Fuel Processing Technology 91 (2010) 1235–1240

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Fuel Processing Technology

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / f u p r o c

Studies on corrosion control of naphtha fractions in overhead condensing system

using laboratory distillation device
R.C. Saxena ⁎, A. Jayaraman, R.K Chauhan, H.B. Goyal
Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun-248005, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Corrosion in the overhead condensing system of atmospheric distillation units is a common occurrence in
Received 20 February 2009 petroleum refineries worldwide. These corrosion problems are influenced by the presence of three phases:
Received in revised form 9 April 2010 vapours, liquid hydrocarbons and aqueous phase containing hydrochloric acid formed during distillation by
Accepted 14 April 2010
decomposition of chloride salts of calcium and magnesium.
Present studies highlight the corrosion control of naphtha fractions of Bombay High and Dubai crude oils in
Keyword:
laboratory distillation device by chemical treatment using various corrosion inhibitors having different
Refinery overhead systems
Distillation device
functional groups. These studies were carried out using two phase systems (aqueous–hydrocarbon) in the
Corrosion inhibitors distillation device having facilities for monitoring the corrosion and temperatures in vapour condensing
region and liquid condensate. Corrosion monitoring was carried out by potentiodynamic polarization
technique and dissolved iron analysis using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
(ICPAES). Experimental findings indicate that Dubai naphtha fraction is more corrosive in nature when
compared to Bombay High naphtha. This observation can also be explained on the basis of characterization of
both crude oils and their naphtha fractions. At normally recommended dosage level as in refinery overhead
systems, water soluble corrosion inhibitors are more effective than hydrocarbon soluble ones in the vapour
condensing region as well as in the liquid condensate of both naphtha fractions.
© 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Corrosion in the overhead condensing system of atmospheric
distillation units is a common occurrence in petroleum refineries
worldwide [1]. These corrosion problems are influenced by the
presence of three phases (liquid hydrocarbon, aqueous and vapour)
[2–4]. The aqueous phase contains hydrochloric acid which is formed
during distillation by decomposition of chloride salts of calcium and
magnesium present in crude oils.
Corrosion by hydrochloric acid is a primary problem in overhead
systems of crude distillation units. Analytical testing of numerous
crude unit overhead-condensate using ion-chromatography has
provided greater insight into the composition of both tail water as
well as the initial condensate [5]. It has been long recognized that
hydrochloric acid is the principal strong acid among all acids,
responsible for corrosion in the crude unit overhead [6]. The basic
variables which affect the overhead corrosion of atmospheric
distillation units are; temperature, corrodants and pH. The rate of
corrosion reaction is a function of pH which is lowest at the aqueous
⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: + 91 135 2525849; fax: + 91 135 2660202.
E-mail addresses: rcsaxena@iip.res.in, rcsaxena2211@rediff.com (R.C. Saxena).
dew point, when much of hydrochloric acid in the vapour migrates into
water phase.
The traditional method of controlling the corrosion is based on
maintaining the desired pH at the accumulator by injecting ammonia,
organic neutralizing amine and film forming corrosion inhibitors into
the overhead line. Corrosion inhibitors work at active sites, either by
blocking active cathodic or anodic reaction sites on the metal itself
through film formation.
Present laboratory studies highlight the control of corrosion in
overhead systems of atmospheric distillation unit by chemical
treatment using various selected corrosion inhibitors having different
functional groups.
2. Experimental methods and materials
2.1. Laboratory distillation device
A laboratory distillation device has been designed and fabricated
for the present studies [7,8]. This device comprises a distillation flask,
having means of thermo regulated heating, temperature probes and
stirrer, the said distillation flask being connected to a graduated
receiver provided with a means for condensing distillate vapours and
the said graduated receiver being provided at its top and bottom with
electrochemical corrosion monitoring probes and temperature probes
(Fig. 1).

0378-3820/$ – see front matter © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.04.003
1236 R.C. Saxena et al. / Fuel Processing Technology 91 (2010) 1235–1240

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of laboratory distillation device.

