningful changes.[48]
On July 8, 2007, The Washington Post published excerpts from UCLA Professor
Amy Zegart's book Spying Blind: The CIA, the FBI, and the Origins of 9/11.
[49] The Post reported, from Zegart's book, that government documents showed
that both the CIA and the FBI had missed 23 potential chances to disrupt the terrorist
attacks of September 11, 2001. The primary reasons for the failures included:
agency cultures resistant to change and new ideas; inappropriate incentives for
promotion; and a lack of cooperation between the FBI, CIA and the rest of the United

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States Intelligence Community. The book blamed the FBI's decentralized
structure, which prevented effective communication and cooperation among
different FBI offices. The book suggested that the FBI had not evolved into an
effective counter-terrorism or counter-intelligence agency, due in large part to deeply
ingrained agency cultural resistance to change. For example, FBI personnel practices
continued to treat all staff other than special agents as support staff,
classifying intelligence analystsalongside the FBI's auto mechanics and janitors.

Chapter 3:Organization

Organization
Organizational structure

FBI field divisions map

Organization chart for the FBI as of July 15, 2014

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 Redacted policy guide for the Counterterrorism Division (part of
the FBI National Security Branch)
The FBI is organized into functional branches and the Office of the
Director, which contains most administrative offices. An executive
assistant director manages each branch. Each branch is then divided into
offices and divisions, each headed by an assistant director. The various
divisions are further divided into sub-branches, led by deputy assistant
directors. Within these sub-branches there are various sections headed by
section chiefs. Section chiefs are ranked analogous to special agents in
charge.

Four of the branches report to the deputy director while two report to the
associate director. The functional branches of the FBI are:

 FBI Intelligence Branch

 FBI National Security Branch
 FBI Criminal, Cyber, Response, and Services Branch
 FBI Science and Technology Branch
 FBI Information and Technology Branch
 FBI Human Resources Branch

The Office of the Director serves as the central administrative organ of the
FBI. The office provides staff support functions (such as finance and
facilities management) to the five function branches and the various field
divisions. The office is managed by the FBI associate director, who also
oversees the operations of both the Information and Technology and
Human Resources Branches.

 Office of the Director

o Immediate Office of the Director
o Office of the Deputy Director

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 o Office of the Associate Deputy Director
o Office of Congressional Affairs
o Office of Equal Employment Opportunity Affairs
o Office of the General Counsel
o Office of Integrity and Compliance
o Office of the Ombudsman
o Office of Professional Responsibility
o Office of Public Affairs
o Inspection Division
o Facilities and Finance Services Division
o Resource Planning Office
o Information Management Division
o Office of the Chief Information Officer

An FBI agent at a crime scene

Rank structure
The following is a listing of the rank structure found within the FBI (in
ascending order):[53]
 Field Agents
o New Agent Trainee
o Special Agent
o Senior Special Agent
o Supervisory Special Agent
o Assistant Special Agent-in-Charge (ASAC)
o Special Agent-in-Charge (SAC)

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 James Comey speaks at the White House following his nomination by
President Barack Obama to be the next director of the FBI, June 21,
2013

 FBI Management
o Deputy Assistant Director
o Assistant Director
o Associate Executive Assistant Director
o Executive Assistant Director
o Associate Deputy Director
o Deputy Chief of Staff
o Chief of Staff and Special Counsel to the Director
o Deputy Director
o Director

Chapter 4:Legal authority

The FBI's mandate is established in Title 28 of the United States Code (U.S. Code),
Section 533, which authorizes the Attorney General to "appoint officials to detect and
prosecute crimes against the United States."[54] Other federal statutes give the FBI the
authority and responsibility to investigate specific crimes.
The FBI's chief tool against organized crime is the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt
Organizations(RICO) Act. The FBI is also charged with the responsibility of enforcing
compliance of the United States Civil Rights Act of 1964 and investigating violations of
the act in addition to prosecuting such violations with the United States Department of
Justice (DOJ). The FBI also shares concurrent jurisdiction with the Drug Enforcement
Administration (DEA) in the enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act of 1970.
The USA PATRIOT Act increased the powers allotted to the FBI, especially
in wiretapping and monitoring of Internet activity. One of the most controversial provisions

