Solar Distillation

PROJECT REPORT ON

“ SOLAR DISTILLATION”

PRESENTED BY

STUDENTS OF CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT

OF

L. D. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,AHMEDABAD

GUIDED BY:-
MRS.VANDANA GOJIYA
SUBMITTED BY:--
AYUSH SINGH
RITESH SHUDRA
VIRAJ SOLANKI
SAHIL SOJITRA
YASH BHATIYA

Department of chemical engineering

 Solar Distillation

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this momentous oppurtunity to express our heartliest

gratitude to vurnerable and highly esteemed guide MRS
VANDANA GOJIYA ,professor of chemical department for
providing us oppurtunity to present our project on “SOLAR STILL”
and providing us invaluable guide and wholeheartly cooperation
whenever we needed.

AYUSH SINGH(180280105050)
RITESH SHUDRA(180280105049)
SAHIL SOJITRA(180280105051)
VIRAJ SOLANKI(180280105052)

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 Solar Distillation

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ayush singh,Ritesh shudra,Yash

bhatiya,Viraj solanki,Sahil sojitra ,students of third
semester of chemical department ,during the academic
session 2019-2020 is working for their project under my
guidance entitled “SOLAR DISTILLATION”.Their project is
upto the mark.

Project Guide:-
Miss Vandana Gojiya
Professor
Chemical department

Signature:-

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 Solar Distillation

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION 01

II. HISTORY 02

III. SOLAR STILL 03

IV. ACTIVE SOLAR STILL 04

V. THEORY OF SOLAR STILL 05

VI. CONSTRUCTION 06

VII. SOLAR STILL IN PURIFICATION 06

VIII. WHY SOLAR STILL? 07

IX. WORKING 08

X. ADVANTAGES 09

XI. DISADVANTAGES 09

XII. CONCLUSION 10

XIII. REFERENCES 11

XIV. DAILY REPORT WITH

UPDATION OF CANVAS SHEETS
AND MIND MAP 12-20
1.

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 Solar Distillation

INTRODUCTION:

Solar distillation is the use of solar energy to evaporate water and collect its
condensate within the same closed system. Unlike other forms of water
purification it can turn salt or brackish water into fresh drinking water (i.e.
desalination). The structure that houses the process is known as a solar still
and although the size, dimensions, materials, and configuration are varied, all
rely on the simple procedure wherein an influent solution enters the system
and the more volatile solvents leave in the effluent leaving behind the salty
solute behind.
Solar distillation differs from other forms of desalination that are more energy-
intensive, such as methods such as reverse osmosis, or simply boiling water
due to its use of free energy.A very common and, by far, the largest example
of solar distillation is the natural water cycle that the Earth experiences.

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 Solar Distillation

HISTORY:

The earliest onset of solar energy use to desalinate water is widely accredited
to Aristotle during the fourth century B.C.E. Earlier attributions reference the
Bible & Moses’ use of a piece of wood to remove the “bitterness” from water (.
The first documented account of solar distillation use for desalination was by
Giovani Batista Della Porta in 1958.However, no solar distillation publication
of any repute leaves out the Father of solar distillation, Carlos Wilson, the
creator of the first modern sun-powered desalination plant, built in Las
Salinas (The Salts), Chile in 1872

Interest in solar distillation wavered for some time, until historical events
prompted further research and development. World War II was a great
catalyst for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to develop appropriate
solar stills for use in more remote areas of the world during emergencies.
These small solar stills were made to float on and collect saltwater to desalt
as they floated alongside life-boats and rafts. More significant studies into
solar distillation were carried out by the Office of Saline Water, a sector the
US government, in 1952. Many experiments were performed on different
conceptualizations of the solar still, including multiple-effect basins and the
application of condensers. This trend ended near the early 70's with the
advent of more lucrative desalination techniques like the aforementioned
reverse osmosis or multi-stage flash, a technique that involves a series of
stages where evaporation relies on lowering the pressure of each stage to
lower the boiling or "flashing" point of the water .Today, renewed enthusiasm
for solar distillation comes from individuals, communities, and organizations
seeking an appropriate technology that is cheap, simple, and conceivable in
rural settings

