james (jaj4329) – HW 10.3-10.

4 – rusin – (52435) 1
This print-out should have 12 questions. C. FALSE: θ incorrect.
Multiple-choice questions may continue on
the next column or page – find all choices 002 0.0 points
before answering.

001 0.0 points Which one of the following shaded regions

consists only of points whose polar coordi-
Which, if any, of nates satisfy the condition

A. (4, π/3) ,
5π π
B. (4, 7π/3) , − < θ ≤ − ?
4 8
C. (−4, 7π/6) ,
are polar coordinates for the point
√ given in
Cartesian coordinates by P (2, 2 3)?
1.
1. A only

2. B only

3. B and C only

4. C only

5. none of them

6. A and B only correct

2.
7. A and C only

8. all of them
Explanation:
To convert from Cartesian coordinates to
polar coordinates we use the relations:
x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ ,
so that
y
r 2 = x2 + y 2 , tan θ = .
x 3.
√
For the point P (2, 2 3) in Cartesian co-
ordinates, therefore, one choice of r and θ is
r = 4 and θ = π/3, but there are equivalent
solutions for r < 0 as well as values of θ dif-
fering by integer multiples of π. For the given
choices we thus see that
A. TRUE: solution noted already.
B. TRUE: differs from π/3 by 2π.
 james (jaj4329) – HW 10.3-10.4 – rusin – (52435) 2

4. correct

keywords:

5. 003 0.0 points

Find a Cartesian equation for the curve

given by the polar equation
r = 6 sin θ .

1. (x + 3)2 + y 2 + 9 = 0

2. x2 + (y − 3)2 + 9 = 0

3. x2 + (y + 3)2 + 9 = 0
6.
4. (x − 3)2 + y 2 + 9 = 0

5. (x − 3)2 + y 2 = 9

6. x2 + (y + 3)2 = 9

7. x2 + (y − 3)2 = 9 correct

8. (x + 3)2 + y 2 = 9
Explanation:
We have to replace r and θ in the polar
Explanation: equation
Since θ > 0 corresponds to rotating r = 6 sin θ
counter-clockwise around the origin, while
θ < 0 corresponds to rotating clockwise, we using the relations
see that the region of the plane specified by x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ .
As a first simplification, notice that
5π π
− < θ ≤ − r 2 = 6r sin θ .
4 8
But then
is the shaded region shown in x2 + y 2 = r 2 = 6r sin θ = 6y ,
 james (jaj4329) – HW 10.3-10.4 – rusin – (52435) 3
in which case which after cancellation gives the polar repre-
sentation
x2 + y 2 − 6y = 0 . r = 4 cos θ .
Consequently, by completing the square we
get the Cartesian equation 005 0.0 points

x2 + (y − 3)2 = 9 . Which one of the following polar functions

has graph

004 0.0 points

Find a polar representation for the curve

whose Cartesian equation is

(x − 2)2 + y 2 = 4 .

1. r = 4 cos θ correct

2. r + 4 cos θ = 0

3. r + 2 cos θ = 0
1. r = 2 sin θ correct
4. r + 4 sin θ = 0
2. θ = 2
5. r + 2 sin θ = 0
3. r = 2
6. r = 2 cos θ
4. r = 2 csc θ
7. r = 4 sin θ
5. r = 2 cos θ
8. r = 2 sin θ
Explanation: 6. r = 2 sec θ
We have to substitute for x, y in Explanation:
When the graph of a polar function cannot
(x − 2)2 + y 2 = 4 be determined directly, it is sometimes more
convenient to use the relations
using the relations
x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ ,
x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ .
to convert the polar form to Cartesian form
But after expansion the Cartesian equation and then use standard knowledge of Cartesian
becomes graphs. This is often the case with special
lines and circles, so let’s look at the six polar
x2 − 4x + 4 + y 2 = 4 . functions listed above.

Now x2 + y 2 = r 2 , so 1.In Cartesian form

2
r 2 − 4r cos θ = 0 , r = 2 sec θ =
cos θ
 james (jaj4329) – HW 10.3-10.4 – rusin – (52435) 4
becomes x = 2 and its graph is a vertical line
to the right of the origin. keywords: polar graph, polar function, line,
2. In Cartesian form Cartesian graph, circle

2 006 0.0 points

r = 2 csc θ =
sin θ
becomes y = 2 and its graph is a horizontal Use the graph in Cartesian coordinates
line lying above the x-axis.
3. After multiplication, r = 2 cos θ can be
r
written as

r 2 − 2r cos θ = 0 ,

which in Cartesian form becomes

x2 + y 2 − 2x = 0 , i .e., (x − 1)2 + y 2 = 1 . θ
π 2π
Its graph is a circle centered on the x-axis to
the right of the origin and passing through
the origin.
4. After multiplication, r = 2 sin θ can be
written as

r 2 − 2r sin θ = 0 ,

which in Cartesian form becomes of r as a function of θ to determine which

one of the following is the graph of the corre-
x2 + y 2 − 2y = 0 , i .e., x2 + (y − 1)2 = 1 . sponding polar function?

