Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol.

10, 04-Special Issue, 2018

Evaluation of Self Compacting Concrete with

Partial Replacement of Recycled Aggregates
*R. Dinesh Kumar, Asst. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Easwari Engineering College, Ramapuram, Chennai,
rdineshkpm@gmail.com
P.T.Ravichandranb, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM University,
Kattankulathur, ptrsrm@gmail.com
Divya Krishnan Kc, Asst. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM University,
Kattankulathur
Abstract---Self Compacting Concrete or Self Consolidating concrete (SCC) is one of the high performance concrete
which could glide underneath its own self weight to absolutely fill the form work and consolidate itself on its own
weight, without any requirement of mechanical vibrations. SCC which reduces the labour requirement needed for
consolidation, finishing work and eliminate environmental pollution. Significant potential for growth of recycled
aggregate in the place of coarse aggregate gives a suitable green solution for sustainable development by reducing
the usage of natural materials like coarse aggregate. This study presents an investigation on SCCby replacing of
coarse aggregate with recycled aggregate of 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%. The characteristics of self-compacting
concrete were studied by replacing recycled aggregate for varying proportions of coarse aggregate.After each mix
cubes, cylinders and prisms specimens are casted and cured in water for various curing periods of 3, 7 and 28 days.
Fresh concrete test for SCC like passing ability, filling ability and segregation resistance are conducted and inharden
concrete,strength parameters like compression, tension and flexure values are determined.To study the durability
characteristics, the tests like acid resistance,alkaline attack and sulphate attacktest was carried out by immersing the
concrete cube specimens in water diluted with each three percent of HCl, Na2SO4, MgSO4 and NaOH respectively.
From the test results, fresh properties of SCC were satisfied the acceptance criteria as per EFNARC guidelines. An
increase in recycled aggregate, the strength characteristics was found to be increasing up to 20% and after that there
is a gradual decrease of strength characteristics with increase of replacement materials like recycled aggregates.
Durability test results also show satisfactory performance as per codal provisions.
Keywords---SCC, RCA, NCA;Compressive strength

I. Introduction
Cementitious materials are most copious of all man-made materials and also the most important vital
development materials, and it was in all likelihood that they will keep on having a similar significance later on.
Nonetheless, these development and designing materials must meet new and higher requests.In one stage the
development is towards self-compacting concrete (SCC), an adjusted item that, without extra compaction, streams
and merges affected by its own self weight.
Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) is set in the shape and can experience the obstacles without the requirement of
any kind of outside vibration. Since it is the first advancement in Japan in 1988, self compacting concrete has
increased well extensive appreciation in Japan and Europe due to its inherent points of interest. The significant
preferred standpoint of the strategy is that SCC innovation offers to limitthe chance or kill solid position issues in
troublesome conditions. Development and setting turns out to be quicker and less demanding. It maintains a
strategic distance from the requirement for vibration and lessening the noise pollution. It also enhances the filling
limit of exceedingly congested structural members. SCC gives better quality particularly in the members having
reinforcement clog or diminishing the permeability and enhancing durability of concrete.
At present, there is a demand for natural coarse aggregates (NCA) in various parts of the country. The
utilization of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) from construction and demolition wastes is indicating potential
importance in construction industry as a substitute for natural coarse aggregates.The significant potential growth of
RCA in the place of NCA gives a suitable green solution for sustainable development by reducing the usage of
natural material and also decreases the dumping of construction waste. The consumption of waste materials assist in
getting them utilized but also has several indirect benefits such as saving in energy, money and safeguarding from
environment pollution.This study is mainly focuses on the characteristics of SCC produced with RCA.

