MODELS:The

ARCHITECTURAL MODELS Ultimate Guide

The role of architectural model making in the architectural design process is irreplaceable.

At present, architectural model is not only a presentation tool in the architect’s toolbox, but also a

creative product for everyone.

Make an architectural model of the new house you just purchased, or the interior space the dream

house you’ve recently designed.

This guide mainly introduced the functions o

off architectural models, what scale is an ideal option,

what material they may be made from and what techniques are available.

With the help of this guide, everything is possible

possible！
CHAPTER 1What is an Architectural Model?

CHAPTER 2Functions of Architectural Models

CHAPTER 3Types of Architectural Models

CHAPTER 4Materials of Architectural Models

 CHAPTER 5How to choose the scale of architectural models

CHAPTER 6Interactive Architectural Model Display Techniques

CHAPTER 7Architectural Model Maintenance

CHAPTER 8Photography Equipment for Architectural Model Making

CHAPTER 1:

What is an Architectural Model?

C1.1: The Definition of Architectural Models
As we all know, architects’ knowledge, talent, and skills are the keys to the success of a project.

However, the design is not a lone genius process.

The communication during the design process is equally important to the construction project as

well.

How will the design

esign look in real life is what the architects think about the most?

Having awareness of the ways that used to express architects’ design is necessary.
 The luxury architectural model making project-Opus Hong Kong

In order to represent architectural ideas that originate in the mind of architects, the models have

served as great communication tools in today’s architectural design activity.

In simple terms, the architectural model is a physical 3D artifact that results from working out

architectural ideas.
It is also an object which is created to show scale physical images of existing or historical buildings.

In addition, the architectural model itself is an object of beauty which can be appreciated by the

observers.

C1.2: The History of Architectural Models

Architectural models have a lengthy history.

In 4600 BC, the first fired-clay model of building from was made.

This early model was not used to represent the design idea but was buried as funerary objects.

And the earliest architectural model appeared during Han Dynasty in China.

The scale model of pottery buildings was made of soil embryo and its appearance imitated wood

pavilions.
 Models of pottery buildings in Han Dynasty

Architectural models started to be used in the construction projects since the fifteenth century as the

complexity of building projects increased.

The intention of making architectural models was to make the design as realistic as possible.

What’s more, during the Renaissance, architectural models were extensively used to demonstrate

finished design like the Models of Basilica of Saint Mary of the Flower.
 Model of Basilica of Saint Mary of the Flower in 1418

Later in the twentieth century, conceptual architectural models appeared to represent architects’

abstract level of ideas.

On the other hand, it became a connection between the fine arts and architecture.

Architectural design models were considered as the best objects to embody the design of the

projects to the public and the clients since the latest decades of the twentieth century.
Materials were well chosen to represent the realism and effects of building facade and to make its

interior space and others.

In some cases, an abstract architectural model of unbuildable designs was made for the visionary

proposals and makes the fantasy more real.

For instance, a model of Kiesler Endless House gave a fulfillment to the visual desire of the public.

Fredrick Kiesler Endless House in 1959

Since then, innovation has been seen as the key to the success of architectural models.

The evolution of architectural models kept going on until presentation models appeared and started

exhibiting for the public.

In the world of today, together with the CAD (Computer Aided Design) and advanced model making

techniques such as laser cutting machine, 3D printing, and architectural model makers can fabricate

high-fidelity scale architectural models with unparalleled detail and precision.

 An architectural model maker is fabricating architectural models with unparalleled detail and

precision.

Moreover, architectural model is an art language which is infectious and expressive.

In particular, the presentation models are widely used in urban planning and architecture design

of homes, hotels, resorts, office building and retail spaces, educational institutions and other public

facilities and buildings, etc.

 A presentation model can be used in urban planning.

With the development of modern advanced technologies, current architectural models can be

fabricated in less time and have a higher level of detail.

In order to cope with the rapid development of construction industry’s diversification, and to show the

clients and the public the features of design, such as the space layout, structure, surrounding

environment, the illumination and ventilation inside the building, etc.

In advance, how to manufacture an architectural model quickly and perfectly is becoming an urgent

necessity.

Furthermore, after considering the current global environmental issues and the sustainable

development, it is increasingly important to develop green technologies which including processing

model materials and architectural model making methods.

The outcomes and the applications of architectural models are keeping improving and innovating.
It means that architectural creativity will not stop to use architectural models widely.

CHAPTER 2:

Functions of Architectural Models

Nowadays, architectural model is been concerned as a bridge between architects’ design philosophy

and present design ideas to clients to overview.

It helps to eliminate design flaws before the design being deployed to bu

build.

Moreover, the architectural model plays an indispensable role in the planning, fundraising,

construction, marketing and sales process of construction projects.

C2.1: Communication and Overview

The architectural model helps clients and investors to imagine how the design looks like in reality by

visualizing the 2D drawings or 3D digital models.