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 Solar Distillation

SOLAR STILL:

They are small devices containing saline water which simultaneously collect
solar energy, evaporate the water, and condensate the generated vapor. To
avoid confusion of terminology on solar stills, due to the variety of terminology
used in bibliography, we use the most common and widely accepted terms
which are described below.
Conventional solar still is a simple device as presented in Fig. 3.1. It is
termed “greenhouse type” as its operation is based on the greenhouse effect.
Other expressions are “roof type,” “tent type,” etc. It can be symmetrical
(double slope, Fig. 3.1A) or asymmetrical (single slope) as shown in Fig. 3.1B
and C.

Conventional, multiple effect solar stills are types of stills having more
than one effects into the still’s chamber, mostly small basin into the main one.
Evaporation surface is increased thus increasing the productivity.
Solar stills with wick. In these stills the black liner is replaced by a black
porous hydrophilic fabric, presenting large surface area to water flow. The
wicks are materials with high porosity that sucks water by capillary action.
Solar stills of various geometric forms are solar stills having various metric
and technical shapes and/or additional external or internal parts and in many
cases incorporate external or internal reflectors, focusing collectors, etc.
There is a big variety of solar still configurations having all possible geometric
forms.
According to operation mode, they are divided into:
•
Passive solar stills which are simple stills that accomplish their operation
without circulation of feed water. The basin is refilled early, every morning,
about sunrise time

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 Solar Distillation

•
Active solar stills are conventional or not conventional solar stills where the
water in the basin circulates, in very low flow rate, by the use of a pump,
running by height difference from a storage tank or usually by connection to a
solar collector (Belessiotis, eolss) which increases as well the salt water feed
temperature.

ACTIVE SOLAR STILLS:

Serious shortcomings of the passive solar distillation system are low

operating temperature and water production, inconvenient night operation,
and utilization of surplus heat. Therefore the idea of active solar still was
originated by Soliman (1976) [18]. Dozens of the active still design schemes
and studies have been done. The initiative solar still can be roughly divided
into some categories.

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 Solar Distillation

THEORY OF SOLAR STILL:

The immediate abstraction to make is to the Earth's natural system, but as it

was aforementioned, this is unjustified but only if one believes that the water
cycle on Earth is a non-complex concept. In "Understanding Solar Stills" it is
said,
"It takes a lot of energy for water to vaporize. While a certain
amount of energy is needed to raise the temperature of a
kilogram of water from 0 to 100 Celcius (C), it takes five and
one-half times that much to chnage it from water at 100°C to
water vapor at 100°C. Practically all this energy, however, is
given back when the water vapor condenses... This is the way
we get fresh water in the clouds from the oceans, by solar
distillation. All the fresh water on earth has been solar distilled."
The journey for a water molecule from the aqueous to gaseous phase is more
difficult to acquiesce than the eloquent writing above. As we will see a
tremendous factor will be the difference in temperature between the surface
water and that of the interface, be it glass or plastic. Some relevant equations
include:

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 Solar Distillation

Eqn. (1) from the above describes the instantaneous thermal efficiency in
relation to the evaporative heat transfer rate from the water surface to the
glass cover the solar radiation intensity. Eqn.(2) represents the evaporative
heat transfer rate from Eqn. (1) and its relationship to product of the
convective heat transfer coefficient from the water surface to glass difference
between the partial vapor pressure of water and gas. Eqn.(3) is the equation
for determining the monthly output of distillate. Eqn.(4) was developed to
describe the pay back period, np as a function of the Unacost, or the uniform
end-of-year annual amount with P being the initial cost and i the interest rate.

