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 VACUUM CONSOLIDATION METHOD
APPLICATION ON SOFT SOIL IMPROVEMENT
 CONTENT
VACUUM CONSOLIDATION TECHNOLOGY
Introduce
Advantages
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Installation
Monitoring work
TYPICAL PROJECT
Successful projects
2x600 MW Thai Binh 2 Thermal Power Plant project
History of VCM technology

1952 Euro Japan China Thailand

Kjellman Menard VCM Shanghai Pudong

st
(1 introduce VCM) airport
Suvanabumi airport
Australia, Korea

2015 2008 2005

( > 10 projects with > 300ha SIW)

Viet Nam Viet Nam

(Widely applied by FECON) (Trial by Menard)
 VCM Technology

Geomembrane

Filtration pipe Surcharge

Coarse sand Pump

Ditch

Sand lens
Soft soil layer

Clay wall

PVD

Stiff clay

VCM technology (Original)

 VCM Technology

Geomembrane
Filtration pipe
Surcharge
Pump
Ditch

Sand lens
Soft soil layer

Clay wall

PVD

Stiff clay

VCM technology (Alternative – without Coarse

sand)
Advantages

Vacuum pressure 80kPa replaced for 4m of

surcharge
 Advantages

s =s’+u
u

u
Advantages

Outward Inward

Horizontal displacement
Advantages

(i )  30o
Su (i)  cu (initial )  s ' tan   40 Kpa

Increase shear strength of embankment layer

 Advantages

10 100 1.000 10.000 100.000

Time (day)

Without
vertical
Settlement (m)

50
drain
PVD+
Surcharge
100
PVD + Vacuum

150
Shorten consolidation time
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
 Site preparation and mobilization

Stage 1: Site cleaning and Mobilization of material and

equipment

PVD machine Clay mixing wall

machine Backhoe

Platform

Soft clay layer

Sand lens
Soft clay layer

Stiff clay layer

Stiff clay layer

 Site preparation and mobilization

Stage 1: Site cleaning and Mobilization of material and

equipment

Site cleaning Mobilization of material

and equipment
 PVDs installation

Stage 1: PVD installation

 Install Clay mixing wall and pipe system

Stage 1: Install clay mixing wall, horizontal filtration pipe

system Clay wall:
+ Thickness: 1.2m
+ Depth: under Sand lens layer at least
1.0m
Clay mixing wall
machine

Horizontal filtration pipe

Platform
Soft clay

Sand lens

Soft clay

Stiff clay
 Install Clay mixing wall and pipe system

Stage 1: Install clay mixing wall, horizontal filtration pipe

system
Horizontal filtration pipe

Clay mixing wall

PVD joint filtration
pipe
 Install horizontal filtration pipe

Stage 1: Install clay mixing wall, horizontal filtration pipe

system

PVD joint pipe

Pipe joint pipe

 Install monitoring instrument

Stage 1: Install monitoring instrument

Vacuum gauge
Surface Settlement plate

Extentsometer

Inclinometer Piezometer
Monitoring

Monitoring type Target

Surface settlement plate Monitor field settlement data, predict
total settlement, degree of
consolidation, residual settlement
Extensometer Monitor multi-depth settlement
(settlement of each soil layer)
Piezometer Monitor pore water pressure, degree
of consolidation.
Inclinometer Monitor horizontal displacement,
predict embankment stability
Tiltmeter On the ground or Building
 Install Geomembrane and Geotextile

Stage 1: Install 1st geotextile layer

Install 02 geomembrane layer

 Install Geo-membrane layers

Stage 1:

Bury Geo-membrane edges

 Install pump system

Stage 2:

Install pump system and

Vacuum running
 Surcharge filling

Stage 2:

Surcharge filling (if any)

 Completed VCM model

Piezometer
Settlement plate

Vacuum Gauge
Extensometer Inclinometer

Pump

PVDs

Geomembrane layer
(covered by 02 Geotextile layers)