1224

*Corresponding Author: R. Dinesh Kumar Email: rdineshkpm@gmail.com

Article History: Received: February 04, 2018, Revised: March 25, 2018, Accepted: April 25, 2018
Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 10, 04-Special Issue, 2018

The utilization of recycled aggregate in SCC which not just takes into account for most efficient natural
resources but also contributes to ecological security prompting economical improvement. Prashant O. Modani and
VinodM.Mohitkar (2014) [1] studied that the recycledcoarse aggregate (RCA) are utilized in the generation of
self compacting concrete (SCC) in differing percentage replacements upto 100% of natural coarse aggregate
(NCA) with theaugmentationof 20%. Also endeavour to look at the impact of recycled aggregate on strength
parameters, resistance to acidity and alkalinity of self compacting concrete. Lavanya et. al. (2015)[2]focuses on the
basic properties of SCC designed by partially replacingnatural coarse aggregates (NCA) with recycled aggregate
(RCA) along with use of fixed proportions of fly ash and quarry dust. Increasing the recycled concrete aggregate
content has caused nominal decrease in strength as compared to reference mix. The investigation done by Priscilla
M. and Pushparaj A. Naik (2014)[3]utilized glass powder waste, as partial replacement for cement, to beat the
downsides of recycled aggregate and resulting concrete demonstrated that the waste glass, when processed to
miniaturized scale molecule measure with cement pozzolanic reactions. It is evaluatedto show thegain in the
strength and durability parameters of recycled aggregate concrete.
II. Material properties
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC-53Grade) was used which is conforming to IS:12269-1987 [9]. Specific gravity
of cement and 28 days compressive strength were found to be 3.15 and 55 N/mm2respectively. To modify the
powder contentand flowing abilityin SCC silica fume of grade 920D and class 'F' fly ash were used in constant
proportion throughout the experiment. Natural river sand (fine aggregate) with 4.75 mm maximum size was used
and crushed stone (coarse aggregate) of 12mm maximum sizewas used. The recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) of
12mm size was used in this investigation which was obtained from the demolished cube specimens and cylinder
specimens in the concrete laboratory. Table 1 gives the properties of fine aggregates, coarse aggregate and recycled
coarse aggregate used in this study. A superplasticizer admixture was used which is based on
polycarboxylatesviscosity modified, used to produce essential workability.
Table 1. Properties of fine aggregates, coarse aggregates & RCA

Property Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate RCA

Specific Gravity 2.63 2.7 2.38
Fineness Modulus 2.72 6.15 5.25
Water absorption 1.0% 1.42% 4.65%
Grading zone Zone II Zone II --

III. Experimental Work

SCC Mix Design
In this study, the mix proportion was done based on the first mix developed by Okamura and Ozawa (1995) [5],
which was preferred for the strength of SCC. The mix design was worked out for target strength of 30 MPa as
percodal provision IS:10262 – 2009[8] and the mix proportion become as 1:1.53:1.49 with water cement ratio as 0.4.
The normal concrete mix proportions are modified as per EFNARC[7] guidelines, then the modified proportion as
1:1.605:1.445 with w/c ratio of 0.36. In this experimental study four types of mixes were made. In those four mixes,
cement, fine aggregates, water, superplasticizer, fly ash and silica fume are kept as constant by volume. Coarse
aggregates were replaced in the proportion of 0%, 15%, 20% and 25% by recycled aggregates. The designed mixes
of SCC have been shown in table 2.
Table 2. Design Mixes of SCC
Coarse
Mix RCA %
Aggregate %
SC 100 0
R1 85 15
R2 80 20
R3 75 25
R4 70 30
Test methods
In this experimental study the testing methods for SCC are divided into three as a) Fresh properties of SCC,b)
Strength characteristics of SCC, c) Durability characteristics of SCC.
1225

*Corresponding Author: R. Dinesh Kumar Email: rdineshkpm@gmail.com

Article History: Received: February 04, 2018, Revised: March 25, 2018, Accepted: April 25, 2018
 Evaluation of Self Compacting Concrete with Partial Replacement of Recycled Aggregates

Fresh Properties of SCC

SCC contrasts from normal conventional concrete in that SCC fresh properties are key in deciding whether it
can be placedsatisfactorilyor not. The differentworkability aspects which control its segregation resistance, filling
ability, passing ability all should becontrolled carefully to guarantee that its ability to must be acceptable.

