S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

Frequently Misunderstood
Foundation Design Provisions

,DQ0F)DUODQH6(
0DJQXVVRQ.OHPHQFLF$VVRFLDWHV

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Summary

„ Load combinations for

foundation design
„ Liquefaction risks and
how to address
„ Basics of SSI, how it
relates to typical design
parameters
„ Mat foundation design
„ Deep foundation
detailing

Load Combinations

„ Typically we will use both ASD and LRFD/USD load

combinations for foundation design
„ ASD, used for:
„ 6L]LQJWKHVRLOIRXQGDWLRQLQWHUIDFHEHDULQJ
SUHVVXUH
„ &RPPXQLFDWLRQZLWKJHRWHFKQLFDOHQJLQHHUVHUYLFH
OHYHOORDGV
„ LRFD / USD, used for:
„ 'HVLJQRIIOH[XUDOUHLQIRUFHPHQW
„ 'HVLJQRIVKHDUUHLQIRUFHPHQWSXQFKLQJVKHDU

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Load Combinations

„ Frequent Misunderstanding
„ ,QFRUUHFWDSSOLFDWLRQRIORDGFRPELQDWLRQV
„ /DFNRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWZRRSWLRQVIRU
$6'ORDGFRPELQDWLRQV
„ 0LVXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIIDFWRUVDVVRFLDWHG
ZLWKVHLVPLFHIIHFWV

Load Combinations
„ Strength Design / LRFD [1605.2]
„ '/

„ ':

„ '(

„ Allowable Stress Design – Basic [1605.3.1]

„ '/

„ ':

„ '(

„ Allowable Stress Design – Alternative Basic [1605.3.2]

„ '/

„ ':

„ '(

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Load Combinations

„ LRFD and Basic ASD (ASCE 7)

„ ,QJHQHUDOWKH\DUHFRQVLVWHQWUHJDUGLQJ
RYHUWXUQLQJIDFWRURIVDIHW\
„ 'IDFWRURQ$6'ZDVDGGHGLQ$6&(
WRDGGUHVVLQFRQVLVWHQF\LQWKH
WUHDWPHQWRIFRXQWHUDFWLQJORDGVLQ$6'YV
VWUHQJWKGHVLJQDQGWRHPSKDVL]HWKH
LPSRUWDQFHRIFKHFNLQJVWDELOLW\

Load Combinations

„ Alternative Basic ASD (UBC-97 and before)

„ &RQVLGHUHGµOHJDF\¶ORDGFRPELQDWLRQV
VRPHZHVWFRDVWHQJLQHHUVGLGQRWZDQWWR
WDNHWKHRYHUWXUQLQJVDIHW\IDFWRULQFUHDVH
„ 6RPHGD\ZHH[SHFWWKHVHWREHUHPRYHG
IURPWKHFRGH«

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Load Combinations

„ Alternative Basic ASD from UBC-97 (and before)

„ :KHQGHDGORDGLVFRXQWHUDFWLQJZLQG
ORDGRQO\WKHGHDGORDGOLNHO\WREHLQ
SODFHPD\EHXVHGWRUHVLVWRYHUWXUQLQJ
(IIHFWLYHO\DIDFWRURIVDIHW\
„ 7KHUHIRUHVLPLODUGHVLJQIRUZLQGZKHQ
FRPSDUHGWR%DVLF$6'EXWQRWIRU
VHLVPLF

Load Combinations

„ Which should you use?

„ $OWHUQDWLYH%DVLF$6'ZLOOUHVXOWLQORZHU
IDFWRURIVDIHW\IRUVHLVPLFRYHUWXUQLQJQRW
FRQVLVWHQWZLWK/5)'
„ %DVLF$6'ZLOOEHFRQVLVWHQWZLWK/5)'
DQGDYRLGDSRWHQWLDODQDO\VLVVWDELOLW\
LVVXH

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Load Combinations

„ Reduction in seismic overturning per ASCE 7-10

12.13.4
„ UHGXFWLRQIRUPRGDODQDO\VLV
„ UHGXFWLRQIRU(/)
„ 5HFRJQL]HVWKDWWKHVHPHWKRGV
RYHUHVWLPDWHIRXQGDWLRQRYHUWXUQLQJ
„ 5HGXFWLRQIRU%DVLF$6'DQG/5)'ORDG
FRPELQDWLRQV
„ &DQQRWEHXVHGZLWK$OWHUQDWLYH%DVLF$6'