Its graph is a circle centered on the y-axis

above the origin and passing through the ori- 1.
gin.
5. Converting r = 2 to Cartesian form does
not help at all. Indeed, in terms of polar
coordinates, its graph consists of all points
distance 2 from the origin, i.e., its graph is a
circle centered at the origin having radius 2.
6. Converting θ = 2 to Cartesian form does
not help much. Indeed, in terms of polar
coordinates its graph consists of all points on
the line through the origin making an angle 2. correct
θ = 2 (in radians) with the the x-axis. This
line will have negative slope because π/2 <
theta < π when θ = 2.
Consequently, the given graph is that of the
polar function

r = 2 sin θ .
 james (jaj4329) – HW 10.3-10.4 – rusin – (52435) 5
inates all three of the ‘dimpled’ graphs.

3. We now need to look in detail at the Carte-

sian graph. It shows that

(a) r begins positive, increases briefly, then

decreases until the graph crosses the θ-axis,
as θ increases from 0 to π/2,

(b) r decreases and finally begins to in-

crease as θ increases from from π/2 to π.

4. Thus the polar graph has a local maximum

(furthest from the origin but maximum be-
cause r > 0) near θ = 0 and then decreases (r
less positive) until it passes through the origin
at θ = π/2. In addition

(c) r increases as θ increases from π to 2π,

and crosses the θ-axis at θ = 3π/2.

Thus the polar graph has a local minimum

5. (furthest from the origin but minimum be-
cause r < 0) near θ = π, and then passes
through the origin again. Consequently, its
graph is

6.

keywords: Cartesian graph, polar graph,

Explanation:
As the Cartesian graph of r crosses the θ- 007 0.0 points
axis, there are values of θ in [0, 2π] at which
r = 0; in particular, therefore, the polar graph
passes through the origin. This already elim- The shaded region in
 james (jaj4329) – HW 10.3-10.4 – rusin – (52435) 6

keywords: area, polar cooordinates, definite

integral, circle,

008 0.0 points

Find the area of the region bounded by the

polar curve

√
r = 7 ln θ + 3

as well as the rays θ = 1 and θ = e.

lies inside the polar curve r = 3 cos θ and 1
outside the polar curve r = 2 cos θ. Which of 1. area = (3e + 8)
2
the following integrals gives the area of this
1
region? 2. area = (3e + 4) correct
2
π/2 1
1
Z
1. I = 5 cos2 θ dθ 3. area = (3e + 8)
2 0
4
1
1
Z π/2 4. area = (3e + 4)
2. I = 5 cos2 θ dθ correct 4
2 −π/2
5. area = 3e + 4
Z π/2
3. I = cos θ dθ 6. area = 3e + 8
−π/2
Z π/2
Explanation:
4. I = 5 cos2 θ dθ The area of the region bounded by the
−π/2
graph of the polar function r = f (θ) as well
π/2
1
Z
5. I = cos θ dθ as the rays θ = θ0 , θ1 is given by the integral
2 0
π/2 θ1
1
Z
1
Z
6. I = cos θ dθ A = f (θ)2 dθ .
2 −π/2 2 θ0

Explanation:
As the graphs show, the polar curves inter- When
sect when
√
3 cos θ = 2 cos θ , f (θ) = 7 ln θ + 3 , θ0 = 1 , θ1 = e ,
i.e. at θ = ±π/2. Thus the area of the shaded
region is given by therefore, the area of the enclosed region is
thus given by the integral
1 π/2 n
Z o
2 2
I = (3 cos θ) −(2 cos θ) dθ .
2 −π/2
e √
1
Z
Consequently, A = ( 7 ln θ + 3)2 dθ
2 1
π/2
1
Z
e
1
Z
I = 5 cos2 θ dθ . = (7 ln θ + 3) dθ .
2 −π/2 2 1
 james (jaj4329) – HW 10.3-10.4 – rusin – (52435) 7
To evaluate this last integral we use Integra- Consequently,
tion by Parts, for then
1h ie 1 Z e 1 h −2θ i2 1
A = 7θ ln θ + 3θ − 7 dθ area = −e = (1 − e−4 ) .
2 1 2 1 4 0 4
1h ie
= 7θ ln θ − 4θ .
2 1 010 0.0 points
Consequently,
Find the area of the shaded-region inside
1
area = A = (3e + 4) . the polar curve
2
r = cos θ
009 0.0 points
Find the area of the region bounded by the shown in
polar curve
r = e−θ y
as well as the rays θ = 0 and θ = 2.
1
1. area = (1 − e−4 )
2
φ2 x
−4
2. area = 1 − e φ1