Making architectural models is an effective and efficient way to help the architect and the client to

communicate.

Modifications to the design can be made bef

before
ore the building is taking place to ensure desired results.
 An Architectural Model for communication and overview (Image from internet).

C2.2: Sales and Marketing

Once the project is completed, the architectural model can be used as a sales tool for selling and

marketing real estate.

It can show the potential housing purchaser the location of their units and its surroundings.

Natural elements such as afternoon shade can also be viewed through the displaying of site models

to give life to the goal of an exhibition.

It is an excellent way to demonstrate the design of the construction projects by displaying stunning

architectural models.
 A Residential Architectural Model for sales and marketing

C2.3: Public Display and Guidance

The architectural model can be served as a sitemap for large complex, for example, a city or a

sitemap for a park to give visitors an idea of where they are and how to get to the desired locations.

In addition, local citizens can also benefit from model exhibition to get a better understanding and

awareness of the project and how this project will affect them.
 A location model for indication

C2.4: Fundraising
Having a good architectural model can inspire the investors’ understanding, enthusiasm, and

confidence, and thus help to attract donors and sponsors in a fundraising effort.
 A site model for fundraising

C2.5: Construction Projects Approval and

Permits
Specifically, some governments or housing owners’ associations require architectural models to

ensure whether the certain construction project will be cohesive with the local related development

plan and the surroundings of the site during the approval process.

It is a perfect way to help to get the construction permit for building projects.

A good architectural model can provide a better understanding of the project to the regulators.

Therefore, it is easier for the developers to get related approvals.

 The Ritz Carton Hotel Model in Moscow

C2.6: Abstract and Future Architectural Idea

Future concept models for the designs which can not actually build by using today’s technologies

may help people to imagine the possibilities in the future.

 An Abstract Model

CHAPTER 3:

Types of Architectural Models

The architectural model can be classified by its function, manufacturing technology (computer:aided

manufacturing, handcrafted, and mechanical manufacturing, etc), material （paper,

paper, plastic, wood,

blow molding, and composite material, etc

etc） and time (ancient, contemporary and future).

Generally, nowadays architectural models can be categorized into types according to their uses or

functions.

C3.1: Architectural Models Classified by Uses

C3.1.1: Conceptual Model

The conceptual model is made at the initial architectural design stage to discover the desired shape,

sketches.

It is one of the first approaches to design.

Conceptual model is used to analyze the characteristics of the projects as well as the spatial layout,

ratio and surrounding environments.

Commonly, these architectural models are made of cheap materials such as foam core
cor and

cardboard which can be used and modified rapidly and simply.

As such, a conceptual model is a more cost

cost-effective
effective means of examining particular aspects of a

design.
These architectural models are easy and fast to manipulate once they are assembled.

An example of a conceptual model

C3.1.2: Working Models

Working models are objects which can assist to find new solutions and show the course of a design

project’s development at the same time.

Different from conceptual models, working models are made of complicated materials like metal,

concrete, etc.

These models aim to describe detailed shapes, materials and other elements like the building

facade.

Furthermore, architects are able to communicate their architectural ideas to the clients by showing

working models.
 An example of a working model

C3.1.3: Presentation Models

Usually, presentation model is being made to the scale which required by the clients.

It is ranging from town planning to explanation of a Mock-up room.

These models are usually made in detail to give the clients or decision making bodies a true

reflection of the architectural design.

Particular viewpoints can be addressed by showing the detailed building facade and other elements

of the projects.

For example, in order to bring the architectural model to life, a top quality landscaping model may

include a variety of bushes and trees made out of different colors and materials.

Even the actual branches and leaf forms can be seen to add to the overall effect.
 An Example of the presentation model, Ain Dubai

C3.2: Architectural Models Classified by

Functions
C3.2.1: Urban Planning Model

Many city planning authorities use urban planning models to promote urban redevelopment as well

as to attract investments and donations.

The present city planning models have two types:

Older parts can help people to understand what cities looked like in the past. Updated parts can

provide people a vision of the future.

These miniature cities models’ come in different shapes and size.

City models allow the public to gain perspective on the development of the city which includes land

use planning, city landscape, and transportation planning, etc.

Most city models are fully interactive and can be controlled by touch screen.

Different lighting zone can be displayed once the relevant image on the screen is touched.

The model of “Doha City Planning Model” is an impressive example which contains 1000 resin

miniature buildings and even every corner of the Doha city was included.

Urban Planning Model

C3.2.2: Landscape Model

Generically, a landscape model incorporates a variety of specific features of the area.

Landscape model includes the topography, the evolutions on the buildings, various types of

settlement like farms and parks, and other facilities like wind turbines and solar PV units.The

purpose of the landscape model is to analyze the impact of terrain changes, building layout, and

other possible environmental influence.