Load Combinations

„ Vertical Seismic Load Effects

„ 3HU$6&(([FHSWLRQ$
ZKHUHGHWHUPLQLQJGHPDQGVRQVRLO
VWUXFWXUHLQWHUIDFHRIIRXQGDWLRQV(Y VKDOO
EHWDNHQDV]HURZKHQVXEWUDFWHGIURP(K
„ 7KHUHIRUH'6'6 Æ '
„ '6'6 VKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGEXWLV
QRWOLNHO\WRFRQWURO

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Load Combinations

„ Seismic load effect considerations

„ 6HLVPLFGHPDQGPRGLILHGE\UHVSRQVH
IDFWRU³5´ZKLFKGHSHQGVRQODWHUDO
V\VWHP
„ 8QXVXDOJHRPHWULHVRUV\VWHPVVXFKDV
FDQWLOHYHUFROXPQRUGLVFRQWLQXRXVODWHUDO
V\VWHPWULJJHUDGGLWLRQDORYHUVWUHQJWK
IDFWRUV

13

Load Combinations

„ Seismic load effect considerations

„ 'LUHFWLRQDOLW\IDFWRUVHJ 
VKRXOGEHDSSOLHGWRIRXQGDWLRQFRQVLVWHQW
ZLWKVXSHUVWUXFWXUHGHVLJQ
„ 5HGXQGDQF\IDFWRUȡVKRXOGEHDSSOLHGWR
IRXQGDWLRQFRQVLVWHQWZLWKVXSHUVWUXFWXUH
GHVLJQ

14

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Load Combinations

„ Seismic demand levels

„ ,VGHVLJQRIIRXQGDWLRQIRUVDPH³5´DV
VXSHUVWUXFWXUHDSSURSULDWH"
„ $&,FRPPHQWDU\± LQHODVWLFUHVSRQVH
VKRXOGEHDERYHWKHIRXQGDWLRQOHYHO
„ &HUWDLQEXLOGLQJW\SHVPD\FRQVLGHUKLJKHU
IRXQGDWLRQGHPDQGOHYHOV3HUIRUPDQFH
EDVHGGHVLJQ

15

Load Combinations

„ Seismic demand levels

„ 0HWKRGVWRFRQVLGHUKLJKHUIRXQGDWLRQ
GHPDQGOHYHOVLQFOXGH
„ (YDOXDWHGHPDQGVSUHGLFWHGE\QRQOLQHDUWLPH
KLVWRU\DQDO\VLV
„ ,QWURGXFHFRGHGHILQHGRYHUVWUHQJWKIDFWRUVWR
HQVXUH\LHOGLQJRIODWHUDOV\VWHPSULRUWRLQHODVWLF
IRXQGDWLRQEHKDYLRU
„ 'HVLJQWKHIRXQGDWLRQIRUUHGXFHG5YDOXH
FRPSDUHGWRPDLQODWHUDOIRUFHUHVLVWLQJV\VWHP
„ 'HWDLOLQJWKHIRXQGDWLRQWRDYRLGEULWWOHIDLOXUH

16

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Load Combinations

„ Ultimate Strength Design for Foundations – New

Code Provisions
„ 3URYLGHDIUDPHZRUNIRUVWUHQJWKGHVLJQ
IRUQRPLQDOIRXQGDWLRQJHRWHFKQLFDO
FDSDFLW\
„ ,QFRUSRUDWHGLQWR1(+533URYLVLRQV
DQG$6&(

17

What is liquefaction?

