Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded open media

Individual work

Student name

Luigi Castillo Duque

Group _30

Identification number

1114828037

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2020 16-01
 Introduction

In introducing the document's usually described, and a brief explanation or summary thereof
is given. A reader to read the introduction should be able to get an idea about the content of
the text before reading itself. (4 to 10 lines).

Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?

Electromagnetic waves propagate in different ways, depending on the frequency, signal

energy, and electromagnetic properties of different media. The modes of propagation of

electromagnetic waves are:

• Direct propagation: occurs when there is a visual between the transmitter and the

receiver, as in the case of old TV antennas. They had to be oriented towards the

location of the repeater antenna, which in turn maintained a visual link with the

antenna that brought the signal from the station. This type of propagation is called

propagation in line of sight. This mode of propagation is the most efficient, since there

is no loss of energy by reflection.

• Propagation by reflection in the ground plane: This propagation system is called

propagation by terrestrial reflection and is very common in radio frequency (RF)

applications.
 • Propagation by atmospheric reflection: commonly used in radio diffusion and by radio

amateurs, it is propagation by atmospheric reflection, the different layers of the

atmosphere, due to their different density and ionization level, reflect the medium

frequency signals as conductive surfaces and high (MF-HF-VHF). Higher frequency

waves, such as UHF and higher, are no longer reflected, so they are not propagated by

this type of reflection.

• Propagation by satellite retransmission: Satellite circuits are characterized by their

high quality and stability and their ability to link long distances. The maximum

coverage of a geostationary satellite is 1/3 of the Earth's surface.

Satellite is an expensive solution for various reasons:

• It is necessary to use highly reliable devices, with redundancy, since there is difficulty in

making repairs.

• The equipment is exposed to a high level of radiation and a considerable temperature

gradient. Since there is no convection, there is no dissipation.

• The useful life of the satellites is limited, partly because the fuel on board is limited (higher

price at higher weight).

• Placing into orbit greatly increases the cost, which is a linear function of the weight: the

total cost of putting a satellite into orbit is divided approximately equally between the cost of

launch and the cost of the satellite itself, resulting in some 9 million pesetas per kg.
• Propagation through microwave links: Basically a microwave link consists of three

fundamental components: the transmitter, the receiver and the air channel. The transmitter is

responsible for modulating a digital signal at the frequency used to transmit, the air channel

represents an open path between the transmitter and the receiver, and as expected the

receiver is in charge of capturing the transmitted signal and bringing it back to digital signal.

The limiting factor of the propagation of the signal in microwave links is the distance that

must be covered between the transmitter and the receiver, in addition this distance must be

free of obstacles. Another aspect that should be pointed out is that, in these links, the path

between the receiver and the transmitter must have a minimum height above the obstacles

on the road, to compensate for this effect, towers are used to adjust said heights.

• Multiple reflection propagation: In places where the topography is rough or there are very

high mountains with deep valleys, electromagnetic waves of a certain frequency can also be

propagated by multiple reflection. In urban environments, EM signals are also propagated by

reflection on the walls. of buildings, tunnel bridges or structures typical of the urban

landscape. The only necessary condition for this type of propagation is that the wavelength of

the signal is comparable to the dimensions of the reflective structure or considerably less

2. What does it mean to polarize an electromagnetic wave?

The polarization of the electromagnetic wave is defined as the path described by the

vector component of the electric field in its propagation, so that it maintains the

orthogonality with respect to the vector component of the magnetic field.

 We can have the following types of polarization:

• Linear: In this case the path of the electric field is linear. In turn, linear polarization

can be:

Horizontal: It occurs when the vector component of the wave's electric field is

horizontal to the Earth's surface.

Vertical: It occurs when the vector component of the wave's electric field is

perpendicular to the Earth's surface.

Circular: In this case the electrical field vector component advances rotating on the

propagation axis.

The circular polarization can be:

• Destrophic: It occurs when the circular advance of the electric field is clockwise.

• Left-handed: It occurs when the circular advance of the electric field is to the left.

3. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?

In a simplified study of the phenomenon of wave reflection on the separation surface

between two media, two basic laws can be defined:

Each ray of the incident wave and the corresponding ray of the reflected wave are
contained in the same plane, which is perpendicular to the separation surface between
the two media at the point of incidence.

The angle between the incident ray and the reflected ray with the line perpendicular to
the border are equal. These angles are known, respectively, as the angle of incidence
and the angle of reflection. That is to say:
 The incident and reflected rays are in the same plane, which is perpendicular to the
incidence, and form the same angle with the normal one at the point of incidence.

4. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?

The bending of light rays when they pass through a separating surface between two

media is known as refraction. In simple terms, the phenomenon of refraction is

governed by two main laws:

Each ray of the incident wave and the corresponding ray of the refracted wave form a

plane that is perpendicular to the surface of separation between the media at the point

of incidence.

The angle formed by the ray refracted with the normal, called the angle of refraction, is

related to the angle of incidence by a formula called Snell's law, in honor of its

discoverer, the Dutch physicist Willebrord Snell (1580-1626). Mathematically

expressed, this law indicates that.

The incident and refracted rays are located in the same plane, which is perpendicular to that

of the separation surface between the media. The angles that determine the direction of

propagation have a relationship governed by Snell's law.

5. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of waves?

The purpose is to know the relationship between the path taken by a ray of light when

crossing the limit or the separation surface between two substances in contact and the

refractive index of each of them.

Application exercises:
2
+¿=120 mW /m ¿
1. An electromagnetic wave of f =¿ MHz and P1 , incident from the air (η1 =120 π Ω),
perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic impedance η2=CCC Ω . Calculate the
−¿ ¿ +¿¿
reflected power P1 and the transmitted power P2 to the wall.

…
 Conclusions

Conclusion 1:

Conclusion 2:

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explored, learned, discovered and practiced in the development of the activity, it is suggested
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Bibliography

http://www.proteccioncivil.es/catalogo/carpeta02/carpeta24/vademecum19/vdm028.htm

https://www.ecured.cu/Comunicaci%C3%B3n_v%C3%ADa_microondas

https://ikastaroak.ulhi.net/edu/es/IEA/ICTV/ICTV02/es_IEA_ICTV02_Contenidos/website_22_polarizacin_de_la_onda_electrom
agntica.html

https://www.hiru.eus/es/fisica/reflexion-y-refraccion-de-ondas

Bibliography 1:

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Physical book.
Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the book. (pp. xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial.

Chapter of a physical book.

Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the chapter or the entry. Title of the book (pp.
xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial.

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Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the chapter or the entry. Title of the book (pp.
xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial. Retrieved from http: // ...

Internet video.
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