After scaling down the site to a required small scale, every scenario can be accurately recreated for

the relevant departments and authorities to explore new development plans.Landscape model can

assist public consultation process as well.

In some cases, landscape model is being used to attract investments or give the public an insight

into their living conditions.

Landscape Model

C3.2.3: Office Building Model

Office building model is created in a high level of detail requested by the clients to provide an

impressive and realistic representation of a construction project.

Generally, it is used for marketing or building exhibition.The office building model brings the

architect’s design to life by creating various lighting configuration, detailed building facade especially

windows details and textures and other encourage elements like people, vehicles, and surrounding

landscape.

Office Building Model

C3.2.4: Residential Building Model

Residential building models are invaluable tools in the retail world for pre-construction approval,

building project phasing, design presentation and client approval.

Residential building models can provide the potential housing buyer or investors a good

understanding of the architectural design by showing the road and path layout, entrance, building

material and the living environment.

Therefore, it is a great tool for the real estate sales office for marketing.

Residential Building Model

C3.2.5: Villa Model

Villa models are usually made in small scale, for example, 1:25, 1:50.
Villa model makes used mechanized components for taking the floor levels up and down to show the

complete interior design including the furniture, the lighting fixtures, swimming pools and other

amenities.Villa models are widely used by the developers to illustrate the building projects to the

potential housing owners and assisting them to sell plots.

Villa model

C3.2.6: Shopping Mall Model

The primary function of shopping mall models is attracting investments and merchants to settle

down.

In order to represent commercial atmosphere, the materials used to make retailing architectural

models are always matching with the finished design.

Shopping mall model reproduced the interior designs of a shopping mall.Other components like

backlit signage, LED billboards, etc can help to enhance the overall effect of adding to the shopping

mall models.

Shopping Mall Model

C3.2.7: Hotel Model

The main purpose of making a hotel model is to show a vivid image of the hotel’s features, thus

attract investments and potential hotel guests.

A variation of lighting effect is created to make a distinction between commercial and residential

areas as well as to highlight the extraordinary designs.

Almost all the sophisticated details are replicated perfectly by the architectural model

makers.Components like real water gushing system can produce remarkable effects when it is used

to make swimming pools and fountains.

 Hotel Model

C3.2.8: Stadium Model

At present, new stadiums are popping up since the sport is becoming increasingly popular.

The stadium model has two main functions.One is expressing the design concept of the stadium.

The other is displaying the stadium seating plan to the audience.Electric lights and manicured grass

are critical when making the stadium models.

 Stadium Model

C3.2.9: Theme Park Model

Theme Park Models are widely used for public display and generate clients’ interest to attract

investments.

But most importantly, the theme park model can tell the theme stories which inform and inspire

people in an education and entertaining way.Entertainment facilities like ray speed circuit, startle

castle and waterfalls are the key components to make a realistic effect.
 Theme Park Model

C3.2.10: Museum Model

The current design of the museum is tending to be modern and abstract especially its shapes.

In order to reflect these bold design ideas, high-tech and effective technologies and skilled

architectural model builders are both indispensables.

In many cities, the museum is being concerned as the landmark of the city.Therefore, the city

government requires elaborate and detailed museum model to attract visitors all over the world.
 Museum Model

C3.2.11: Factory Model

The factory model demonstrates how the factory operating after it is built.

Factory model includes varies facilities of the manufacturing plant and waste treatment process,

etc.Sometimes the factory model requires customized components such as wind turbine and

chimney to represent the real conditions.

And adding some landscaping detail, trucks and workers can bring the factory model to life.
 Factory Model

C3.2.12: Bridge Model

In most cases, bridge model is made for exhibition purpose and architecture design competition.

It requires a high level of detail to represent the features and motion of the bridge.For instance, a

suspension bridge model incorporates copper wire and smooth casting premium fishing line to make

the model looks as realistic as possible.

 Bridge Model

C3.2.13: Shipyard Model

In reality, a shipyard is divided into several working zones according to different types of work in

production.

It includes component fabricating area, preassembling and coating area, assembling area, docking

area, etc.

The shipyard model illustrates the whole manufacturing process.

In order to bring the model to life, a variety of buildings types, shipbuilding facilities, a wide range of

ships and cranes, as well as lights and other details are required to be produced.
 Shipyard Model

C3.2.14: Airport Model

In most instances, airport model is used to represent the design in airport architecture competition

and the operation of the airport to the airport authority.

It is also used for fundraising efforts and community acceptance.Sometimes, airport model is made

for private collection as well.

Airport runway, taxiway, control towers, cargo and terminal buildings, airport hotel, passenger

bridges and other accurate details like signage on each plane are made to scale to make the airport

model look as realistic as possible.

The distribution of hundreds of marking light points is especially important to offer to chase and to

flash light effects.