„ Reduction in strength and stiffness of soil from

shaking
„ See video from Japan earthquake (2011)

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Liquefaction

„ Frequent Misunderstanding
„ 8QNQRZQRURYHUO\FRQVHUYDWLYH
DFFHSWDQFHFULWHULDIRUGLIIHUHQWLDO
VHWWOHPHQWDQGODWHUDOVSUHDG
„ /LTXHIDFWLRQUHTXLUHVGHHSIRXQGDWLRQV

Liquefaction – Geotechnical Report

Requirements
„ Addition to IBC 2012
„ Seismic Design Categories C, D, E, F, simply
evaluate site for liquefaction [1803.5.11]

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Liquefaction – Geotechnical Report

Requirements
„ Seismic Design Categories D, E, F, [1803.5.12]:
„ 3RWHQWLDOIRUOLTXHIDFWLRQDQGVRLOVWUHQJWK
ORVVHYDOXDWHGIRUVLWHSHDNJURXQG
DFFHOHUDWLRQ
„ $QDVVHVVPHQWRISRWHQWLDOFRQVHTXHQFHV
RIOLTXHIDFWLRQDQGVRLOVWUHQJWKORVV
LQFOXGLQJ
„ (VWLPDWLRQRIWRWDODQGGLIIHUHQWLDOVHWWOHPHQW
„ /DWHUDOVRLOPRYHPHQW
„ /DWHUDOVRLOORDGVLQIRXQGDWLRQV
„ 5HGXFWLRQLQIRXQGDWLRQVRLOEHDULQJFDSDFLW\DQG
ODWHUDOVRLOUHDFWLRQ

Liquefaction – Geotechnical Report

Requirements
„ Seismic Design Categories D, E, F, [1803.5.12]:
„ «LQFOXGLQJ
„ 6RLOGRZQGUDJ DQGUHGXFWLRQLQD[LDODQGODWHUDOVRLO
UHDFWLRQIRUSLOHIRXQGDWLRQV
„ ,QFUHDVHVLQVRLOODWHUDOSUHVVXUHVRQUHWDLQLQJZDOOV
„ )ORWDWLRQRIEXULHGVWUXFWXUHV

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Liquefaction – Geotechnical Report

Requirements
„ Seismic Design Categories D, E, F, [1803.5.12]:
„ 'LVFXVVLRQRIPLWLJDWLRQPHDVXUHV
„ 6HOHFWLRQRIDSSURSULDWHIRXQGDWLRQW\SHDQGGHSWKV
„ 6HOHFWLRQRIDSSURSULDWHVWUXFWXUDOV\VWHPVWR
DFFRPPRGDWHDQWLFLSDWHGGLVSODFHPHQWVDQGIRUFHV
„ *URXQGVWDELOL]DWLRQ
„ $Q\FRPELQDWLRQRIWKHVHPHDVXUHVDQGKRZWKH\
VKDOOEHFRQVLGHUHGLQWKHGHVLJQRIWKHVWUXFWXUH

Liquefaction

„ Mitigate effects with ground improvements –

total or partial mitigation

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Liquefaction

„ Options to design structure for effects

„ 'LUHFWO\GHVLJQIRULQGXFHGPRPHQWV
VKHDUV
„ /LPLWGLIIHUHQWLDOVHWWOHPHQWWRZKDWLV
SHUPLVVLEOHIRUW\SHRIVWUXFWXUHULVN
FDWHJRU\HWF
„ New code changes to address liquefaction:
„ 0HWKRGVDUHFRGLILHGLQ1(+53
SURYLVLRQV)(0$3QRZDYDLODEOH
„ ,QFRUSRUDWHGLQWR$6&(

Liquefaction – Shallow Foundations

„ Differential Settlement
„ 'HWHUPLQHFKRUGURWDWLRQįY/

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Liquefaction – Shallow Foundations

„ Differential Settlement Limits

„ Multi-story concrete wall, Risk Category II: 30’

bay, 1.8” permissible differential settlement

Liquefaction – Shallow Foundations

„ Lateral spread limits

„ Foundation ties (grade beams or structural slab

on grade) are still required

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Liquefaction – Deep Foundations

„ Goals
„ 'HVLJQIRUDVVRFLDWHGJURXQG
GHIRUPDWLRQVWKDWRFFXUGXULQJODWHUDO
VSUHDGLQJ
„ 6RPH\LHOGLQJLVDQWLFLSDWHG
„ /LPLWWKHDPRXQWRIQRQOLQHDUEHKDYLRULQ
RUGHUWRPDLQWDLQVWDELOLW\DQGJUDYLW\
VXSSRUW

Liquefaction – Deep Foundations

Figure Reference FEMA P-1051

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Liquefaction – Deep Foundations