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of the act is the so-called sneak and peekprovision, granting the FBI powers to search a
house while the residents are away, and not requiring them to notify the residents for several
weeks afterwards. Under the PATRIOT Act's provisions, the FBI also resumed inquiring into
the library records[55] of those who are suspected of terrorism (something it had
supposedly not done since the 1970s).
In the early 1980s, Senate hearings were held to examine FBI undercover operations in the
wake of the Abscam controversy, which had allegations of entrapment of elected
officials. As a result, in following years a number of guidelines were issued to constrain FBI
activities.
A March 2007 report by the inspector general of the Justice Department described the FBI's
"widespread and serious misuse" of national security letters, a form of administrative
subpoena used to demand records and data pertaining to individuals. The report said that
between 2003 and 2005, the FBI had issued more than 140,000 national security letters,
many involving people with no obvious connections to terrorism.[56]
Information obtained through an FBI investigation is presented to the appropriate U.S.
Attorney or Department of Justice official, who decides if prosecution or other action is
warranted.
The FBI often works in conjunction with other federal agencies, including the U.S. Coast
Guard (USCG) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in seaport and airport
security,[57] and the National Transportation Safety Board in investigating airplane
crashes and other critical incidents. Immigration and Customs Enforcement’s
Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) has nearly the same amount of investigative
manpower as the FBI, and investigates the largest range of crimes. In the wake of
the September 11 attacks, then–Attorney General Ashcroft assigned the FBI as the
designated lead organization in terrorism investigations after the creation of the U.S.
Department of Homeland Security. HSI and the FBI are both integral members of
the Joint Terrorism Task Force.

Chapter 5:Infrastructure

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Infrastructure

The J. Edgar Hoover Building, FBI Headquarters

FBI Mobile Command Center, Washington Field Office

The FBI is headquartered at the J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington, D.C.,

with 56 field offices[64] in major cities across the United States. The FBI also
maintains over 400 resident agencies across the United States, as well as over
50 legal attachés at United States embassies and consulates. Many specialized
FBI functions are located at facilities in Quantico, Virginia, as well as a "data
campus" in Clarksburg, West Virginia, where 96 million sets of fingerprints
"from across the United States are stored, along with others collected by
American authorities from prisoners in Saudi
Arabia and Yemen, Iraq and Afghanistan."[65] The FBI is in process of moving
its Records Management Division, which processes Freedom of Information
Act (FOIA) requests, to Winchester, Virginia.[66]
According to The Washington Post, the FBI "is building a vast repository
controlled by people who work in a top-secret vault on the fourth floor of the J.
Edgar Hoover Building in Washington. This one stores the profiles of tens of
thousands of Americans and legal residents who are not accused of any crime.
What they have done is appear to be acting suspiciously to a town sheriff, a
traffic cop or even a neighbor."[65]
The FBI Laboratory, established with the formation of the BOI, [67] did not
appear in the J. Edgar Hoover Building until its completion in 1974. The lab
serves as the primary lab for most DNA, biological, and physical work. Public
tours of FBI headquarters ran through the FBI laboratory workspace before the
move to the J. Edgar Hoover Building. The services the lab conducts
include Chemistry, Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), Computer Analysis
and Response, DNA Analysis, Evidence Response, Explosives, Firearms and Tool
marks, Forensic Audio, Forensic Video, Image Analysis, Forensic Science
Research, Forensic Science Training, Hazardous Materials

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Response, Investigative and Prospective Graphics, Latent Prints, Materials
Analysis, Questioned Documents, Racketeering Records, Special Photographic
Analysis, Structural Design, and Trace Evidence.[68] The services of the FBI
Laboratory are used by many state, local, and international agencies free of
charge. The lab also maintains a second lab at the FBI Academy.
The FBI Academy, located in Quantico, Virginia, is home to the
communications and computer laboratory the FBI utilizes. It is also where new
agents are sent for training to become FBI Special Agents. Going through the 21-
week course is required for every Special Agent. [69] First opened for use in 1972,
the facility located on 385 acres (1.6 km2) of woodland. The Academy trains state
and local law enforcement agencies, which are invited to the law enforcement
training center. The FBI units that reside at Quantico are the Field and Police
Training Unit, Firearms Training Unit, Forensic Science Research and Training
Center, Technology Services Unit (TSU), Investigative Training Unit, Law
Enforcement Communication Unit, Leadership and Management Science
Units (LSMU), Physical Training Unit, New Agents' Training Unit (NATU), Practical
Applications Unit (PAU), the Investigative Computer Training Unit and the
"College of Analytical Studies."