1
3. area = (1 − e−4 ) correct
4

4. area = 1 − e−2

1
5. area = (1 − e−2 ) when φ1 = π/6 and φ2 = π/4.
2
1 1 √
1 1. area = π + (2 + 3)
6. area = (1 − e−2 ) 48 16
4
Explanation: 1 1 √
2. area = π + (2 − 3)
The area of the region bounded by the 48 16
graph of the polar function r = f (θ) and
5 1 √
the rays θ = θ0 , θ1 is given by the integral 3. area = π + (2 + 3) correct
48 16
1 θ1
Z
A = f (θ)2 dθ . 1 1√
2 θ0 4. area = π+ 3
48 8
When
5 1√
f (θ) = e−θ , θ0 = 0 , θ1 = 2 , 5. area = π+ 3
48 8
therefore, the area of the enclosed region is √
5 1
thus given by the integral 6. area = π + (2 − 3)
48 16
1 2 −θ 2 1 2 −2θ
Z Z
A = (e ) dθ = e dθ .
2 0 2 0 Explanation:
 james (jaj4329) – HW 10.3-10.4 – rusin – (52435) 8
The area of the region bounded by the between the graphs of the spiral r = 6θ and
graph of the polar function r = f (θ) and the circle r = sin θ.
the rays θ1 and θ2 is given by the integral
1  2 
1. area = π 6π + 1
1 θ2 16
Z
A = f (θ)2 dθ.
2 θ1
1 
2. area = 12π 3 + 1
When 16

f (θ) = cos θ , θ1 = −φ1 , θ2 = φ2 , 1 

3. area = 12π 3 − 1
8
therefore,
1 
1
Z π/4 4. area = 12π 3 − 1
A = cos2 θ dθ . 16
2 −π/6
1  2 
On the other hand, 5. area = π 6π + 1
8
1 1  2
cos2 θ = (1 + cos 2θ) .

2 6. area = π 6π − 1 correct
8
Thus
Explanation:
π/4
1
Z
A = (1 + cos 2θ) dθ The area of a region bounded by the graphs
4 −π/6 of polar function r = f (θ) and r = g(θ) be-
iπ/4 tween the rays θ = θ0 , θ1 is given by the
1h 1 integral
= θ + sin 2θ .
4 2 −π/6
θ1
1
Z
Consequently, A = |f (θ)2 − g(θ)2| dθ .
2 θ0
5 1 √
area = π + (2 + 3) .
48 16 Now in the given example, θ0 = 0 while
θ1 = π/2. Thus the shaded region has

keywords: polar graph, polar integral, double π/2

1
Z
angle, area = (36θ 2 − sin2 θ) dθ .
2 0
011 0.0 points
On the other hand,
Find the area of the shaded region shown
in 1
sin2 θ = (1 − cos 2θ) .
2

Thus

1 π/2 1 1
Z
area = (36θ 2 − + cos 2θ) dθ
2 0 2 2
1h 1 1 iπ/2
= 12θ 3 − θ + sin 2θ
2 2 4 0
1 3 3 1
 
= π − π .
2 2 4
 james (jaj4329) – HW 10.3-10.4 – rusin – (52435) 9
Consequently, the shaded region has the indicated portion of its graph thus has arc
length
1  2 
area = π 6π − 1 . Z π q
8
L = (1 + cos θ)2 + sin2 θ dθ .
π/2
keywords: definite integral, polar integral,
But
area between curves, spiral, circle,
(1 + cos θ)2 + sin2 θ
012 0.0 points
= 1 + 2 cos θ + cos2 θ + sin2 θ
Find the arc length of the portion of the = 2(1 + cos θ) ,
graph shown as a solid curve in
so π
√ Z √
L = 2 1 + cos θ dθ .
π/2

To evaluate this last integral we need to elim-

inate the radical:
√ q
1 + cos θ = 2 cos2 (θ/2) .

Consequently
Z π
θ h θ iπ
L = 2 cos dθ = 4 sin ,
of the polar curve π/2 2 2 π/2
r = 1 + cos θ . in which case
√ √
1. arc length = 2 − 2 arc length = L = 2(2 − 2) .
√
2. arc length = 2(2 − 2) correct
keywords: arc length, polar graph, polar
3. arc length = 2 curve, trig function, radical, double angle for-
√ mula
4. arc length = 2
√
5. arc length = 2 2

6. arc length = 4
Explanation:
The arc length of a polar curve r = f (θ)
between θ = θ0 and θ = θ1 is given by the
integral
Z θ1 q
L = r 2 + f ′ (θ)2 dθ .
θ0

Now in the graph above, θ0 = π/2 while θ1 =

π. For
r = 1 + cos θ dθ