„ $[LDODQG)OH[XUDO6WUHQJWK
„ 30LQWHUDFWLRQ
„ &DOFXODWHFXUYDWXUHGHPDQGV
„ 'HWDLOIRU'XFWLOLW\
„ 9ROXPHWULFFRQILQHPHQWSHU$&,'EHORZLQWHUIDFH
„ 6KHDU6WUHQJWK
„ 3URYLGHVKHDUVWUHQJWKWRGHYHORSWKHSODVWLFKLQJHV
9X 035 /
„ 'RZQGUDJ
„ 0D\RUPD\QRWRFFXUVLPXOWDQHRXVO\ZLWKODWHUDO
VSUHDG

Break #1

„ 5 minute break, Submit your questions

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Soil Structure Interaction

„ Lag between state of

knowledge and state of
practice, implementation
is limited but growing
„ Expect development as
the practical
implementation continues

Soil-Structure Interaction

„ State of practice summary (NIST document, Chapter 6),

key observations: (not specific to SSI)
'LDORJXHEHWZHHQVWUXFWXUDODQGJHRWHFKQLFDO
HQJLQHHUVYDULHVZLGHO\LQH[WHQWDQGVRSKLVWLFDWLRQ
0DQ\JHRWHFKQLFDOHQJLQHHUVDUHQRWVXUHKRZWKHLU
UHFRPPHQGDWLRQVDUHXOWLPDWHO\EHLQJXVHGDQGWKXV
GRQRWNQRZZKHWKHUWKHLUUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVDUH
EHLQJDSSURSULDWHO\LPSOHPHQWHG

34

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Soil-Structure Interaction

„ State of practice summary (NIST document, Chapter 6),

key observations: (not specific to SSI)
 'HYHORSPHQWDQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIVWDWLFDQG
G\QDPLFVSULQJVWRPRGHOVRLOSURSHUWLHVDUHQRW
EHLQJFRQVLVWHQWO\RUSURSHUO\DGGUHVVHGE\
JHRWHFKQLFDODQGVWUXFWXUDOHQJLQHHUV
 8QGHUVWDQGLQJRI66,LVOLPLWHGDPRQJVWUXFWXUDO
HQJLQHHUVSULPDULO\OLPLWHGWRYHUWLFDOIRXQGDWLRQ
VSULQJV
 )RUW\SLFDOIRXQGDWLRQVLWXDWLRQVWKHUHLVQR
FRQVHQVXVDPRQJVWUXFWXUDOHQJLQHHUVRQEHVW
PRGHOLQJDSSURDFKHVWRXVH

35

Soil-Structure Interaction
„ Collaboration
„ &RPPXQLFDWLRQDQGFROODERUDWLRQYDULHV
VXEVWDQWLDOO\EHWZHHQSURMHFWV
„ 0DQ\WLPHV6(DQG*(QHYHUPHHWLQSHUVRQDQG
KDYHIHZLIDQ\HPDLORUWHOHSKRQH
FRQYHUVDWLRQV
„ *(LVRIWHQKLUHGZHOOLQDGYDQFHRIVWUXFWXUDO
GHVLJQPHDQLQJ*(ZRUNPD\EHFRPSOHWH
EHIRUHWKHGHVLJQWHDPEHJLQVZRUN
„ 7\SLFDOIHHVWUXFWXUHDQGVFKHGXOHGRHVQRW
HQFRXUDJHGLVFXVVLRQ

36

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Soil-Structure Interaction

„ Information requests by Structural Engineer

„ )DLUO\FRPPRQVHWRIUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVLVQHHGHG
„ 6DPSOHFKHFNOLVWRILWHPVQHHGHGLVDYDOXDEOHDLG
„ Information provided to Geotechnical Engineer
„ &DQSURYLGHEHWWHUUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVZKHQPRUHGHWDLOHG
LQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHVWUXFWXUDOGHVLJQLVSURYLGHG
„ 3ODQRIFROXPQORFDWLRQVDQGDQWLFLSDWHGORDGVLV
H[WUHPHO\KHOSIXO
„ %XLOGLQJIXQGDPHQWDOSHULRG
„ 7ROHUDQFHVIRUGLIIHUHQWLDOVHWWOHPHQW
„ 6LWHVSHFLILFUHVSRQVHVSHFWUDLIQHHGHG
„ 6DPSOHRIFKHFNOLVWZRXOGEHYDOXDEOHDLGDVZHOO