 Airport Model

C3.2.15: Interior Model

Interior models are manufactured according to different functions such as industrial, commercial,

office and home interior models.

Once the interior model is coupled with the building project model, the roof is removable to show

how the interior space is designed, decorated as well as the selection of furniture.

It is extensively used in real estate market to attract potential homebuyers or investments in sales

offices.
Interior Model
 CHAPTER 4:

Materials of Architectural Models

C4.1: Introduction
Similar to the function of sketches, the architectural models are three
three-dimensional
dimensional objects which are

served as important tools for the architect to present ideas to colleagues, clients, and the public.

With the high-speed

speed development of architecture industry’s diversifi
diversification,
cation, it is necessary to produce

architectural models as artistic and fast as possible.

For the purpose to present the buildings’ structure and other features, the materials to make

architectural models play an increasingly primary role in model making p

process.

C4.2: Material Type

Approximately 75% contemporary architectural models were manufactured using solid block

materials like plastic, foam, and wood or fabricated using purchased sheets of board stock, such as

cardboard.
Material selection is not only about meeting technical requirements, but also requires architects’

comprehensive consideration of its related characteristics.

The material’s appearance and durability, sensory stimulation and the user’s experience are the key

elements of architectural model making process.

Architects’ design vision can be well represented by physical architectural models and material

selection has a huge impact on how a model feels.

Models made by different material

In order to choose appropriate model making materials, the architects need to take into account

certain design criteria to identify the best materials for architectural models according to specific

applications.
For example, materials used to create conceptual models are better to be easy and quick to form

whilst presentation models requires durable, stable and fade resistant materials.

Therefore, sufficient material information should be provided to the architects to assist them to

facilitate a constructive material selection process.

The following is an architectural model making materials list for reference

C4.3: Plastic
C4.3.1: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)

ABS is in widespread use when making architectural models.

Because it’s easy to soluble in acetone which allows model makers to weld parts together.

It can also assemble much larger architectural models than the admittedly large bed of the printer

can accommodate.

Architectural models made out of full ABS are extremely beautiful.

 Architectural model made of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)

C4.3.2: Acrylic

Acrylic sheets are lightweight, flexible plastic and with a better finish.

Acrylic has good transmittance, hardness and easy to machining.In most cases, it can be used to

create windows and façade of the models to make gloss and fluorescent effects.

However, this kind of building model making material is expensive and it has to be cut and engraved

by using laser machine.

 Architectural model made of Acrylic sheets

C4.3.3: Polyamide

Polyamide can provide a realistic implementation of the complex detail design for its character of

high precision, firmness and surface smoothness.

Polyamide material is considered as one of the toughest model building materials among all other

3D printed plastics.

Architectural models made of polyamide are generally printed with Selective laser sintering (SLS)

printing technology.

Model made of Polyamide (Image from internet)

C4.3.4: Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Sheet

PVC Mirror Sheet is a rigid sheet but it is not as rigid as glass.

It became a popular choice of architectural model making materials because of its shatterproof and

lightweight properties.
PVC Mirror Sheet is mostly used for representing transparent and translucent areas in the

architectural model making process.

C4.4: Wood
Wood and wood-based products are the most commonly used materials used for architectural model

making.

It is a strong material with dimensional stability. The following are the introduction of some

frequently-used woods.

C4.4.1: Basswood Basswood is one kind of Strip woods with fine grain.

Basswood has an outstanding workability and finishing qualities.

This architecture model material is widely used to make the architectural model of buildings and

miniature furniture inside.

 Architectural Model of window and door made of Basswood

C4.4.2: Balsa Wood

Balsa wood is one kind of hardwood with a nice finish and texture. It can be cut, painted and sanded

easily.

Balsa wood is one of the building model making materials to make the structure and the frame of the

buildings.

However, it is fragile and this character always leads to material wastage.

In addition, the slotted surface of balsa wood people may find it is unappealing sometimes.
 Architectural model made of Balsa wood

C4.4.3: Medium-density Fiberboard (MDF)

MDF is similar to thick cardboard.

It has smooth edges, natural color and easy to work with.

Nevertheless, this material is relatively dense and heavy.

Considering the total weight of the architectural model and its stability, MDF is more used as model

bases by model makers.

C4.4.4: Cork Flooring

Cork flooring provides a feeling of nature.

It is good for making landscape models such as model hilly sites.

Cork flooring can also be used as a solid foundation but better with other materials for its soft and

cushiony surface.

Other disadvantages that need to be bear in mind are:

1. It is susceptible to damage

2. Sealing work is required to protect against water stains and other damage

3. Discoloration may occur if exposed to the sun for a long time.

Architectural model made of made of Cork Flooring

C4.5: Paper
C4.5.1: Cardboard

Cardboard is a common model making material and is used extensively when making the models.
Lots of architectural models used cardboard to show roads, pathways and certain terrains by

building them up in layers.