The FBI Academy, located in Quantico, Virginia

In 2000, the FBI began the Trilogy project to upgrade its outdated information
technology (IT) infrastructure. This project, originally scheduled to take three
years and cost around $380 million, ended up over budget and behind schedule.
[70] Efforts to deploy modern computers and networking equipment were
generally successful, but attempts to develop new investigation software,
outsourced to Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), were
not. Virtual Case File, or VCF, as the software was known, was plagued by
poorly defined goals, and repeated changes in management. [71] In January 2005,
more than two years after the software was originally planned for completion,
the FBI officially abandoned the project. At least $100 million (and much more by
some estimates) was spent on the project, which never became operational. The
FBI has been forced to continue using its decade-old Automated Case Support
system, which IT experts consider woefully inadequate. In March 2005, the FBI
announced it was beginning a new, more ambitious software project, code-
named Sentinel, which they expected to complete by 2009. [72]

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The FBI Field Office in Chelsea, Massachusetts

Carnivore was an electronic eavesdropping software system implemented by

the FBI during the Clinton administration; it was designed to monitor email and
electronic communications. After prolonged negative coverage in the press, the
FBI changed the name of its system from "Carnivore" to "DCS1000." DCS is
reported to stand for "Digital Collection System"; the system has the same
functions as before. The Associated Press reported in mid-January 2005 that the
FBI essentially abandoned the use of Carnivore in 2001, in favor of commercially
available software, such as NarusInsight.
The Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division[73] is located
in Clarksburg, West Virginia. Organized beginning in 1991, the office opened in
1995 as the youngest agency division. The complex is the length of three
football fields. It provides a main repository for information in various data
systems. Under the roof of the CJIS are the programs for the National Crime
Information Center (NCIC), Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR), Fingerprint
Identification, Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification
System (IAFIS), NCIC 2000, and the National Incident-Based Reporting
System (NIBRS). Many state and local agencies use these data systems as a
source for their own investigations and contribute to the database using secure
communications. FBI provides these tools of sophisticated identification and
information services to local, state, federal, and international law enforcement
agencies.
FBI is in charge of National Virtual Translation Center, which provides "timely
and accurate translations of foreign intelligence for all elements of
the Intelligence Community."[74]

Chapter 6:Personnel

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Personnel

An FBI Evidence Response Team

Agents in training on the FBI Academyfiring range

As of 31 December 2009, the FBI had a total of 33,852 employees. That includes

13,412 special agents and 20,420 support professionals, such as intelligence
analysts, language specialists, scientists, information technology specialists, and
other professionals.[75]
The Officer Down Memorial Page provides the biographies of 69 FBI agents
who have died in the line of duty from 1925 to July 2017. [76]
Hiring process
To apply to become an FBI agent, one must be between the ages of 23 and 37.
Due to the decision in Robert P. Isabella v. Department of State and Office of
Personnel Management, 2008 M.S.P.B. 146, preference-eligible veterans may
apply after age 37. In 2009, the Office of Personnel Management issued
implementation guidance on the Isabella decision. [77]The applicant must also
hold U.S. citizenship, be of high moral character, have a clean record, and hold at
least a four-year bachelor's degree. At least three years of professional work
experience prior to application is also required. All FBI employees require a Top
Secret (TS) security clearance, and in many instances, employees need a
TS/SCI (Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information) clearance.[78] To
obtain a security clearance, all potential FBI personnel must pass a series
of Single Scope Background Investigations (SSBI), which are conducted by
the Office of Personnel Management.[79] Special agent candidates also have
to pass a Physical Fitness Test (PFT), which includes a 300-meter run, one-
minute sit-ups, maximum push-ups, and a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) run. Personnel must
pass a polygraph test with questions including possible drug use. [80] Applicants
who fail polygraphs may not gain employment with the FBI. [81] Up until 1975, the
FBI had a minimum height requirement of 5 feet 7 inches (170 cm).[82]

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BOI and FBI directors
Main article: Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation

FBI Directors are appointed (nominated) by the President of the United

States and must be confirmed by the United States Senate to serve a term of
office of ten years, subject to resignation or removal by the President at his/her
discretion before their term ends. Additional terms are allowed following the
same procedure
J. Edgar Hoover, appointed by President Calvin Coolidge in 1924, was by far
the longest-serving director, serving until his death in 1972. In 1968, Congress
passed legislation, as part of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of
1968, requiring Senate confirmation of appointments of future Directors. [83] As
the incumbent, this legislation did not apply to Hoover. The last FBI Director
was Andrew McCabe. The current FBI Director is Christopher A.
Wray appointed by President Donald Trump.
The FBI director is responsible for the day-to-day operations at the FBI. Along
with the Deputy Director, the director makes sure cases and operations are
handled correctly. The director also is in charge of making sure the leadership in
any one of the FBI field offices is manned with qualified agents. Before
the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Actwas passed in the wake
of the September 11 attacks, the FBI director would directly brief the President
of the United States on any issues that arise from within the FBI. Since then,
the director now reports to the Director of National Intelligence  (DNI), who in
turn reports to the President.