* Sample Checklists are part of NIST Document 37

Soil-Structure Interaction

„ Understanding SSI
„ 0RVWHQJLQHHUVNQRZ66,HIIHFWVDUHSURQRXQFHGRQVRIW
VRLOVDQGWKDWIUHHILHOGJURXQGPRWLRQVDQGWKRVH
H[SHULHQFHGE\EXLOGLQJVFDQEHGLIIHUHQW
„ 66,HIIHFWVDUHDFWXDOO\PRUHVLJQLILFDQWRQVWLIIVTXDWVKRUW
SHULRGEXLOGLQJV
„ Benefits of SSI
„ %HWWHUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIIRUFHDQGGLVSODFHPHQWVLQWKH
VWUXFWXUH
„ /RZHUIRUFHVGXHWRSHULRGOHQJWKHQLQJHPEHGPHQWDQG
EDVHVODEDYHUDJLQJHIIHFWV

38

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Soil-Structure Interaction

„ Soil spring issues

„ 9HUWLFDOVSULQJVFRPPRQO\XVHGKRUL]RQWDOVSULQJV
OHVVIUHTXHQWO\XVHG
„ :KHQQRWSURYLGHGE\JHRWHFKQLFDOHQJLQHHU
HQJLQHHUVPD\WXUQWR)(0$RU$6&(RUXVH
UXOHRIWKXPEFKHFNVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDQWLFLSDWHG
VHWWOHPHQW

39

Soil-Structure Interaction

„ Soil spring issues

„ 6RLOVSULQJJLYHQIRUORQJWHUPJUDYLW\ORDGLQJLV
RIWHQLQFRUUHFWO\XVHGIRUG\QDPLFORDGLQJ
FRQGLWLRQV&DQXQGHUHVWLPDWHVRLOVWLIIQHVV
RYHUHVWLPDWHGLVSODFHPHQWURWDWLRQ
„ /DFNRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJEHWZHHQJHRWHFKQLFDO
HQJLQHHUDQGVWUXFWXUDOHQJLQHHUUHJDUGLQJWKH
GLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQVKRUWWHUPDQGORQJWHUP
ORDGLQJHIIHFWVRQVRLO
„ 7KHUHLVXQFHUWDLQW\LQVLQJOHVSULQJYDOXHV
FRQVLGHUXVLQJXSSHUERXQGYDOXHV

40

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Soil-Structure Interaction

„ Example of excellent
format for soil spring
characterization

41

Soil-Structure Interaction

„ Modeling Guidance for Typical Foundation Situations

„ 6HH1,67*&5

42

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Mat Foundation Design

„ Frequent Misunderstanding
„ ,QFRUUHFWDSSOLFDWLRQRIVRLOVSULQJV
VXEJUDGHPRGXOXV
„ ,QFRUUHFWDQDO\VLVSURFHGXUHV
„ 8QFRQVHUYDWLYH VKHDUGHVLJQ
„ /DFNRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIFRQVWUXFWDELOLW\
LVVXHV

Mat Foundation Design

„ Subgrade Stiffness Parameters / SSI

„ Analysis Basics
„ Design for shear and flexure
„ Detailing / Constructability

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Subgrade Stiffness Parameters

„ Common Misunderstanding:
„ *HRWHFKQLFDOHQJLQHHUSURYLGHVEHDULQJ
SUHVVXUHLQUHSRUW
„ 6WUXFWXUDOHQJLQHHUGHVLJQVPDWIRUJLYHQ
EHDULQJSUHVVXUHZLWKDQDVVXPHG
VXEJUDGHPRGXOXV
„ This approach does not provide compatibility
between structural and geotechnical
analysis/design

Subgrade Stiffness Parameters

„ Conventional parameter: Modulus of Subgrade Reaction

„ )RUFHSHUYROXPHSDUDPHWHU± NFISFLHWF
„ +LVWRULFDOO\EDVHGRQSODWHORDGWHVW

„ 144 kcf = 12 ksf bearing pressure causes 1” vertical deformation

46

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Subgrade Stiffness Parameters

„ Issues with Modulus of Subgrade Reaction

„ 'RHVQRWDGGUHVVLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQVRLODQGPDW
IRXQGDWLRQLH µGLVKLQJ¶HIIHFWVRUUHGLVWULEXWLRQRIEHDULQJ
SUHVVXUH