CONSTRUCTION:

Many different methods exist to build solar stills, the most rudimentary
involves digging a hole and more the more complex coming off of a
manufacturing line.
Common Materials List:

 insulation (usually under the basin)

 sealants
 piping and valves
 facilities for storage
 a reflector to concentrate sunlight
 structural components
 wicking fabrics
 blackened wood
 black jute
 black polyethylene

NEED OF SOLAR DISTILLATION IN WATER

PURIFICATION:-

Water purification, process by which undesired chemical compounds, organic

and inorganic materials, and biological contaminants are removed from water.
That process also includes distillation (the conversion of a liquid into vapour
to condense it back to liquid form) and deionization (ion removal through the
extraction of dissolved salts). One major purpose of water purification is to
provide clean drinking water. Water purification also meets the needs of
medical, pharmacological, chemical, and industrial applications for clean and
potable water. The purification procedure reduces the concentration of
contaminants such as suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae,
viruses, and fungi. Water purification takes place on scales from the large
(e.g., for an entire city) to the small (e.g., for individual households).

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 Solar Distillation

WHY SOLAR DISTILLATION OVER OTHER METHODS:-

The importance of solar distillation is directly associated with solar energy

which can be described as under:

Reduced Dependence on Fossil Fuels.    Solar energy production does not

require fossil fuels and is therefore less dependent on this limited and
expensive natural resource. Although there is variability in the amount and
timing of sunlight over the day, season and year, a properly sized and
configured system can be designed to be highly reliable while providing long-
term, fixed price electricity supply.
Environmental Advantages.    Solar power production generates electricity
with a limited impact on the environment as compared to other forms of
electricity production.
Matching Peak Time Output with Peak Time Demand.    Solar energy can
effectively supplement electricity supply from an electricity transmission grid,
such as when electricity demand peaks in the summer
Modularity and Scalability.    As the size and generating capacity of a solar
system are a function of the number of solar modules installed, applications
of solar technology are readily scalable and versatile.
Flexible Locations.    Solar power production facilities can be installed at the
customer site which reduces required investments in production and
transportation infrastructure.
Government Incentives.    A growing number of countries have established
incentive programs for the development of solar and other renewable energy
sources, such as (i) net metering laws that allow on-grid end users to sell
electricity back to the grid at retail prices, (ii) direct subsidies to end users to
offset costs of photovoltaic equipment and installation charges, (iii) low
interest loans for financing solar power systems and tax incentives; and
(iv) government standards that mandate minimum usage levels of renewable
energy sources.

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 Solar Distillation

WORKING OF A SOLAR STILL:

A still exactly work like that first the solar radiation strike with the water after
some time that water evaporates and condensate at the top of solar still which
is made of glass after some time due to gravitational force these droplets
collect to a container and can be utilized for several purposes.

the purification process involves two main processes including

 Evaporation
 Condensation

EVAPORATION

 Evaporation is the major process of still first the dirty water is poured
into a trough.
 It has a black bottom so that solar radiation which absorbs properly.
 When solar radiation strike with the water.
 Water starts converting its liquid state to a gas state.
 It evaporates towards the glass surface of solar still.

Condensation
 The second most important process of still is condensation the
evaporation and condensation of water to the top of solar still.
 glass and having a tilt angle toward the second trough of clean water.
 Evaporation of water makes droplet at the glass which is in a tilt
position.
 The collection is at second trough due to gravitational force.