Chapter 7:Comparison to SRI

On a daily basis, the FBI, which is part of the Department of Justice, and the Romanian
Police
work hand-in-hand to combat the most serious crime impacting Romania and the United
States.
To further support our law enforcement partnership, the FBI has embedded an agent within
the
Organized Crime Directorate of the Romanian Police to work joint cybercrime investigations
involving Romania and the United States provided personnel to the SECI Center. The cost of
providing these experts is $3.4 million.

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In 2010, the FBI provided approximately $20,000 in IT equipment to the Romanian
Organized
Crime Directorate used to investigate and prosecute criminals.
The FBI and Romanian Police have partnered together in over 100 joint investigations on a
variety of crimes which have resulted in the arrest of 341 subjects in Romania. So far, more
than
50 of those arrested were convicted by Romanian Courts and in excess of $1.2 million was
ordered in restitution for victims.
One example of cooperation between the FBI and Romanian Police is the investigation of an
organized crime group operating in Romania and in the U.S. that defrauded more than 1,000
U.S.
victims of approximately $3 million via Internet fraud schemes. In April 2010, 700 Romanian
Police officers, with assistance from the FBI, arrested 50 members of this organization and
executed 100 search warrants. This was one of the largest police operations in the history of
Romania and highlights the outstanding level of cooperation between U.S. and Romanian
law
enforcement.
Training: $1.16 million
The FBI has funded 28 Romanian law enforcement officials to attend the FBI’s National
Academy (NA). The NA is a 13-week executive law enforcement leadership program at the
FBI
Academy at Quantico, Virginia. Students actually qualify for graduate degree credit at the
University of Virginia. The cost to train each student is approximately $20,000, or $560,000
in
Total.

-- Two sessions are currently scheduled for 2011 on Arts and Antiquities and Informant
Development and Sophisticated Investigative Techniques for May and June in Skopje,
Macedonia. $40,000
-- A Romanian high school student will attend the FBI National Academy Youth Leadership
Program. $15,000

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FBI sent a Romanian Police officer to a one-month intensive training course in the U.S. as
part
of the FBI’s annual International Crimes Against Children Task Force. This officer now heads
Romania’s Crimes Against Children (child pornography) initiative. $25,000
-- Five Romanians attended a one-week “refresher” training for European graduates of the
FBI
National Academy sponsored with Department of Defense and FBI Funds. $50,000
-- FBI instructors in conjunction with DOD Defense Threat Reduction Agency conducted a
one-
week Basic Cyber Training course at the Romanian Police Academy in Bucharest. $15,000
-- A Romanian attended an FBI training course on explosives and IEDs. $20,000
-- The FBI sponsored two Romanian officers for training at the International Conference on
Cyber Security that included some of the world’s top security experts. $6,000
-- FBI invited two officers from the Romanian Intelligence Service and one from the
Romanian
Police to the Digital Crimes Consortium in Montreal, Canada. This training involved a
network
of computer security experts and international law enforcement officers. This training
conference has been a jointly sponsored effort between Microsoft, the FBI and the National
Cyber Forensics and Training Alliance for five years and focused on current cybercrime
methodologies. The conference is “case focused” and involves the development of new
cases
based on input from corporations. It highlights methods used in successful cases. Each year
there are segments on Romanian-based cybercrimes. $2,000
-- FBI sponsored two intelligence exchange forums to share information on common threats
and
concerns. $15,000
-- Three Romanian Police officers attended FBI co-sponsored regional SECI training on
Internal
Affairs and Investigations in Skopje, Macedonia. $20,000
-- Three Romanian Police officers attended FBI co-sponsored regional SECI training on Ethics
and Leadership in Skopje, Macedonia. $20,000

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-- Three Romanian Police officers attended FBI co-sponsored regional SECI training on Public
Corruption in Skopje, Macedonia. $20,000
-- Three Romanian Police officers attended FBI co-sponsored regional SECI training on
Interview of Child Victims in Skopje, Macedonia. $20,000

Bibliography

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_In
vestigation
https://ro.usembassy.gov/embassy/bucharest/se
https://www.romania-insider.com/former-fbi-director-
romania-rule-law