EXCAVATION

Excavation in most situations nowadays is done by mechanical means. However, the exact
method to be adopted still depends upon a number of factors:
1. Nature of subsoil – affect type of machine used and the necessity of soil protection.
2. Size of excavation – affect type of machine used and method to excavate.
3. Scale of work – large volume of excavation may involve complicated phasing
arrangement and work planning
4. Ground water condition – affect degree of protection (watertight sheet piling or
dewatering may required.)
5. Surrounding condition – impose certain restrictions and precautions (eg. diversion of a
government drain, or underpinning work to the nearby building foundation)
Deep excavation
Deep excavation, unlike a shallow one, often requires to protect the sides of cut using
suitable support. Besides, the problem of ground water cannot be avoided. There are
methods to overcome this, such as:

1) Diaphragm walling
This

method need to construct a R.C. retaining wall along the area of work. Because the wall is
designed to reach very great depth, mechanical excavating method is employed. Typical
sequence of work includes:
a) Construct a guide wall b) Excavation for the diaphragm wall
c) Excavation support using bentonite slurry d) Inert reinforcement and concreting
Construct a guide wall – guide wall is two parallel concrete beams running as a guide to the
clamshell which is used for the excavation of the diaphragm wall.
Excavation for the diaphragm wall – In normal soil conditions excavation is done using a
clamshell or grab suspended by cables to a crane. The grab can easily chisel boulder in soil
due to its weight.
Excavation support – excavation for the diaphragm wall produces a vertical strip in soil
which can collapse easily. Bentonite slurry is used to protect the sides of soi1. Bontonite is a
naturally occurring clay which, when added to water, forms an impervious cake-like slurry
with very large viscosity. The slurry will produce a great lateral pressure sufficient enough
to retain the vertical soil.
Reinforcement – reinforcement is inserted in form of a steel cage, but may require to lap
and extend to the required length.
Concreting – concreting is done using tremie. As Concrete being poured down, bontonite
will be displaced due to its density is lower than concrete. Bontonite is then collected and
reuse. Usually compaction for concrete is not required for the weight of the bontonite will
drive most of the air voids in concrete.
Joining design for the diaphragm wall – Diaphragm walling cannot be constructed
continually for a very long section due to tremendous soil pressure. The wall is usually
constructed in alternative section. Two stop end tubes will be placed at the ends of the
excavated trench before concreting. The tubes are withdrawn at the same time of
concreting so that a semi-circular end section is formed. Wall sections of this type are built
alternatively leaving an intermediate section in between .The interior sections are built
similarly but without the end tube .At the end a continual diaphragm wall is constructed
with the sections tightly joined by the semi-circular groove.
2) Using cofferdams
A cofferdam may be defined as a temporary box structure constructed in earth or water to
exclude soil or water from a construction area, such as for foundation or basement works.
Use of cofferdam suitable for excavation of larger scale can be of :
a) Sheet pile cofferdam – Also known as single skin cofferdam. Interlocking type steel sheet
pile is used and can use for excavation up to 15m. Sheet pile in this case acts as a cantilever
member to support the soil therefore adequate depth of pi le or suitable toe treatment
may be required. In addition, cofferdams are need to be braced and strutted or anchored
using tie rods or ground anchors.
Ground anchor
Ground anchor is basically a pre-stressing tendon embedded and anchored into soil or rock
to provide resistance to structural movements by a “tying back" principle.
Common applications are :
1. General slope stabilization.
2. Tying back/stabilizing a retaining structure.
3. Tying back/stabilizing for diaphragm walls, but for a temporary nature during excavation.
4. Tying back the entire building from up possible uplifting.