Cardboard is cheap, portable, recyclable and uniquely flexible.

It is very easy to use without the need for special equipment during the model production and

installation process.

Architectural Model made of Cardboard (Image from internet)

C4.5.2: Kraft Board

When making the large-scale architectural models, Kraft board can be chosen as an ideal model

building material as it is always used to form the overall structure rather than details.

In other words, architectural models made by Kraft board are meant to present the relationship

between the building and the surroundings.

Normally, the Kraft board is cut cleanly and edges cannot be made to look 100% smooth.

Thus, an architectural model made of this material has a very strong structure.

Architectural model made of Kraft Board (Image from internet)

C4.6: Foam
Foam is extremely useful to make massing and study models.

The commonly used foam is Styrofoam, compressed foam board, and blue foam.

Compressed foam board is widely be used as a model base or to make models.

Blue foam is always been chosen to shape sculptural form.

The surfaces of foam can be painted with any kinds of water-soluble paint.

C4.6.1: Insulation Board

Insulation board is light and easy to cut.

It is more used to make concept models.

Insulation board usually has a few of colors, gray, pink and brown.

The brown one is rougher and looser thus it is preferred for site models.

Architects use this material to make small-scale buildings for the architectural model of a street or a

town.
Nevertheless, the architectural models made by insulation boards are kind of easy to be damaged,

especially the edges and corners due to the fragility of the material.

Insulation boards model making process (Image from internet)

C4.6.2: Gator Board

Different from foam core board, gator board is easier to build and has a smooth finish.

It is an ideal architecture model material to make the quick, large-scale construction of architectural

models since it has a lightweight, moisture resistance surface and easy to cut with a knife.

Generally, it is used as a substrate for displays where light but sturdy scale model materials are

required.

It can also be chosen as a base plate for wet materials which require a water-resistant backing while

the coating dries.

 House Model made of Gator Board (Image from internet)

C4.7: Glass
Nowadays, glass is no more only be used only in window modeling.It can also be used to show the

water or to highlight cut edges as a design element in architectural models.

 Water and building façade made of glass

C4.8: Metal
When making architectural models, metals are mostly be chosen to make building façade, frames,

model bases, formwork and other metal structures.

In order to enhance the appearance of metal sheets, the surface of mental needs to be polished in

advance.

Copper sheet, aluminum and steel plates are often found being used when making architectural

models.

Metals are easy to work with and have remarkable appearances.

 Model made of Metal

C4.9: Clay and Plasticine

In the past, clay and plasticine were used to express initial design concept since these architectural

model making materials are very easy to shape and knead.

Clay used for modeling has a fine texture and easy to smooth.

It is one of the best materials for architectural study models.

Also, rolled into thick sheets, clay and plasticine can also be cut to make walls for large-scale

presentation models.
When making the architectural model of buildings, the openings are usually represented by cut-out

recesses.

Other building components can be in made in advance and applied to the walls to model elaborate

facades.

Model made of Clay (Image from internet)

C4.10: Model Plant Materials

C4.10.1: Dark Green Coarse Turf Bag

The primary use of Dark Green Coarse Turf Bag is to create low grasses, leaves, and weeds.

What’s more, it can help to add texture and forms a smooth transition from low ground cover to

medium and high ground cover.

Landscape model made of Dark Green Coarse Turf Bag (Image from internet)

C4.10.2: Forest Green Bushes Bag

Generally, Forest Green Bushes Bag is used to making medium to high ground covers like bushes,

shrubs, and trees.

It is also ideal to make medium to large trees and architectural model grass.
This model-making material can be used for any scale.

Model of landscape scenery made of Forest Green Bushes

C4.10.3: Flocking

Flocking is a great base model making material commonly been used to represent architectural

model grass and low foliage landscapes.

It seems to be the easier route than the static grass.

 Horse-racing course model of landscape scenery made of flocking

C4.11: Scenery Elements

Scenery elements are the ready-made architectural model components which include miniature

doors, windows, skylights, other building parts and components furniture, figures, vehicles, trees,

etc.

These products add life to architectural models and offer the clients a comparative sense of scale.
 Scenery Elements like figures, vehicles, trees

C4.12:Conclusion
Modern and contemporary architectural models are diverse in model building materials and in

purpose.

Thanks to the diverse natural color, strength, and workability of numerous materials, the architectural

model became an irreplaceable tool to study and give definition to architectural ideas in three-

dimensions.
 CHAPTER 5:

How to choose the scale of

architectural models

C5.1:Introduction
Scale models are recognized as the necessities to the architectural profession.

Architectural models are made in different scales.

Generally, physical architectural model is usually reduced in scale referring to the actual building

size.
 Scale Architectural Models in 1:80, City of Dream by Zaha Hadid

When making the scale architectural models, the relative proportions need to be the same as the

real architectural objects.

