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The Principles
organize the Visual Elements into a
pleasing and comprehensible
WHOLE.
This organization is called
Composition
Basic Principles of Composition
to shape –enclosing elements
dimension
• I. CONTRAST -------- variety
• II. PROPORTION ---- relationship
• III. SCALE --------------- size magnitude
• IV. BALANCE ---------- equilibrium Gravitational
curves
•
hierarchy
V. RHYTHM ------------ repetition
• VI. UNITY --------------- harmony
• VII. CHARACTER ---- expressiveness
Contrast in art and design
occurs when two related
elements are different
VARIETY
SHAPE
PROPORTION - Relationship
• Proportion is largely a matter of
relationship. It is evident by
comparison which the eye makes
between the size, shape, and tone
of various objects or parts of
composition.
PROPORTION - Relationship
Divine Proportion is also known as the Golden Mean, Golden Ratio and Golden
Section . It is a ratio or proportion defined by the number Phi (= 1.6180339887... )
PROPORTION - Relationship
The golden section, golden mean – a line that is divided such that the lesser portion
is to the greater as the greater is to the whole.
PROPORTION - Relationship
PROPORTION - Relationship
PROPORTION - Relationship
PROPORTIONS
Anthropomorphic
proportions - refers to
the measurement of
the human individual
for the purposes of
understanding human
physical variation.
PROPORTIONS- may be based on the
following factors:
1. Natural Material Proportions
2. Manufactured Proportions
3. Mode of Construction or Structural Proportions
4. Requirements of the Program, Function or Government
Ordinances
- the proportion of the height a room is controlled by local
building ordinances, logic and artistic sense.
- Auditorium proportions are influenced by the visual and
acoustical considerations.
- Proportions between heights and areas of rooms are
controlled by the capacity and lighting requirements of
the room.
5. Tradition and General Accepted Taste
PROPORTIONS
Relative Proportion-
deals with the
relationship between
the parts of an object
and the whole.
PROPORTIONS
Absolute Proportion-
deals with the
relationship between
the different parts of an
object or the whole to
the various parts
SCALE- size
- refers to how we perceive the size of the
building element or space relative to other
forms.
Human
General Scale
Scale
Balance is concerned
with the distribution of
visual interest “Simply an
equal distribution of
weight.”
BALANCE- equilibrium
symmetrical
balance -refers to an
even distribution of
visual weight on either
side of an imaginary
axis. The results look
formal, organized
and orderly.
BALANCE- equilibrium
BALANCE- equilibrium
Near Symmetry -
two halves are not
exactly the same.
Slight variations
will probably not
change the balance
but there is more
potential for variety
and hence more
interest.
BALANCE- equilibrium
FORMAL
BALANCE- equilibrium
RADIAL
BALANCE- equilibrium
ASSYMETRICAL
BALANCE- equilibrium
GRAVITATIONAL OR
PICTURESQUE
BALANCE- equilibrium
Unaccented rhythm
– if equally spaced
windows are
introduced on the
unbroken wall, then
regular repetition is
present
CHARACTER- expressiveness
• Character in architecture may be divided
into three (3) types, depending upon the
source of its inception and upon whether
this source deals with the abstract or the
concrete. The classes are CHARACTER
from:
– Function – or use of the building.
– Association – or influence of traditional types
– Personality – or the human quality or emotional
appeal.
CHARACTER- expressiveness
• The most important kind
of character in
architecture is that, which
results from the purpose
of the building or the
reason for its erection.
The use of a structure
naturally calls for a certain
disposition of parts, and
this arrangement affects
the appearance of the
exterior by which we
largely judge character
FUNCTION
CHARACTER- expressiveness
A school building
must containmany
windows to admit
the necessary
side light and to
offer an
interesting
contrast with the
possible
monotony of the
class-room walls.
CHARACTER- expressiveness
– A museum must have galleries with ample wall space and top light,
which eliminates windows and necessitates the use of skylights
CHARACTER- expressiveness
– A structure with large show windows is
usually a shop for the display and sale of
merchandise.
– A factory expresses the efficient operation of
the manufacturing within
– A house reflects the informal intimacy of
home life.
CHARACTER- expressiveness
– A structure with large show windows is
usually a shop for the display and sale of
merchandise.
– A factory expresses the efficient operation of
the manufacturing within
– A house reflects the informal intimacy of
home life.
CHARACTER- expressiveness
• This comes from the influence of ideas
and impressions related to or growing out
of the past experiences.
• We have come to recognize buildings by
features, which had long been associated
with that particular structure.
CHARACTER- expressiveness
• This comes from the influence of ideas
and impressions related to or growing out
of the past experiences.
• We have come to recognize buildings by
features, which had long been associated
with that particular structure.
CHARACTER- expressiveness
ASSOCIATED CHARACTER
– A spire atop a building with stained glass windows
has always told us that it was a church
– Classic Orders often indicates the presence of a
bank/government building.
– Collegiate Gothic frequently discloses the identity of
an educational institution.
• The contemporary movement in architecture has,
however, caused many revisions in our association of
ideas. There are so many influences responsible for
changing the character of our Materials, our attitudes
toward physical comfort made possible the
disassociation from the past.
CHARACTER- expressiveness
PERSONAL CHARACTER
• Buildings have qualities which are directly
related to their functions, but in addition,
they may possess characteristics which
have to do rather with the emotional
reaction set up in the mind of the observer.
CHARACTER- expressiveness
PERSONAL CHARACTER
– Buildings may be stern and forbidding, light
and playful or sedate and dignified with
reference to the impressions, which they are
capable of giving.
– It is to these qualities of vitality, repose, grace,
restraint, festivity, dignity, etc. that we give the
name of personal character.
PERSONAL CHARACTER