Keeping out of ground water

Ground water can be kept out either permanently such as for long term waterproofing for a
basement, or temporarily such as to ease works during excavation.
The following provisions can contribute certain degree of water-tightness to the basement
during the construction:
1. Sheet piling
2. Diaphragm walls
3. Suitable grouting to the sub-soil
Grouting
Grouting is often use to stop the penetration of water in sub-soil with high permeability,
such as in fissured and jointed rock strata. Row/s of holes are bored on the soil and, usually
cement grout, are injected under high pressure. The cement grout will penetrate into the
voids of the sub-soil and form somewhat an impermeable curtain vertically separating the
ground water. Cement grout is usually a mixture of cement and water, or cement and sand
under ratio maximum 1:4. Sometimes chemical grout can be used to form a gel which can
increase strength and reduce permeability of soil. (eg. Sodium silicate + calcium chloride =
calcium silicate, which is a silica gel)
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION OF BASEMENT

Construct floor slab as support (top-

down method)
After the perimeter diaphragm walls
have been constructed, the ground
floor slab and beams are cast
providing tip edge lateral support to
the walls. An opening is left in the slab
for labours, material or plant as access
to continue excavation to the lower
stages. This is repeated until the
required depth is reached.

Waterproofing the basement

A water-tighted basement wall is an essential element to waterproof a basement. However,
due to the basement walls are often constructed under complicated phases to match with
the excavation sequences and this may increase the possibility of leaking, therefore, careful
construction joining design is essential to ensure the basement structure is perfectly
waterproofed. Very often the providing of water stops into these joints is helpful. However,
the most widely used method to water-proof a basement is to provide a cavity to the wall
of the basement (by building a skin wall to the sides). The ground water leaks into the
basement can then be collected through concealed channel to a sump pit and remove by
pumps.
Ventilation of Basement

PILE FOUNDATION
Pile foundation, a kind of deep foundation, is actually a slender column or long cylinder
made of materials such as concrete or steel which are used to support the structure and
transfer the load at desired depth either by end bearing or skin friction.
Pile foundations are deep foundations. They are formed by long, slender, columnar
elements typically made
from steel or reinforced
concrete, or sometimes
timber. A foundation is
described as 'piled' when
its depth is more than
three times its breadth.
Pile foundations are
usually used for large
structures and in situations
where the soil at shallow
depth is not suitable to
resist excessive settlement,
resist uplift, etc.
Cast-in-Place Concrete Piles
This type of pile is constructed by boring of soil up to the desired depth and then,
depositing freshly mixed concrete in that place and letting it cure there. This type of pile is
constructed either by driving a metallic shell to the ground and filling it with concrete and
leave the shell with the
concrete or the shell is
pulled out while concrete is
poured.
Piles can either be driven
into the ground (driven
piles) or be installed in a
predrilled hole (bored piles
or drilled shafts). The
construction of bore cast in
situ concrete pile consists of
4 primary phases-
1.Pile boring,
2.Reinforcement cage
lowering,
3.Flushing
4.Pile concreting.

Under-reamed pile
Under-reamed pile foundations are bored cast in-situ concrete piles with one or more bulbs
or under-reams. The bulb is formed by enlarging the stem of the pile near the bottom in a
double conical shape. Often used in clay ,silt, and black cotton soil.
The purpose of providing the bulb is as follows:
1. To provide anchorage to the foundation for preventing its movement in a vertical
direction due to alternate swelling and shrinkage of the soil in expansive soils caused by
seasonal changes in the moisture content.
2. To provide additional bearing area through the enlarged bulb in firm strata, underlying
the top weak or filled-up ground.
3. To obtain adequate load-carrying capacity for downward, upward, and lateral loads and
moments.
4. To take the foundation below the scour level.
Under-ream piles are very popular in India as they provide an effective solution to the
swelling and shrinkage due to seasonal changes in expansive soil regions. The anchorage
provided by the under-ream pile prevents cracks in floors and walls of buildings in
expansive soil areas. The provision of an additional bulb increases the load-carrying
capacity by about
50%.
POST TENSION SLAB
Post tension slab is a combination of conventional slab reinforcement and additional
protruding high-strength steel tendons, which are consequently subjected to tension after
the concrete has set. This hybridisation helps achieve the formation of a much thinner slab
with a longer span devoid of any column-free spaces.
Construction of Post Tensioned Slab
1. The installation of post tensioning tendons in the concrete and stressing it requires
skilled labour and a personnel who are certified in doing the tensioning works.
2. The tendons are laid down along with the conventional rebars. The position of laying
of the tendons is decided by the engineer. These tendons are encased in plastic or
steel ducts so that they do not come in contact with the water in concrete.
3. One end of the tendons are anchored with the help of anchor and the other end is
left open with plastic pocket former, where the tendons are stressed. Couplers are
used in between if  any construction joint is formed.
4. Concrete is poured and the alignment of these tendons are taken care of so as to let
their positions unaltered.  Once after the concrete has achieved its 75% of strength ,
that is around 20 – 23 days, these tendons are stressed with the help of  stressing
jacks.
5. The tensioning is done to a force equal to 80% of a strand’s tensile strength. For a
typical ½-inch grade 270 strand, the strand is tensioned to a force of 33,000 pounds.
As the tensioning comes into effect, the steel gets elongated, and the concrete is
compressed.
6. When the proper tensioning force is reached, the prestressing steel is anchored in
place. The anchors are designed to provide a permanent mechanical connection,
keeping the steel in tension, and the concrete in compression.
7. The extra tendons that are left out at one end are trimmed and non shrink grouting is
put in the anchor pocket.