„ 7UDGLWLRQDOO\RQO\DGGUHVVHVVWDWLFFRQGLWLRQV
„ 9DVWVLPSOLILFDWLRQRIWUXHVXEJUDGHUHVSRQVH

47

Subgrade Stiffness Parameters

„ Best practice method:

Foundation Deflection and
Subgrade Response
Compatibility (“FDSRC”)
„ More simply put: Iterate
subgrade stiffness with
geotechnical input
„ Target is an acceptable and
compatible bearing pressure
distribution and settlement

48

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Subgrade Stiffness Parameters

„ FDSRC Procedure
„ 7\SLFDOO\VWDUWZLWKXQLIRUPVXEJUDGHPRGXOXVSURYLGHGE\
JHRWHFKSHUIRUPDQDO\VLVDQGVHQGUHVXOWLQJEHDULQJ
SUHVVXUHDQGGHIOHFWHGVKDSHEDFNWRJHRWHFK
„ *HRWHFK UHYLHZVIRUFRPSDWLELOLW\ZLWKWKHVXEJUDGH
UHVSRQVHPRGHORIWKHLUFKRLFH7KLVPRGHOPD\YDU\LQ
FRPSOH[LW\
„ *HRWHFK ZLOOVXJJHVWDOWHUQDWLYHVXEJUDGHPRGXOXVYDOXHVDV
QHFHVVDU\WKH\PD\YDU\DFURVVWKHVLWHWRFRUUHFWO\FDSWXUH
µGLVKLQJ¶HIIHFWV
„ 6WUXFWXUDOHQJLQHHUFDOFXODWHVUHYLVHGEHDULQJSUHVVXUH
GHIOHFWHGVKDSHDQGUHVHQGVWRJHRWHFKQLFDOHQJLQHHUIRU
UHYLHZ
„ 5HSHDWDVQHFHVVDU\XQWLOFRPSDWLELOLW\LVDFKLHYHG
49

Subgrade Stiffness Parameters

„ Summary of Foundation Deflection Subgrade Response

„ 5HVXOWVLQµVXEJUDGHPRGXOXV¶YDOXHVWKDWUHIOHFWERWKVRLO
EHKDYLRUDQGIRXQGDWLRQIOH[LELOLW\VRLOVWUXFWXUH
LQWHUDFWLRQ
„ )RUVLPSOLFLW\ZHPD\VWLOOFDOOWKLVVXEJUDGHPRGXOXVEXW
LWFDSWXUHVPRUHWKDQMXVWVXEJUDGHUHVSRQVH
„ Clear communication with your geotechnical engineer is key
for success of this method!

50

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 S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

Analysis

„ Shear Deformations / Thick

Plate formulation for span
to depth less than 10

„ Foundation /
Superstructure Stiffness to
be included

%DFNVWD\(IIHFWRQ0RPHQW'LDJUDP

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Sensitivity Analysis

„ Sensitivity analysis
„ &RPSDUHPHWULFVVXFKDV
„ %HDULQJSUHVVXUH
„ 0RPHQWDQGVKHDUGLDJUDPV
„ 6HWWOHPHQWV
„ 8VHUHVXOWVRIVHQVLWLYLW\DQDO\VLVWR
YDOLGDWHDQDO\VLVPRGHODQGHQYHORSHWKH
ILQDOGHVLJQ

Break #2

„ 5 minute break, Submit your Questions

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 S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

Mat Foundation Design

„ Capacity considerations

Ɏ "
„ Per ACI 318-11 9.3.4, for SDC D, E, F, special
moment frame or structural wall that resists
earthquake effects, ࢥ shall be modified if
nominal shear strength is less than shear
corresponding to development of nominal
flexural strength.