Choosing an appropriate scale before manufacturing an architectural model is very important.

It will affect the effect of the architectural models and has an impact on the model cost as well.

The following are some key points which may help to decide the scale of architectural models.

C5.2:Identifying the Purpose

Generally, architectural models can be made depending on the needs of representation.

In other words, the overall purpose of choosing a right scale is to make the model look as convincing

as possible.

The clients need to classify which design stage that is to be presented the scale models.

For the design stage, study architectural models are recommended.

Working architectural models are commonly used for design improvements and modifications.

Presentation model is widely used in the final design stage of a design project.

C5.3:Considering the Conditions and Costs

C5.3.1: Viewing experience

The location on which architectural models will be presented is another important thing needs to be

taken into account.

Exhibition architectural model should leave enough space for public viewing.

And it also should avoid the sense of emptiness of the exhibition hall.

C5.3.2: Convenient transportation

In some cases, architectural models are required to be moved frequently from place to place.

The scale and weight of the models are especially important.

Architectural models for marketing should fit well in a marketing suite.

C5.3.3: Budget and deadline

Budget and project deadline are also need to be taken into consideration when deciding the scale of

architectural models.
 Detailed architectural model requires relative longer producing time and higher cost.

C5.4:Selecting the scale and size

Scale dictates the level of detail that can be presented.

Large scale architectural models have high visible level of detailing.

The smaller the scale indicator number, the larger the model, and this means more detail can be

illustrated.

The scale of architectural model not only influences the amount of detail that a model can illustrate,

but also the texture of architectural model materials in the completed architectural models.

In addition, lots of scenery elements are pre-produced by the industry factories.

 Usage of pre-produced scenery elements

When selecting the scale of architectural models, the clients and model builders should consider

about whether the scale selected will match the standard scales in modeling industry.

C5.5: Common Scales of Architectural Models

C5.5.1: 1:1-10 Product Model, Interior Model

1:1 to 1:10 architectural model is not very common to see in architectural model making industry.

Architectural model making companies only manufacture these big scale models when the clients

have specific needs.

Life sized model

The 1:1 scale model is also called life sized model.

These detail models are used as presentation models to show the pretty much the same detail as

the actual products.

Therefore, Life sized model is kind of expensive to produce.

Looking back into the history of architectural model development, since the Renaissance, architects

started to build life sized wooden models of buildings sections situated on the project site to

experience its reality.

Life sized models are made for particular needs.

For example, sometimes the real object is really heavy and not easy to transport, therefore a life

sized model with lightweight is required.

Product Model

Product model derives from the design of an object like furniture.

The conventional scales of product models are 1:1 to 1:10.

These models are always used for desktop display of cars and motorcycles, etc.
 Product Model, V engine Scale in 1:4

Interior Model

1:5 to 1:10 scale interior model is great for representing a lot of realistic details inside a building.

At this scale, the interior model will be one ten of the actual size.

Room layouts, selections of furniture, miniature people, and other detailed components can be well

represented.

However, only very few interior models are made in these big scale.
 1:5 Scale Interior Models

 1:10-50 Façade Model, Section Part of Model, Interior Model

Facade Model

Sometimes, customers may need facade model to show the unique design of the exterior wall or the

entrance of a building.

Facade model is a very authentic representation of several exterior design elements especially the

building material, the windows and doors.

For another, facade models are made for exhibition.

These architectural models are very good expression of different architectural styles throughout

history.
 1:30 Scale Facade Model

Interior Model

Interior model is a perfect tool for real estate developers to attract potential house buyers and

investors.

The 1:10 to 1:25 scale interior model is a good representation of designed interior space.

It offers a real spatial situation to the viewers.

In most cases, the roof of the building can be removed to show the interior design.

Different from other architectural model, large scale interior model is usually fits in a ‘blank box’ with

the ceiling or roof being removed.

 1:50-300 Interior Model, Building Model

Section Part of Model

Section Part of Model provides an internal view of the architectural model by exposing construction

details of the building.

The structure, foundation and other important features can be clearly viewed.

1:50 is the most popular scale for a section model.

Section Part of architectural model is usually used to present the structural and spatial qualities of

architectural design.

1:150 Scale Section Model

Layout Model

The 1:50 to 1:100 scale layout model allowing views of room layouts if each individual floors.
Therefore the design and arrangements of the interior space can be made visible.

These architectural models are extensively used by real estate developers to sell the houses.

1:50 Scale Layout Model

Building Model

The most widely used scales for building models are1:100, 1:150, 1:200 and 1:300.

The balconies, windows and detailed building facades, etc can be shown at these scales.
 1:100 Scale Building Model

1:100 to 1:300 scales are widely used for making building models.

In these scale, the building facade can be well represented.

And if specific detailed elements of the building need to be shown, bigger scale will be a better

choice.