Table 3. SCCfresh properties test methods (EFNARC, 2002)

Method Property
Slump-flow by Abrams cone
T50cms slump flow Filling ability
V-funnel test
L-box Passing ability
V-funnel at T5minutes Segregation resistance
The initial mix design of SCC should be surveyed to guarantee that all three workability parameters are satisfied.
These prerequisites are to be satisfied at the time of placing. Likewise changes in workability parameters during
transportationought to be consideredin the production.
Strength Characteristics of SCC
Hardened concrete must be sufficiently enough to withstand for all the loads which will be applied to it and
must be sufficiently durable enough to withstand the environmental vulnerability for which it is planned. If concrete
is made with good quality of materials and is properly proportioned and handled, it will be the most grounded,
strong and durable material.In all SCC mixes strength characteristics for cubes, cylinders and prisms specimens are
tested for 3, 7 and 28 days.
Durability Characteristics of SCC
Durability studies were conducted to find out the resistance to sulphate attack, acid attack and alkaline attack at 28
days for various mixes of SCC. Durability characteristics was studied by immersing the concrete cube specimens in
water diluted with 3% of hydrochloric acid for acid resistance test, 3% of sulphates of sodium and magnesium are
used for sulphate attack test and sodium hydroxide of about three percent diluted with water was used for alkaline
attack test.
IV. Results and Discussion
For the three testing methods of SCC, results are tabulated and discussions are made.
Fresh Properties of SCC
To study the effects on freshconcrete properties of SCC when fly ash and silica fume are introducedas cement
replacement in the concrete and also the different proportion of recycled aggregates used as coarse aggregate were
tested for slump flow, V-funnel, L-box. The results of fresh concrete properties of all SCC mixes are included in
Table 4.
Table 4. Results of fresh concrete properties of SCC mixes
Slump flow T50cmsSlump V-funnel V-funnel L-Box
Mix
(mm) flow (Sec) (Sec) T5min (Sec) (H2/H1)
SC 710 3.0 8.0 14.0 0.84
R1 740 3.2 9.5 11.3 0.86
R2 725 3.0 10.3 13.5 0.90
R3 760 4.2 10.7 14.3 0.95
R4 755 4.5 11.5 14.5 0.97
EFNARC 650 – 800 2–5 6 – 12 6 – 15 0.8 – 1
Above table shows the fresh concrete properties of SCC such as slump flow tests, V-funnel flow times andL-
box. All the values of fresh concrete properties were within the range that of the values prescribed by European
guidelines.
In terms of slump flow, all mixes shows a good deformability and acceptable slump flows in the range of 710–
760 mm. T50cm slump flow test and V-funnel test results ranging from 3.0 to 4.5 seconds and 8 to 11.5 seconds
respectively.In L-Box test to avoid the effect of blocking, maximum size of coarse aggregate was remains as 12 mm.
As per EFNARC standards, L-Box ratio for all the mixes was above 0.8. To ensure that there will be no segregation
in the mixes at practical situations special care should be taken that gives information about segregation resistance.
Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 10, 04-Special Issue, 2018

Strength Characteristics of SCC

To investigate the strength parameters of SCC containing various proportions of recycled aggregates as coarse
aggregate replacement were tested for strength characteristics like tensile strength, compressive strength and flexural
strength. The results for tensile strength, compressive strength and flexural strength were found at the ages of 3, 7 &
28 days for cubes, cylinders, prisms respectively. Threespecimens were crushed for the average of each age of the
strength results are presented in table below for tensile strength, compressive strength and flexural strength.
Table 5. Strength characteristics of SCC for various curing periods (MPa)
Compressive Tensile strength(MPa) Flexural strength (MPa)
strength(MPa)
Mix
3 7 28 3 7 28 7 28
3 Days
Days Days Days Days Days Days Days Days
SC 16.55 27.7 41.3 1.26 2.38 2.7 1.63 2.72 4.06
R1 15.7 29.65 43.5 1.48 1.95 2.32 1.35 2.54 3.74
R2 16.82 32.5 46.7 1.76 2.10 2.7 1.44 2.78 4.02
R3 16.25 30.3 44.9 1.40 1.89 2.25 1.3 2.61 3.86
R4 14.0 27.6 38.7 1.32 1.79 2.1 1.21 2.38 3.33
Strength characteristics like tensile strength, compressive strength and flexural strengthof SCC studied for15%,
20%, 25%, 30% replacement of coarse aggregate with recycled aggregates the value ranges between 38.7 to
46.7MPa, 2.1 to 2.7MPa and 3.33 to 4.02MPa. The maximum compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural
strength of SCC was found to be 46.7MPa, 2.7MPa and 4.02MPaat 28 days for 20% replacement of recycled
aggregates by coarse aggregate.
Durability Characteristics of SCC
Durability parameters of SCC like are acid resistance test, sulphate attack test and alkaline attack test were
performed. The percentage of loss in weight and loss in compressive strength were found out for the age of 28 days
as shown in Table 6.