 R.C. Saxena et al. / Fuel Processing Technology 91 (2010) 1235–1240
2.2. Electrochemical corrosion monitoring probe
Based on literature, the electrochemical corrosion monitoring probes
were prepared in the laboratory [9]. The material for the electrodes can
be chosen from actual metals/alloys of the hydrocarbons processing
equipments for which the corrosion monitoring is needed. For the
present studies, carbon steel is chosen as the material of construction for
electrodes. The electrodes are separated using a suitable dielectric
material which embedded the electrode system for proper configura-
tion of electrochemical probe. The criteria for selecting the dielectric
material include its high ionic conductivity in addition to its excellent
metal adhesion. After extensive studies, phenol formaldehyde was
found to be the dielectric material of choice as it possesses high ionic
conduction and excellent metal adhesion [10]. Phenol formaldehyde
was prepared in the laboratory [11]. The electrode configuration
containing highly viscous phenol formaldehyde was cured in an air
oven at a temperature of 60–70 °C for a duration of 4 to 6 h.
2.3. Instrumentation
2.3.1. Electrochemical polarization
These studies were carried out using Electrochemical Measure-
ment Unit model, SI 1280, Solartron Analytical, UK. Measurements are
made of the voltage and current acting in an electrochemical “cell”,
whose basic form is a pair of metal electrodes (electrochemical
corrosion monitoring probe) immersed in an electrolyte.
During electrochemical polarization potential–logarithmic corrosion
current curves were periodically recorded at a scan rate of 5Mv/sec in
the absence and presence of corrosion inhibitors with a time interval of
half an hour between two consecutive polarizations. The corrosion
current values were obtained from linear interpolation of cathodic and
anodic potential–logarithmic current curves, corresponding to each
experiment using the Tafel intercept method.
2.3.2. Dissolved iron analysis
Most iron count data indicate relative corrosion behaviour of any
corroding system and this data can also be considered measure of the
solubility of ferrous ions at a particular pH. Long duration experiments
for 6 h were conducted in the distillation device wherein carbon steel
coupons were installed in the vapour condensing zone in order to
determine quantitatively the dissolved iron in the liquid condensate
using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer
(ICPAES), model DRE PS(3000) UV, Leeman Labs Inc., (USA).
2.4. Corrosive fluids
Two phases; aqueous–hydrocarbon binary liquid systems (where-
in the pH of the aqueous phase was adjusted to a level of 4.0 using
hydrochloric acid) were used for the present studies. The hydrocarbon
systems used in the corrosion inhibitor studies were IBP-150 °C
naphtha fractions from Bombay High and Dubai crude oils. These crude
oils were procured in their uninhibited and untreated form. Initially
these crude oils were subjected to preliminary physicochemical
characterization. For bulk preparation of IBP-150 °C naphtha fraction,
these crude oils were subjected to batch distillation unit. Both naphtha
fractions were characterized for detailed physicochemical properties.
2.5. Corrosion inhibitors
Various pure organic chemicals, known to be corrosion inhibitors
for hydrocarbon systems were subjected for these studies (Table 1)
[12]. Among all chemicals, only fatty amine salt was synthesized in the
laboratory [13,14]. Although propargyl alcohol and 1-octyne-3ol are
not used in the refinery overhead corrosion control, they were chosen
as acid corrosion inhibitors to determine their behaviour in multi-
phase corrosive environment.
1237
Table 1
Details of various organic chemicals used as corrosion inhibitors.
Chemicals Source Solubility
Propargyl alcohol Fluka Water soluble
1-octyn-3-ol Aldrich Hydrocarbon soluble
Dodecylamine Aldrich Hydrocarbon soluble
Amine salt of fatty acid Synthesized Hydrocarbon soluble
Ethynylcyclohexylamine Aldrich Water soluble
Sodium petroleum sulfonate Commercial Water soluble
Pentaethylenehexamine Aldrich Water soluble
Triethylenepentamine Ridel Water soluble
Triethylenetetramine Ridel Water soluble
2.6. Experimental procedure
2.6.1. Corrosion studies in laboratory distillation device by
electrochemical probe
Blank corrosion studies were carried out using uninhibited naphtha
fractions containing varying quantities of aqueous hydrochloric acid of
pH 4.0. Quantity of aqueous hydrochloric acid of pH 4.0 was optimized
by variation (5 to 15%) for obtaining optimum blank corrosion data.
During the studies, 500 ml hydrocarbon–aqueous (pH 4.0) mixture
was poured into the distillation flask. Two pre-etched (using 15%
hydrochloric acid) electrochemical probes were exposed in liquid
condensate and vapour condensing region. When distillation device is
completely assembled, heating was slowly started with moderate
stirring. When vapours started condensing, potential–logarithmic
current behaviour was monitored (at an interval of 30 min each up to
2 h), in vapour and liquid condensates using electrochemical probes
connected to Electrochemical Measurement Unit model, SI 1280. After
the completion of the experiment aqueous phase of the fluid is
separated using separating funnel for monitoring the pH of the
aqueous hydrochloric acid. Corrosion inhibitor studies were carried
out using 5% aqueous hydrochloric acid of pH 4.0 in naphtha fractions
due to its higher corrosive behaviour. For corrosion inhibitor studies,
dosage levels of corrosion inhibitors were selected at 2, 3 and 5 ppm
because they are the same as the normally recommended dosage
levels in refinery overhead systems. Corrosion inhibitors were initially
added to naphtha–aqueous system at their respective dosage level.
2.6.2. Dissolved iron analysis in laboratory distillation device ICPAES
Long duration experiments for 6 h in the distillation device
wherein carbon steel coupons were installed in the vapour condensing
zone were carried out using uninhibited naphtha fractions containing
varying quantity (5 to 15%) of aqueous hydrochloric acid of pH 4.0. In
addition, studies were also carried out using various corrosion
inhibitors at 5 ppm dosage level each.
3. Results and discussion
Physicochemical characteristics of both Bombay High and Dubai
crude oils reveal that Dubai crude has higher density, sulphur content,
kinematic viscosity and chloride content than Bombay High crude,
where as Bombay High crude shows higher water content, pour point
and, bottom sediment and water than Dubai crude (Table 2). Sulphur
content and chloride content are parameters which usually play an
important role for causing corrosion during distillation whereas,
water content and, bottom sediment and water are removed up to the
maximum extent before distillation. The presence of chloride in acidic
systems increases the corrosion rate of iron which is proportional to
the chloride ion concentration raised to about the 0.5 power [15].
Physicochemical characteristics of both naphtha fractions show that
Dubai naphtha fraction has higher sulphur content than Bombay High
naphtha fraction. Sulphur content of the naphtha fraction can be an
important factor for predicting corrosive behaviour during distillation
(Table 2) [16]. FIA analysis shows that Bombay High naphtha fraction
1238 R.C. Saxena et al. / Fuel Processing Technology 91 (2010) 1235–1240