 1:300-1000, Building Model, Site Model

Building Model

Comparing to bigger scale building models, a 1:300 to 1:500 scale models give people a better

understanding of how buildings fit to the site and the surroundings.

It also allows people to see the building floors and internal structure.
Building models are very authentic representations displayed in the reception area for housing sales

purpose.

1:300 Scale Building Model

Site Model

Site architectural models are widely used for real estate fairs.

The most commonly used scale is 1:500 and 1:1000.

Site models are ideal for giving a perfect overview of the site layout at a recognizable level of detail.

1:500 or 1:1000 scale site model is portable and is widely used for exhibition.
 1:1000 Site Model

 1:1000-5000, Site plans, City planning model, Island.

Site plans

For a particularly large site, a smaller scale architectural model is needed.

The primary purpose of a site plan model is to represent the essential idea of the design.

Another use of site plan model is to show the relationship between the project’s site and its

surroundings.

Comparing to larger scale models, small scale architectural model is much faster and easier to

make.
Site plan model with scale of 1:2500 to 1:5000 contains massing representing buildings, road

network, greening, water areas as well as other surrounding elements.

By showing the overall design concept and the relationship of the existing and new construction, site

plan model is a common illustrative tool for attracting investments.

1:1000 Site Plan Model

City planning model

City planning model is usually made in really small scale to represent the development plan or

history of a city.

Local governments use city models to present the new planning proposals or infrastructure to the

public.

The most widely used scales for city planning model are1:1000 to1:3000.

The amount of detail that can be viewed is limited since buildings of the architectural model are

always fabricated as massing blocks.

By installing illumination systems to the city planning model, key sites such as new development

zones can be highlighted.

Island scale model

The emphasis of island model is on the relationships of the existing natural environment and the

addition new structures.

Island scale models are used for architecture model exhibition in most cases.

LED lighting helps to highlight the special sites of the island.

 1:5000 Scale Island Model

C5.6:Conclusion
There are several tradeoffs in choosing the appropriate scale of architectural models.

The amount of details client want to show and the purpose of exhibition are two key affecting factors.

Others like the budget, the deadline, the mobility and the functionality of architectural models are

equally important.

Having a well understanding of model scale will offers a very clear demonstration of the architectural

projects.

CHAPTER 6:
 Interactive Architectural Model
Display Techniques

C6.1:Introduction
oduction
Interactive architectural model is an ideal tool to represent architects’ design concept and project

development.

It is also a fresh and interesting model display option in the exhibition like real estate sales center.

At present, interactive architectural

itectural model is becoming more and more popular since interactive

element to an architectural model can provide the viewers a more impressive presentation.
The interaction with the architectural models creates a better communication between the audiences

and the projects.

Generally, an integrated interactive model display consists of a traditional physical architectural

model, a computer and supported software, a variety of control panels or interactive media walls

surrounded.

C6.2:Lighting Control
Illuminating specific areas of the architectural models can add extra visual effects by it.

The illumination system can be operated via a wide range of equipments.

Only by clicking a button or a touch of a tablet, selected areas on the architectural model can be

lighted up with color while others are remain turned off.

The following are 3 typical ways to control the lighting system of architectural models.

C6.2.1: Control Station

Adding interaction of lights in the model can highlight the significant features of a model.

Operating by push button control systems, control station like inspire control station and heritage

control station is extensively used to control the lights.

Lights of architectural models can be activated by certain labeled buttons or the combinations of

buttons and faders.

Under most circumstance, a control station contains several independent light systems which can

light up different zones of the presented model.

Lighting effects controlled via a control station

Control station has a relatively affordable and low price.

It can be conveniently located in public areas such as Science and Technology Museum.
Also, control station is more durable for public interaction for its simple operational processes and

inexpensive maintenance costs.

C6.2.2: Control Pane

Surface-mounted or rack-mounted touch screen is the most common used control panel to flash or

off, bright or dim multiple lighting zones of architectural models.

In the architectural model market, a wide range of touch screens are produced to adapt to

customers’ requirements.

Touch screen provides a better user-experience than control stations.

 Lighting system controlled via an interactive touch screen for Omkar Worli 1973 model in 1:75

Control panel comprises a variety of control elements and is supported by Ethernet network like Link

Connect.

The users can easily manage the lighting systems only by taping the screen.
Individual parts of the architectural models can be illuminated separately or simultaneously.

In general, the control panel is linked to the physical model with LEDs.

The architectural model can be pop up, flash, pulsate or rotate when the users pressing the button in

the control panel interface.

Control panel always comes with a tabletop stand.

The operation of a control panel is based on wide and varied digital servers such as Unison

Paradigm Central Control Server.

What’s more, other functions like rotating the architectural models can also be realized through the

tapping of the panel.