50
45 SC R1 R2 R3 R4
Compresssive Strength (MPa)

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
3 Days 7 Days 28 Days
Curing Periods

Figure 1. Effect of curing periods in compressive strength of SCC

1227

*Corresponding Author: R. Dinesh Kumar Email: rdineshkpm@gmail.com

Article History: Received: February 04, 2018, Revised: March 25, 2018, Accepted: April 25, 2018
 Evaluation of Self Compacting Concrete with Partial Replacement of Recycled Aggregates

Tensile Strength (MPa)

SC R1 R2 R3 R4
2.5

1.5

0.5

0
3 Days 7 Days 28 Days
Curing Periods

Figure 2. Effect of curing periods intensile strength of SCC

4.5
Flextural Strength (MPa)

4 SC R1 R2 R3 R4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
3 Days 7 Days 28 Days
Curing Periods

Figure 3. Effect of curing periods in flexural strength of SCC

Table 6. Durability Characteristics of SCC

Lossof weight (%) Loss of Compressive Strength (%)

Acid Sulphate Alkaline Acid Sulphate Alkaline
Mix
resistance attack test attack test resistance attack test attack test
test test
SC 2.34 1.05 0.62 8.11 4.83 3.54
R1 2.37 1.00 0.56 8.46 4.71 3.49
R2 2.49 0.87 0.56 8.68 4.51 3.12
R3 2.62 0.81 0.55 8.79 4.37 3.00
R4 2.34 1.05 0.62 8.11 4.83 3.54
Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 10, 04-Special Issue, 2018

2.5
SC R1 R2 R3 R4
2

Percentage (%)
1.5

0.5

0
Acid resistance test Sulphate attack test Alkaline attack test

Loss of Weight (%)

Figure 4. Variation in loss of weight in durability testsof SCC

10
9
8 SC R1 R2 R3 R4
7
Percentage (%)

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Acid resistance test Sulphate attack test Alkaline attack test

Loss of Compressive Strength (%)

Figure 5. Variation in loss of compressive strength in durability testsof SCC

The durability test results indicate that the values of acid resistance test of SCC is higher when compared to
SCC and high acid resistance is found in the partial replacement of recycled aggregates.
V. Conclusion
The SCC mixes having recycled aggregate as coarse aggregate were tested for the fresh concrete properties as
per EFNARC Standards, have satisfy the acceptance criteria of SCC. From the experimental results it concluded that
all the strength characteristics optimum result in R2 mix where the replacement of coarse aggregate by recycled
aggregates was obtained as 20%.
From the acid resistance test, the loss of weight and reduction in compressive strength were obtained to 2.62%
and 8.79% in R3 mix respectively. In sulphate attack test of SCC, the loss of weight found minimum as 0.81% in R3
mix and reduction in compressive strength found least in R3 mix about 4.37%. The loss of weight and loss of
compressive strength in alkaline test were found in R4 mix and R3 mix respectively about 0.62% and 3%.
Comparing all the three durability tests, the amount attacked by acid was severe than sulphate. In other hand,
loss of weight and reduction in compressive strength of alkaline attack test were found below when comparing with
the sulphate attack test.

References
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[3] Priscilla M. and PushparajA.Naik (2014), ‘Strength and durability study on recycled aggregate concrete
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pp. 259-264.

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*Corresponding Author: R. Dinesh Kumar Email: rdineshkpm@gmail.com

Article History: Received: February 04, 2018, Revised: March 25, 2018, Accepted: April 25, 2018
 Evaluation of Self Compacting Concrete with Partial Replacement of Recycled Aggregates

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