FAÇADE
GLAZING
Unitized curtainwalls
are factory-assembled
and -glazed, then
shipped to the job site
in units that are
typically one lite wide by one floor tall. Only one unit-to-unit splice (usually a silicone sheet
or patch) needs to be field-sealed, and only one anchor per mullion needs to be attached to
the face or top of the floor slab. Interlocking unitized curtainwall frame members are
weather ripped to seal to one another, both horizontally and vertically. This accommodates
thermal expansion and contraction, inter-story differential movement, concrete creep,
column foreshortening, and/or seismic movement. Most unitized curtainwall systems are
installed in a sequential manner around each floor level, moving from the bottom to the
top of the building.

Curtain Wall & Aluminium Cladding Installation

: a. Curtain wall units are unloaded onto the
Loading Platform on 38/F as for temporary
storage until they are required for installation.
b. During storage on site, the units will be
covered with plastic sheet.
c. A special custom made double track
monorail system will be used and set up on
top of roof parapet wall.
d. An electric chain block of SWL 1.0 will be
mounted onto the steel monorail track. The
complete system shall undergo safety load test
by an independent qualified party and test
reports/statutory forms are then submitted to
Main Contractor for record.
e. To install fire insulation according to
approved shop drawing at top part of concrete
beam surface prior to curtain wall installation.
f. Curtain wall units are then hoisted up from the Loading Platform by means of this
monorail and electric chain block and place in position at floor edge for fixing to the pre-
installed anchor brackets.
g. Upon final adjustment of the units by means of dummy level, theodolite, and torque
checking (as ITP plan), tightening the fixing bolts to its correct torque by torque check test
on site with RE / MTC & SSC relevant QA personnel to witness of inspection.
 h. Proceed with next curtain wall unit installation and seal all gutters as per approved shop
drawings details. i. A 100% flood
test to the gutters shall be carried
out by Factory for a period of no
less than 24 hours without water
seepage.
l. Workers will install the curtain
wall unit mainly inside the building
except for the two End Wall and
blind wall which will be carried out
by using gondolas.

