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BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

Hierarchy of Classification of Organisms

CATEGORY Description
Species Reproductively isolated group
with phenotype traits in
common
Genus Contains related species

Family Contains related genera

Order Contains related families

Class Contains related orders

Phylum (animals) Contains related classes


Division (plants)
Kingdom Contains related phyla

Distinguishing Features of Monocots and Dicots

Monocots
1. Seed with one cotyledon (seed leaf)
2. Leaves with parallel veins
3. Lateral meristems a rare occurrence
4. flower parts mostly in threes or multiples of three

Dicots
1. Seed with two cotyledons (seed leaves)
2. Leaves with a network of veins
3. Lateral meristems are present
4. flower parts mostly in fours or fives or multiples of four or five
MAJOR PHYLA in ANIMAL KINGDOM

PHYLUM Key Characteristics


PORIFERA Asymmetrical bodies with no distinct tissues or
organs; saclike body consists of two layers with
Sponges many pores; internal cavity lined by food-filtering
flagellated cells, choanocytes; skeleton of
spicules or spongin; mostly marine, a few species
live in freshwater

CNIDARIA Radially symmetrical with soft gelatinous bodies;


a sac body plan-digestive cavity with one
Jelly fishes, corals, sea anemones, hydroids opening; diploblastic, have tentacles with
stinging cells or cnidocytes that shoot harpoons
called nematocysts; mostly marine.

BRYOZOA Microscopic, aquatic deuterostomes forming


branching colonies; have circular or U-shaped
Moss animals ( sea mats, sea moss) row of ciliated tentacles(lopophore) that extends
through openings in the hard exoskeleton;
marine or freshwater (another name is
Ectoprocta for the anus which is external to the
lopophore)

PLATYHELMINTHES Solid dorsoventrally flattened bodies;


unsegmented, and bilateral symmetrical worms;
Flatworms (Planaria, tape worms, liver flukes) lacks body cavity; digestive cavity when present
has one opening; either free living, marine, or
fresh water.

PHYLA of MINOR WORMS Hemichordate (acorn worms): marine worms


with dorsal and ventral nerve cords.
Acorn worms, velvet worms; arrow worms; giant Nemertea (ribbon worms): acoelamate,
tube worms; ribbon worms bilaterally symmetrical with long extendable
proboscis, marine.
Onychophora (velvet worms): protostomes with
chitinous exoskeleton.
Chaetognatha (arrow worms): coelomate
deuterostomes; bilaterally symmetrical; have
powerful jaws and some with large eyes.
Pogonophora (tube worms): sessile, deep-sea
worms with long tentacles, found within
chitinous tubes attached to ocean floor.

NEMATODA Pseudocoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical,


unsegmented worms, digestive tract with mouth
Round worms, (Ascaris, pinworms, hookworms, and anus; small without cilia; most inhabit the
Filaria) soil and aquatic sediments, some are animals
parasites

ROTIFERA Pseudo coelomate, small aquatic with a crown of


cilia around the mouth resembling a wheel;
Wheel animals (rotifers) almost all inhabit freshwater
CTENOPHORA Gelatinous, almost transparent bodies; have
eight bands of cilia for locomotion; complete
Sea walnuts, (comb jellies, sea walnuts) digestive tract with anal pore; often
bioluminescent marine animals

ANNELIDA Coelomates, bilaterally symmetrical and body


made up of repeated segments (repeated
Segmented worms ( polychaetes, earthworms, internal and external segmentation); complete
leeches, beach tube worms) digestive tract with specialization along its length
(ie pharynx, stomach, accessory structures);
most with bristles (setae) which anchor the
animal during crawling

ARTHROPODA Segmented bodies covered with chitinous


exoskeleton; have paired jointed appendages;
Arthropods (crabs, scorpions, spiders, insects, many insect group have wings; most successful
beetles, centipedes, millipedes) animal phyla

MOLLUSCA Coelomates with soft bodies divide into three


regions: head-foot, visceral mass, and mantle;
Mollusks ( chitons, clams, oysters, mussels, many with shells; almost all with a rasping
snails, slugs, limpets, squids, octopus) tongue called radula with rows of teeth; marine,
freshwater and are about 35,000 species are
terrestrial

PHORONIDA
Lophophorate tube worms with unique U-
Phoronids ( Phoronis) shaped gut; often live in dense populations

LORICIFERA Tiny, bilaterally symmetrical pseudo coelomate;


mouth parts includes a unique flexible tube;
Loriciferans ( Nanaloricus mysticus) marine, inhabit spaces between grains of sand

BRACHIOPODA Possess lopophores like bryozoans but found


within two clam like shells; more than 30,000
Lamp shells ( Lingula) species known as fossils

ECHINODERMATA Deuterostomes with radially symmetrical adult


bodies; have a five part body plan and water-
Echinoderms ( sea lilies, sand dollars, sea stars, vascular system with tube feet; internal skeleton
sea urchins, sea cucumbers) consist of spine- bearing calcium plates; with
free swimming bilaterally symmetrical larvae
that develop into radially symmetrical adults;
ability to regenerate lost body parts; marine

CHORDATA Bilaterally symmetrical coelomates with


segmentation; have hollow dorsal nerve cord,
Chordates ( fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds) notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, and tail at soe
stage in life cycle; in vertebrates notochord is
replaced by vertebral column during
development; 20,000 species are terrestrial

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