 Detailed information like drawings, video and animations of the project can be played when the

users touching the related options on the control panel.

Nowsadays, control panel is used extensively in sales office and exhibition centers to interact with

potential investors or housing buyers.

C6.2.3: Tablet, Smart-phone and Gesture

Taking physical architectural model as the base, using mobile device such as iPAD to control the

lighting, ambience and interaction of the model is becoming a popular trend.

Displaying the model via portable devices has a great mobility and flexibility.

And it is more convenient for the users to view the architectural model from various angles.
 Model display controlled through an iPad

Physical gesture is another new coming interactive model presentation technique.

It helps the architects to demonstrate the design idea in a more engaging and highly attractive way.

Based on movement sensors positioned on the physical model and activated through gestures,

users can explore architectural model via entertaining activities.

In the current increasing digital world, multiple cable or WIFI based lighting control system, software

and apps (eg: LightSwarm and LinkConnect Portable jack) are designed to optimize the model

display.

Portable model control devices should be easy to use and upgrade to enhance the interaction of

architectural models at a greater level.

C6.3: Mechanically Operable Model Display

Static architectural model only shows limited aspects of the project.

Comparing to traditional architectural model, life and up model can better meet the construction

markets demands.

Mechanically operable model represents the building design in a unique and impressive way.

It can give the architectural model a good level of detail from a range of angles for viewing.

Suzhou Centre architectural mechanically operable model

Mechanically operable model is made according to various customer demands and the spatial

conditions of the exhibition place.

C6.3.1: Bottom-top Model Display

The lifting system is the key part of bottom-top model display.

A typical lifting system includes a scaled model, a lift installed at the base of the architectural model,

digital control panel and a remote control.

Before the lifting equipment is manufactured, the architectural model maker should consider the

weight of the scale model in the first place.

Adding a going up and down effect to the architectural model can bring a more vivid and lifelike

model representation to the public.

The whole model display process can be accomplished by rising and lowering the model

dynamically.

Model operating staff can control the lifting height via remote control.

C6.3.2: Parted in the Middle Model Display

The main goal of the parted in the middle model display is to give the architectural model a good

level of detail of the interior design, decoration and other facilities.

Sliding system works as the core sector in the parted in the middle model display.

Parted in the middle model dynamic display

C6.3.2: Customized Model Display

Customized lift up architectural model is required to meet various customer demands.

Adjustable components of architectural model can be manufactured, assembled and installed

according to the clients’ needs.

C6.4: Projection and Wall Screen Display
Projection and wall screen display is used widely for architectural model in exhibition centers.

This advanced multimedia creates a new expression of the architectural design.

Istanbul Big City Planning Model in scale 1:1000 projection display

C6.4.1: System Composition and Operation

Projection and wall screen display is based on the physical architectural model.

It is supported by touch screen integrated machine, lighting control system and multimedia software,

etc.

In order to create a perfect illustration of the architectural model, projector with different accuracy is

required according to specific requirements.

Projection and wall screen display integrates multiple elements includes images, animation, project

description and music.

Multimedia interpretation plays a leading role in the architectural model display.

After installing several cameras in the physical model, information and images of the architectural

model can be appeared on the screen synchronized with the playing multimedia.

Usually, there are three basic kinds of demonstration system:

 Automatic demonstration system

Automatic demonstration system is controlled by computer and operated through a series of

software.
Without any public participation, this system is an ideal option for exhibitions with large number of

visitors.

Automatic multimedia model display (Image from internet)

 Remote control demonstration system

Equipped with telecontrol system, the demonstration system can be easily operated in any corner for

architectural model of the exhibition hall.

 Remote control multimedia model display (Image from internet)

 Manual demonstration system

Manual demonstration system allows the visitors to take fully part in the architectural model display

activities.

As the user touch the device like fixed touch screen, the model is lit from above by projectors while

the media wall responds to their interactions.

This kind of system is well-suited for the small scale exhibitions or house selling events.
 Manual control multimedia model display (Image from internet)

C6.4.2: Functionality and Benefits

 Artistic and Vivid Demonstration

Wall screen and projection are commonly used to play animations or project images to help the

viewers to visualize and understand the design idea or the future development of a project.

And it is also an eye-catching way to tell the story of the presented project.

The use of wall screen and projection allows the users to switch different views or see the project at

day and night while specific areas are selected.

 Real Estate Sales Tool

Incorporating with physical architectural models, wall screen and projection can assist the

developers to generate more potential sales and investment opportunities.

C6.5: Conclusion
Interactive architectural model can provide the visitors a much more engaging and informative model

exploring experience.

Using varied interactive technologies to represent an architectural model can enhance the impact of

a design.

Interactive architectural model is also an ideal and sophisticated marketing tool for the real estate

developers to attract potential investors or homebuyers.

Interactive architectural model display technique develops a new visual language to interpret design

ideas.