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Lawyers and law professors, in the legal science of contract law, will refer to
the offeror and offeree as in: the offeror offers the offeree the offer.
The offer and acceptance formula, developed in the 19th century, identifies a
moment of formation when the parties are of one mind. This classical
approach to contract formation has been weakened by developments in the
law of estoppel, misleading conduct, misrepresentation and unjust
enrichment.
Offer
The "expression" referred to in the definition may take different forms, such
as a letter, newspaper, fax, email and even conduct, as long as it
communicates the basis on which the offeror is prepared to contract.
[edit]Unilateral contract
The contract in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co[3] was of a kind known as a
unilateral contract, one in which the offeree accepts the offer by performing
an act which indicates their agreement with the bargain. This can be
something as simple as raising an eyebrow or wearing a certain color t-shirt.
It can be contrasted with a bilateral contract, where there is an exchange of
promises between two parties. In Australian Woollen Mills Pty Ltd v. The
Commonwealth (1954), the High Court of Australia held that, for a unilateral
contract to arise, the promise must be made "in return for" the doing of the
act. The court distinguished between a unilateral contract and a conditional
gift. The case is generally seen to demonstrate the connection between the
requirements of offer and acceptance, consideration and intention to create
legal relations.
[edit]Invitations to treat
[edit]Revocation of offer
An offeror may revoke an offer before it has been accepted, but the
revocation must be communicated to the offeree, although not necessarily by
the offeror. If the offer was made to the entire world, such as in Carlill's case,
the revocation must take a form that is similar to the offer. However, an offer
may not be revoked if it has been encapsulated in an option (see also option
contract).
If the offer is one that leads to a unilateral contract, then unless there was an
ancillary contract entered into that guaranteed that the main contract would
not be withdrawn, the contract may be revoked at any time.
[edit]Death of offeror
Generally death (or incapacity) of the offeror terminates the offer. This does
not apply to option contracts.
The offer cannot be accepted if the offeree knows of the death of the offeror.
In cases where the offeree accepts in ignorance of the death, the contract
may still be valid, although this proposition depends on the nature of the
offer. If the contract involves some characteristic personal to the offeror, the
offer is destroyed by the death.
[edit]Death of offeree
An offer is rendered invalid upon the death of the offeree: see Re Irvine.
[edit]Counter Offers
If the offeree rejects the offer, the offer has been destroyed and cannot be
accepted at a future time. A case illustrative of this is Hyde v. Wrench (1840)
49 E.R. 132, where in response to an offer to sell an estate at a certain price,
the plaintiff made an offer to buy at a lower price. This offer was refused and
subsequently, the plaintiffs sought to accept the initial offer. It was held that
no contract was made as the initial offer did not exist at the time that the
plaintiff tried to accept it, the offer having been terminated by the counter
offer.
Duration Of Offer
An offer remains open for acceptance: (1) The time stated; or (2) if no time is
stated, a reasonable time; provided in either case it is not sooner withdrawn.
An offer being made, how long will it last? Within what time must the offeree
act upon it ? The offeror may in making the offer expressly stipulate how long
it shall remain open, but more than likely he will say nothing about it. If he
sets the time, that will of course govern ; if he does not set the time, then we
are forced to the general statement that an offer will remain open a
reasonable length of time.
In either case the offeror may withdraw his offer unless he has contracted to
keep the offer open. See Section 27 below for further discussion. If no definite
time is stated, what is a reasonable time? Is it one day, one week, or one
month? Clearly this depends entirely on the circumstances, as the nature of
the subject matter, the locality, the previous dealings of the parties,
prevailing customs.
Example 20. Kempner offers to sell land to Cohn by letter reaching Cohn
February 2. On February 7th Cohn accepted the offer by letter reaching
Kempner February 9th. Seller lived in Hot Springs and buyer in Little Rock,
Arkansas. Land was a lot in Little Rock. Jury found time not unreasonable.28
If the offeree positively rejects the offer, it is of course within the offeror's
power to tell him that the offer is no longer open, but he may not think to do
that and may have no opportunity to do so. An offeree may reject an offer,
and then within the time that it would have remained open may attempt to
accept it. Must the offeror honor the acceptance? The law is that the rejection
terminates the offer. For clearly, if A offers B goods at certain prices, and B
replies with a definite rejection, A ought then to be able to forget all about B
and seek another buyer.