 
 Use of Vertical Fins on the
south -east and south-west
façade of the building.
The fins help to improve the
building's indoor environment
quality. This refers to thermal
comfort and probably minimizing
glare caused by direct sunlight
around the windows making it
uncomfortable for readers
utilizing this space.
Thermal comfort in a building is
greatly influenced by solar heat
gain into a building. Short heat
waves from the sun penetrate through glass and are absorbed by objects inside the
building. These objects then emit long heat waves that get trapped in the building causing
an increase in temperatures. This is corrected through mechanical ventilation which is
expensive to maintain in the long run due to power bills. To help minimize on solar heat
gain in the first place architects prefer installing those fins to help block sun rays from
directly penetrating through the glass windows.
FINISHES
Flooring: Some areas of the office that require higher-end design specification, such as
portions of executive suites, might also see the use of woods, ceramic tiles, or stones for
flooring materials and commercial-grade resilient surface materials and short pile carpets
for heavy foot traffic, movement of chairs, and overall ease of maintenance. The heaviest
traffic areas, like entrance lobbies, public corridors, and restrooms, are commonly specified
to have resilient and hard surface flooring. Interior designers need to choose resilient and
hard surface materials carefully to ensure that office users do not slip on slick surfaces.
Walls: The specification of materials for use on full-height partition walls will be regulated
by the location of the walls within the project space. They can be finished with drywall and
painted, but are most commonly finished with a vinyl or fabric wall covering. A wide variety
of patterns and colors of commercial wall coverings is available to create the right backdrop
for corridors and other partition walls in the interior spaces. Depending on local codes, the
designer may have the option of using residential-grade materials in private offices and
conference rooms.
Ceiling: The primary materials used for ceilings in commercial offices facilities are ceiling
tiles made primarily of fiberglass. In most large spaces, the predominant type of ceiling tile
specified is 2 by 4 feet. In smaller rooms, a 2 by 2 foot tile might be used. Ceilings have
various qualities of sound absorption and finishes. The tiles are installed in a metal ceiling
grid suspended from the structural ceiling above. Mechanical sytems like HVAC ducts,
electrical wiring, plumbing for fire sprinklers, and telephone and data cables are installed in
the space between the acoustical tiles and the structural ceiling above. Lighting fixtures can
be easily dropped into the grid or holes can be cut to install various kinds of spot lighting.
Window treatments: These are quite simple in commercial office interiors to present a
uniform look from the outside. The most common treatments used to achieve this effect
are either vertical or horizontal blinds. When an area such as an executive office is being
designed, the interior designer might specify fabric drapery over the blinds. However, local
fire codes may prohibit the use of textile window coverings in commercial offices unless the
material meets a high flame resistance standard or the fabric is treated with a flame
resistant chemical. Like textile wall coverings, flame-resistant treatments of window
coverings almost always change the color of the fabric and the hand of the material.
Color, texture, pattern in interior surface is important in the commercial interior-because it
contributes to the productivity and to the psychological satisfaction of the occupants in a
space. A workable and pleasing color scheme, in conjunction with proper lighting, can
increase productivity and worker comfort; thus, color schemes should be selected carefully.
Office areas with few or no windows should not be specified with dark colors. Artwork may
be highlighted in the reception area and conference room, soffit lights may be specified in
the employee lunchroom, and track lights may even be used as supplemental or primary
ambient fixtures instead of fluorescent tube fixtures. In addition interior ambience is
enriched with art work, accessories, indoor landscape, logo to blend with the theme and
style of office space.
ROOFING
SPF
A spray polyurethane foam (SPF) roof is made
from a form of plastic that transforms from a
liquid into a solid in a matter of just seconds,
while also expanding about 30 times as it dries.
PROS: SPF roofing is a sustainable choice that
can pay for itself in terms of energy savings. A
good multi-layer SPF system (such as spray
foam covered with layers of premium acrylic
roof coating) has outstanding tensile strength
and durability, with a reflective top coat that
helps building owners save on energy costs.
With proper maintenance and regular roof
coatings, an SPF roof can last 40 years or more. The expansion properties of an SPF roof
enable the product to effectively seal off gaps and crannies, making the entire roof
watertight and airtight.
Unlike the other options, SPF provides insulation to save both heat and A/C, enhances
building structural support while being lightweight, self-curbs around protrusions, and can
be used to correct ponding water or more effectively channel water to drains by simply
spraying more spray foam in areas that need built up.
PROJECT DETAILS
1. Location- Kharghar, Navi Mumbai
2. Soil Type- Alluvial black cotton soil
3. Climate- Moderately hot with high level of humidity (27.2 °C)
4. Building Grid- 12X12M
5. Floor Height- 4.2 M
6. Column Size- 0.8M X 0.8 M
7. Beam Depth – 600mm
8. Floor Plate Area – 4200 SQ.M
9. Area to be Excavated for Basement – 4200 SQ.M
10.Depth of the area to be excavated for Basement – 6.6M
11.Type of Construction- Composite
 BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
REPORT

KASHYAP GORADIA
5 TH YR. A
B.V.