Capacity Considerations

"

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Mat Foundation Shear Reinforcement

Detailing
„ Shear reinforcement
„ ([WHQGDVFORVHDVSRVVLEOHWRWHQVLRQDQGFRPSUHVVLRQVXUIDFHV
„ +RRNDURXQGORQJLWXGLQDOUHLQIRUFHPHQW
„ 6HH$&,
„ &DQEHGLIILFXOWWRSODFHZLWKPXOWLSOHOD\HUVRIORQJLWXGLQDO
UHLQIRUFHPHQW

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Mat Foundation Constructability

„ Massive Concrete
„ 7KHUPDO&UDFNLQJ

„ 'HOD\HGHWWULQJLWH
IRUPDWLRQ

„ 5HGXFHGI¶F

Constructability

„ #1 Solution: Mix Design

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Deep Foundation Detailing

„ Frequent Misunderstanding
„ 2YHUO\FRQVHUYDWLYHPLQLPXP
UHLQIRUFHPHQW
„ /DFNRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJIRU6LWH&ODVV()
FRQGLWLRQV

Deep Foundation Detailing

„ Cast-in-place provisions per 1810.3.9

„ Provisions are organized by Seismic Design
Category and Site Class
„ Compliance with ACI 318 Equation 10-5 is not
required [1810.3.2.1.2]
࡭ࢍ ࢌᇱࢉ
„ ࢙ ࡭ࢉࢎ ࢌ࢚࢟

„ SDC A, B – no requirements in IBC

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 S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

Deep Foundation Detailing

SDC C SDC D, E, F SDC D, E, F
Site Class A, B, C, D Site Class E, F
Minimum 0.0025 0.005 0.005
Longitudinal (4) Bars Min (4) Bars Min (4) Bars Min
Reinforcement
Ratio
Minimum Greatest of: Greatest of: Greatest of:
Reinforcement -1/3 Length -1/2 Length -1/2 Length
Length -10 feet -10 feet -10 feet
-3 times least -3 times least element -3 times least
element dimension dimension element dimension
-Distance from top of -Distance from top of -Distance from top of
pile to ‘cracking pile to ‘cracking pile to ‘cracking
moment’ moment’ moment’

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Deep Foundation Detailing

SDC C SDC D, E, F SDC D, E, F
Site Class A, B, C, D Site Class E, F
“Hinge Zone” 3 times least element 3 times least element 7 times least
Length dimension dimension element dimension
Minimum Closed ties or spirals Confinement per ACI Confinement per ACI
Transverse with 3/8” minimum 318-11 21.6.4.2, 318-11 21.6.4.2,
Reinforcement in diameter 21.6.4.3, 21.6.4.4 21.6.4.3, 21.6.4.4
“Hinge Zone”
Spacing shall not Minimum spiral ratio Minimum spiral ratio
exceed 6 inches or 8 not less than half of not less than
longitudinal bar 21.6.4.4(a) 21.6.4.4(a)
diameters

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 S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

Deep Foundation Detailing

SDC C SDC D, E, F SDC D, E, F
Site Class A, B, C, D Site Class E, F
Minimum Closed ties or spirals Closed ties or spirals, Closed ties or spirals,
Transverse with 3/8” minimum minimum #3 for least minimum #3 for least
Reinforcement in diameter dimension up to 20 dimension up to 20
Remainder of inches, #4 for larger inches, #4 for larger
Reinforced Length elements elements
Transverse Maximum spacing of Maximum spacing not Maximum spacing
Reinforcement 16 longitudinal bar to exceed least of: not to exceed least
Spacing Outside of diameters 12 longitudinal bar of:
Hinge Zone diameters, ½ least 12 longitudinal bar
dimension of element, diameters, ½ least
or 12 inches dimension of
element, or 12 inches

Deep Foundation Detailing

„ SDC D, E, F and Site Class E or F [1810.2.4.1]

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DQGFRQVWUXFWHGWRZLWKVWDQGPD[LPXP
LPSRVHGFXUYDWXUHVIURPHDUWKTXDNH
JURXQGPRWLRQVDQGVWUXFWXUHUHVSRQVH

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 S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

Deep Foundation Detailing

„ Inertial: Due to „ Kinematic: Due to free-

loads imparted by field soil strains
structure modified for soil-
foundation-structure
interaction

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§3*$vs

Deep Foundation Detailing

„ OR follow the deemed to comply detailing:

„ Cast in place deep foundations
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RIH[WHQGLQJIXOOOHQJWK
„ &RQILQHPHQWSHU$&,
ZLWKLQWLPHVOHDVW
HOHPHQWGLPHQVLRQIURPWRSRISLOHFDS
DQGZLWKLQ³'´RILQWHUIDFH

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 S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.

Final Q&A

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