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Pdc
Efficiency (or rectification ratio) of a rectifier: η=
Pac
The output voltage can be considered as composed of 2 components:
(1) the dc value and (2) the ac component or ripple.
Vs and Is are the rms voltage and current of the transformer secondary respectively
- Crest factor: a measure of peak input current Is(peak) w.r.t. its rms value Is,
I s ( peak )
CF =
Is
Half-wave rectifier supplying a resistive load
Figure 1
1 π
Vdc = ∫ Vm sin(ωt ) dωt
2π 0
V
= m ( − cos π + cos( 0))
2π
V
= m
π
π
1 Vm
Vrms = ∫ m
V ω t dω t =
2
( sin )
2π 0
2
Vm Vm
I dc = I rms =
πR 2R
Vm Vm
*
Pdc V *I π πR
η= = dc dc = = 40.53%
Pac Vrms * I rms Vm Vm
*
2 2R
Vm
Vrms 2 π
FF = = = = 1.57
Vdc Vm 2
π
Vac
RF = = FF 2 − 1 = 1.57 2 − 1 = 1.211
Vdc
β
I dc = Vdc / R
Figure 2
β
Due to inductive load, the
conduction period of diode D1
extends beyond π (until the current
equals zero at ωt = π+σ).
Disadvantages:
1. Discontinuous current
2. High ripple content (FF>1)
3. Presence of DC component in supply circuit.
With free-wheeling diode
- It can be noted from equation (1) that the average voltage (and load current) can be
increased by making σ=0, which is possible by adding a freewheeling diode Dm as shown
in Figure 3 with dashed lines.
Figure 3
-Diode “Dm” prevents appearing of
negative voltage across the load.
πR
−
V 1+ e ωL
I max = ( m sin φ )[ 2π R
]
Z −
1 − e ωL
πR
& −
I min = I max .e ωL
Figure 4
Solution
Vp 120
E = 12V V p = 120V Vs = = = 60V
n 2
Vm = 2 Vs = 2 × 60 = 84.85V
12
(a) α = sin −1 = 8.13 o
84.85
β = 180 − 8.13 = 171.87 o
δ = β − α = 171.87 − 8.13 = 163.74 o
1 β V m sin ω t − E
2π ∫α
(b) I dc = d (ω t )
R
1
I dc = ( 2V m cos α + 2 E α − π E ), For β=π-α
2π R
Which gives
1
R= ( 2V m cos α + 2 E α − πE )
2πI dc
1
R= ( 2 × 84 .85 × cos 8 .13 o + 2 × 12 × 0 .1419 − π × 12 ) = 4 .26 Ω
2π × 5
1 β (Vm sin ωt − E ) 2
I = d (ωt )
(c) 2π ∫α
2
rms
R 2
1 ⎡⎛ V 2
⎞ V 2
⎤
I rms =
2
⎜
2 ⎢⎜
m
+ E ⎟⎟(π − 2α ) +
2 m
sin 2α − 4Vm E cos α ⎥
2πR ⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎦
I rms
2
= 67.4 A
I rms = 67.4 = 8.2
The power rating of R is,
PR = 8.2 2 × 4.26 = 286.4W
Pdc = EI dc = 12 × 5 = 60W
ho Pdc = 100
100 100
ho = = = 1.667h
Pdc 60
-Each half of the transformer with its associated diode acts as a half-wave rectifier
and the output of a full-wave rectifier is shown in figure 6. To get the same output
as bridge rectifier, the source voltage should be doubled.
1 π 2Vm
π∫
The average output voltage is: Vdc = Vm sin ωt dt = = 0.6366Vm
o π
VS = 2Vm sin ωt
Figure 5
Figure 6
Bridge rectifier:
During the positive half cycle of the input voltage, the power is supplied to
the load through diodes D1 and D2.
Vo
(Vo ) n.l .
Ha
1 lf-w
av
ew
ith
Fu
fre
ll-w
e-w
he
av
eli
e
ng
br
dio
idg
de
0 Io X o
e
0 1 2 Vm
Figure 7
Figure 8
π
1 Vm 2V
Vdc =
π ∫ Vm sin(ωt ) dωt =
0
2π
( − cos π + cos( 0)) = m = 0.6366Vm
π
Vdc 0.6366Vm
I dc = =
R R
π
1 Vm
V rms = ∫ V ω t d ωt = = 0 .707 V m
2
( sin )
π
m
0 2
0.707Vm
I rms =
R
0.6366Vm
0.6366 Vm *
Pdc V *I R
η= = dc dc = = 81%
Pac Vrms * I rms 0.707Vm
0.707Vm *
R
Vrms 0.707Vm
FF = = = 1.11
Vdc 0.6366Vm
Vac
RF = = FF 2 − 1 = 1.112 − 1 = 0.482
Vdc
Figure 9
Figure 10
If vs=Vm sin ωt is the input voltage, the load current io can be found from:
dio
L + Rio + E = 2Vm sin ωt for io ≥ 0
dt
Which has a solution of the form
2Vm −( R / L )t E
io = sin(ωt − θ ) + A1e −
Z R
Where
Z = R 2 + (ωL) 2
ωL
θ = tan −1
R
Vs is the rms value of the input voltage
Case 1 continuous load current
A1 in equation 3 can be determined from the condition: at ωt=π, io=Io.