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 Solar Distillation

ADVANTAGES:

 Provide a maintained pH level which is very close to natural water as

compared to other water purifiers.
 very cheap there is no cost of extra energy once you’re solar still is
manufactured you will get benefits without extra cost.
 Less hazardous because there is no any mechanical equipment.
 Works on free energy which we get from the sun hence there is a
record of Co2 emission.
 Water taste is claimed to be very good if we compare it with other
purifiers

DISADVANTAGES:
 The solar still doesn’t break down the bacteria’s.
 In solar still boiling process of water does not occur.
 Sun still produces a low quantity of water.
 It required time very much to produce less quantity of water.
 Large top glass may attract the bugs and insects

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 Solar Distillation

CONCLUSION
Today, seawater and brackish water desalination is a subject of concern of
many researchers all over the world. The recourse to the desalination by
distillation using solar energy represents an appreciable element of the water
resource and constitutes a realizable, simple, profitable, operational solution
technically. The present study, which is essentially experimental, is interested
in the effect of the internal parameters on a double slope plane solar still. In
this work, the solar still was conceived and realized by our team of research.
The experiments were carried out at different conditions. The variation of the
different operating parameters of the solar still has been studied. It is found
that the distillate production rate increases when the difference between the
temperature of water and glass decreases. Distillated water was also,
influenced by the presence of wind and the climatic changes which decrease
the amount of diffuse solar energy received by the brackish water. The
average yield of distilled water was 4 L/m2 /day.

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 Solar Distillation

REFERENCES

 www.sciencedirect.com
 www.slideshare.net.
 www.thesuntrackers.com
 www.appropedia.org
 www.wikipidea.org
 www.britannica.com
 www.energyinformative.org
 www.safewater.org

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 Solar Distillation

SOLAR DISTILLATION
PROJECT

DATE:- 9 to 14 september ,2019

VENUE:- LDCE Library,LD college of

engineering,Ahmedabad-15

TEAM: Chemical engineering

Ayush singh(180280105050)
Ritesh shudra(180280105049)
Viraj solanki(180280105052)
Sahil sojitra(180280105051)
Yash bhatiya(180284105001)

DAY 1:- ACQUIRING BASIC

KNOWLEDGE OF OUR PROJECT AND
DE

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 Solar Distillation

We were introduced to the topic in the laboratory.I

and my teammates searched on our topic
completely through various sources such as
internet and textbooks.after gaining the information
of the topic we went to our guidance faculty.She
guided us how to prepare notes of daily work of
respective DE laboratory.There after we prepared
notes on some basic points related to solar
distillation.We also visited the gtu portal to see
sample design engineering projects so that we
could get an idea regarding to our topic.

DAY 2:- LEARNING TO MAKE

CANVAS SHEET AND COMPLETED
THE IDEATION CANVAS

On this day we were introduced by our faculty how

to make canvas sheets also we have gone to some
of the sample sheets on the gtu portal so that we
can get an idea of how to start our project.After this
we went to the library and started to work on sheet
1 “THE IDEANAUT”.
We acquired revelant points regarding the topic
from various sources and collected them and there
after pasted the points in the sticky notes in the
canvas sheet and completed the sheet.

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 Solar Distillation

DAY 3:-HAND ON PROJECT

DEVELOPMENT CANVAS AND AEIOU
SUMMARY
We understood the purpose of our solar distillation
plant,how it works,what are its features how it is
operated.Aslo we came to know what are the
reasons of the rejection of solar stills.we
understood the components of which the solar still
is made up of,what are its functions and how to
deal with customers accordingly.

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Solar Distillation

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 Solar Distillation

DAY 4:- UNDERSTANDING

ACTIVITIES AND PREPARED STORY
BOARDING

On this day we understood the various activities

involve in a solar distillation plant.Also the
phenomenas which are taking place during solar
distillation process.we also gone to some of the
stories that were based on use of distillation
process and there by prepared stories based on
both positve and negative effects of solar
distillation.

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 Solar Distillation

DAY 5:-PREPARING MINDMAP AND

UNDERSTANDING VARIOUS
APPLICATIONS

Today we have a prepared a very effective and

short mindmap which helps one to understand the
details and purpose of our project in very lucid and

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 Solar Distillation

easy way.we aslo undergone through the wide

application and uses which solar distillation plant
have in various sectors and completed our project
thereby finally.

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