20. Minn. Linseed Oil Co. v. Collier White Lead Co., 4 Dill. 431 (Fed. Cas. No.
9635) ; 17 Federal Cases 447.
30. Shaw v. Ingram Day Lumber Co., 152 Ky. 329, L. R. A. 1915 D. 145.
If the offer relates to definite subject matter, and such subject matter is
destroyed prior to acceptance, there is no contract.
If A offers to sell a certain horse to B and the horse dies before B accepts,
there is no contract. If, however, the subject matter is destroyed out of which
A intends to perform, but he may perform out of any other subject matter,
the destruction of such subject matter does not terminate the offer.
If A makes an offer to B, B can not assign if such offer is not for value; and B's
assignee can not accept and thus establish contractual relations with A, at
least if A does not know that such assignee is the party who accepts.1 While
A may assent to such substitution and thus become bound, this is in effect a
new offer by C which A accepts, if the original offer is not to B and his
assigns. If, by its terms, the offer was made to the offeree or to his assignees,
no reason appears for denying full effect to such provision or for doubting the
power of the assignee to accept, since such offer might, by its terms, have
been made to the general public; and this is an offer to a far more restricted
class. If A makes such offer to B and his assigns, A may be regarded as
assenting to such substitution in advance. Accordingly, an offer to one "and
his assigns" may be assigned, though not given for value.2
Revocation Of Offer
The term "Contract" is derived from the latin "contractum" which means
"drawn together". It is an agreement to do or not to do an act. It comes into
existence from the action of the parties. It creates legal rights and obligations
and it is enforceable by law. According to Section 2 (h) of the Indian Contract
Act, contract is "an agreement enforceable by law". Salmond defines a
contract as "an agreement creating and defining obligations between the
parties".
Offer:
for example; Sunil offers to sell his car to Padmaja for Rs. 50000. This is a
proposal. Sunil is the offeror and Padmaja is the offeree.
for example; Sridhar says to Radhika that he will sell his scooter to her for
Rs.20000. This is an express offer.
1. A valid offer must intend to create legal relations. It must not be a casual
statement. If the offer is not intended to create legal relationship, it is not an
offer in the eyes of law.
for example; Sunil invites Sridhar to a dinner party and Sridhar accepts the
invitation. Sridhar does not turn up at the dinner party. Sunil cannot sue
Sridhar for breach of contract as there was no intention to create legal
obligation.
for example; Sridhar says to Sunil "I will give you some money if you marry
my daughter". This is not an offer which can be accepted because the
amount of money to be paid is not certain.
for example; Sunil promises to give Rs.100 to Sridhar, if he brings back his
missing dog. This is a specific offer and can only be accepted by Sridhar.
Sunil issues a public advertisement to the effect that he would give Rs.100 to
any one who brings back his missing dog. This is a general offer. Any member
of the public can accept this offer by searching for and bringing back Sunil's
missing dog.
6. The offeror is free to lay down any terms any terms and conditions in his
offer. If the other party accepts it, then he has to abide by all the terms and
conditions of the offer. It is immaterial whether the terms and conditions
were harsh or rediculous. The special terms or conditions in an offer must be
brought to the notice of the offeree at the time of making a proposal.
The following are only invitations to offer but not actual offers;
7. Railway time-table.
Essentials of an Offer
Communication – offeree must have knowledge of the offer and the offer
must be made by the offeror to the offeree.
Duration of Offers
Lapse of Time – offer remains open for the time period specified or, if no
time is stated, for a reasonable period of time.
Duration of Offers
Offer Effective
Communicated Intent
No Offer
OFFER OPEN
Offer Terminated
Revocation Incompetency
Revocation
Option Contract – contract that binds offeror to keep an offer open for a
specified time.
Revocation
Acceptance of Offer
In General
(a) Of a promise, or
(b) Of an act.
Lapse Of Offer
(c) On failure of the acceptance to comply with the terms of the offer, which
is equivalent to rejection;
Efflux Of Time
An offer may lapse and be determined by the efflux of a specified time for
acceptance. If a person should offer to sell goods "if the offer is accepted by"
a certain day, an acceptance after that time would have no effect. After the
specified time has passed without acceptance, the offer lapses, or is
determined without any further action on the part of the proposer, and it is
no longer open for acceptance.4 If no time is specified, the offer is
determined by the lapse of a reasonable time