⎛ E 2Vm ⎞ ( ωRπL )
A1 = ⎜⎜ I o + − sin θ ⎟⎟e , Substitution of A1 in equation 3 yields:
⎝ R Z ⎠
2Vm ⎛ E 2Vm ⎞ [ ωRL (π −ωt )] E
io = sin(ωt − θ ) + ⎜⎜ I o + − sin θ ⎟⎟e −
Z ⎝ R Z ⎠ R
2Vm ⎡ 2 −( R / L )t ⎤ E
io = sin(ω t − θ ) + sin θ e −
Z ⎢⎣ 1 − e ( − R / L )(π / ω ) ⎥⎦ R
Case 2 discontinuous load current
⎛E 2Vm ⎞ ( RωαL )
A1 = ⎜⎜ − sin(α − θ ) ⎟⎟e
⎝R Z ⎠
Which, after substituting in equation 1, yields the load current
1 2π 1π 2Vm
Vdc = ∫ m
V sin ωt .dω t = ∫ V sin ωt .dω t =
2π 0 π0 m π
1 2π 4Vm
an = ∫ Vm sin ωt. cos nωt.dt = − , n = 2,4,6,8,....., ∞
π 0 π (n − 1)(n + 1)
2Vm 4Vm 4V
Vo (t ) = − cos 2ωt − m cos 4ωt − ..........
π 3π 15π
The second harmonic (with frequency 2f is dominant)
3 Phase half-wave rectifier
→ → → → 2 2 2 2
I Load = I a + I b + I c ⇒ I Load _ rms = I a + I b + I c = 3 I a = 3 I source
I Load Vm
∴ I source = =
3 3 RLoad
Disadvantages:
1. DC current component in supply
2. Low source power-factor
(poor utilization:1/3 cycle diode operation).
3. Peak inverse voltage of diodes = line voltage
π /3 π
V dc =
2
∫ V m cos ω t d ( ω t ) = V m
3
[sin ω t ]π0 /3
= Vm
3
sin = 0 . 827 V m
2π / 3 0 π π 3
V dc 0 . 827 V m
I dc = =
R R
1
π
⎡ 3 ⎡ωt ⎤
1
sin 2 ω t ⎤
/3 2
⎡ 2 π /3 ⎤ 2
V rms = ⎢ ∫ V ω t d (ω t ) ⎥ = Vm ⎢ ⎢ + ⎥
2 2
cos ⎥⎦
⎣ 2π / 3 π
m
0
⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎣ 2 4 0 ⎦⎥
1
⎡ 3 ⎛π 1 2π ⎞ ⎤ 2
0 . 84068 V
V rms = Vm ⎢ ⎜ + sin ⎟⎥ = 0 . 84068 V m I = m
⎣ 2 π ⎝ 3 2 3 ⎠⎦ rms
R
0 . 827 V m
0 . 827 V m *
Pdc V * I dc R
η = = dc = = 96 . 77 %
Pac V rms * I rms 0 . 84068 V m
0 . 84068 V m *
R
V rms 0 . 84068 V m
FF = = = 1 . 0165
V dc 0 . 827 V m
V ac
RF = = FF 2
−1 = 1 . 0165 2
− 1 = 0 . 1824
V dc
Pdc Vdc I dc
Transformer utilization factor (T.U.F.) = = = 0.6647
Psource 3VS I S
Three phase Bridged Rectifier
The diode behaves as a window,
permitting the load to “see” the
available line voltage.
Advantages:
1. Bi-directional source current;
(no source dc component)
1. Higher diodes utilization
2. Higher source power-factor
The average output voltage is found from:
2 π
V dc = ∫0 6 3V m cos ω t d ω t
2π / 6
3 3
= V m = 1 . 654 V m
π
If the load is purely resistive, the peak current through a diode is: I m = 3Vm / R
2 π 3 3
V dc = ∫ V ω t d ω t = V m = 1 . 654 V m
6
3 cos
2π / 6 π
m
0
1 1
⎡ 2 π
⎤ 2 ⎛3 9 3⎞ 2
V rms = ⎢ ∫ m V ω t d ω t = ⎜⎜ + ⎟ V m= 1 .6554 V m
6 2 2
3 cos ⎥⎦ ⎟
⎣ 2π / 6 0 ⎝ 2 4π ⎠
1 . 6554 V m
I rms =
R
1 .654 V m
1 .654 V m *
Pdc V *I R
η= = dc dc = = 99 .83 %
Pac V rms * I rms 1 .6554 V m
1 .6554 V m *
R
Vrms 1.6554Vm
FF = = = 1.0008
Vdc 1.654Vm
Vac
RF = = FF 2 − 1 = 1.00082 − 1 = 0.04
Vdc
Pdc
TUF =
3Vs I s
Vm
3Vs I s = 3 × 0.707Vm × 0.7804 × 3 ×
R
1.654 2
TUF = = 0.9542
3 × 3 × 0.707 × 0.7804
280.7
Vm = = 169.7V
1.654
2π 0
2 π
Id = Im sin = 0 .3183 I m
π 6
The average current through each diode is
I d = 60 / 3 = 20 A
I m = 20 / 0.3183 = 62.83 A