Completed VCM model

Monitoring and report

Stability checking during soil

improvement
Tominaga-Hashimoto method

Kurihara method
Monitoring and report

Matsuo-Kawamura method

Settlement Pf : Fill loading at time of failure

(S) Pi : Fill loading at point of time

Failure Criteria Line

Danger line
 Monitoring and report

Back-analysis
Using Asaoka’s analysis to predict the consolidation degree and remain
settlement

Sult
Settlement at time t, Sn

SN

S3

S2

0
45

S1 S2 S3 SN-1
Settlement at time t-1, Sn-1
 Post-soil investigation

Stage 3: Post-soil investigation to assesse the result of soil improvement

work:

+ Boring and sampling

+ Standard penetration test (SPT)
+ Cone penetration test (CPT)
+ Vane shear test (VST)
+ Plate load test (PLT)
+ Laboratory test
TYPICAL PROJECT
Successful projects

PVTex Plant (10ha) 2008

NT2 Thermal power plant (15ha)
LPG Thi Vai (15ha) 2010

LP1 TPP (70ha) 2011

DuyenHai 1 TPP 2012 TB2 TPP
(26ha)
(65ha)
LTGD Express way (14ha) 2013 DH 3 TP
(45ha)
ĐQM-II urban road (16ha)
TB1 TPP (4.5ha) 2014

ĐQM-III urban road (10ha) 2015

4 Main roads Thu thiem urban (10ha) is on going
Cao Lanh Express way is on going

 More than 10 projects

 Over 300ha of SIW
Successful projects

Soft soil Construction

Location Area Design load Settlement
Year Project name thickness time Owner/Contractor
(province) (ha) (kPa) (m)
(m) (month)
2009 Nhon Trach 2 TPP Dong Nai 15 11 - 15 30-50 9 1.2-1.5 PVN/PVC

PVN/ PVC
2009 PVTex Plant Hai Phong 10 25 - 30 30-50 9 1.2-1.5
- Huyndai

2010 LPG Thi Vai Ba Ria - Vung Tau 15 17-20 30-50 9 1.5-2.0 PVN/PVC

2011 LP 1 TPP Soc Trang 70 17-20 30-80 13 1.5 - 2.4 PVN/ PTSC

2012 Duyen hai 1 TPP Tra Vinh 65 15-20 30-50 13 1.2-1.5 EVN

2012 Thai Binh 2 TPP Thai Binh 26 27-31 30-50 12 1.2-1.5 PVN/PVC

VEC/POSSCO
2013 LTGD HCM - Dong Nai 14 10-20 15 10 1.5-3.0
-CIENCO 6,8

2013 Duyen hai 3 TPP Tra Vinh 45 15-20 30-50 12 1.2-1.5 EVN

2013 DQM - II HCM city 16 15-20 15 10 1.5-2.0 DQM

EVN/ TOA
2014 Thai Binh 1 TPP Thai Binh 4.5 24-30 50 7 1.2-1.5
- MARUBENI

2015 DQM - III HCM city 10 15-20 15 10 DQM

4 Main roads of
2015 HCM city 10 15-20 15 10 DQM
Thu Thiem urban
Thai Binh 2 TPP project

Project: Thai Binh No.2 TPP (2 x 600 MW)

Location: Thai Binh (North Viet Nam)
Owner: Petro Viet Nam/ Contractor: PVC
SIW are: 26 ha.
Soft soil thickness: 27-30m
Design load: 30 - 50 kPa
Construction time: 13 months
(start 2012)
Thai Binh 2 TPP project
Thai Binh 2 TPP project

1.28m
Thai Binh 2 TPP project
Thai Binh 2 TPP project
Thai Binh 2 TPP project
Thai Binh 2 TPP project
Long Phu 1 TPP project (zone 1-a)
Thai Binh 2 TPP project
TRÂN TRỌNG CẢM ƠN!