Table 2 when compared to the vapour phase. This observation can be

Physicochemical characteristics of Bombay High and Dubai crude oils and their naphtha explained by the role of the hydrocarbon phase in affecting the
fractions.
corrosion behaviour in the two-phase hydrocarbon–water system
Physicochemical characteristics Bombay High Dubai Test method (Table 4). Moreover in the liquid condensate, hydrochloric acid is in
crude crude the liquid state which is more corrosive as compared to the vapour
Crude Oils phase. Table 4 also indicates that naphtha fraction of Bombay High
Density at 15 ° C 0.8350 0.8773 ASTM D1298 crude exhibited lower corrosion current (0.59 μA), when compared to
Water content 2.5 Nil ASTM D 95
the Dubai crude (7.4 μA) with 5% aqueous phase of pH 4.0. Since the
Sulphur content, wt.% 0.11 1.9 ASTM D4294
Kinematic viscosity, at 40 °C 3.61 10.27 ASTM D 465 temperature of the vapour phase for both these distillate cuts is
Pour point, °C + 27 –3 ASTM D 97 identical (66 °C), the lower value of corrosion current may probably
Chloride content, ppm 15.3 34.2 UOP 588 be due to the higher aromatic content of the former, which is likely to
Bottom sediment and water, vol.% 0.7 0.2 ASTM D4007 provide inhibition through adsorption on the metal surface. Since, the
type of sulphur compounds and not the total sulphur content
Naphtha fractions
Specific gravity, 15 °C/15 °C 0.7550 0.7232 IP/ 365/97 determines the overhead corrosivity, two sulphur compounds viz.
Sulphur, ppm 16.8 122.0 ASTM D4294 2-butylthiophene and 2-methylthiophene have been detected in
Copper strip 1 1 ASTM D 130 Dubai naphtha fraction and are responsible for its elevated corrosion
Water content, ppm 62.0 47.0 ASTM D 95
behaviour. Moreover, other physicochemical characteristics of both
FIA Analysis ASTM D1319
Aromatics 23.6 27.6 BH and Dubai crude oils and their respective naphtha fractions
Saturates 76.4 72.4 suggest that Dubai naphtha fraction is likely to behave more corrosive
when compared to Bombay High naphtha fraction. While studying the
effect of varying content of aqueous phase of pH 4.0 it was observed
that with 5% aqueous phase of pH 4.0, maximum corrosion occurred in
both vapour phase and liquid phase. In view of these findings, it was
has more saturates than Dubai naphtha fraction. Dubai naphtha fraction decided to carry out inhibitor studies using 5% aqueous phase of pH
contains more percentage of C6 normal paraffins where as Bombay High 4.0 in overhead distillation device.
naphtha fraction has more percentage of C7 normal paraffins. This Corrosion current data for vapour phase and liquid condensate of
indicates higher corrosive behaviour of Dubai naphtha fraction as both naphtha fractions with 5% aqueous phase (pH 4.0) containing 3,
shorter paraffin chain is more corrosive when compared to longer 4 and 5 ppm corrosion inhibitor each highlight the response of
paraffin chain (Table 3). Bombay High naphtha fraction has more inhibitor dosage level (Tables 5 and 6). Among acetylenic alcohols
aromatic content which suggest less corrosive behaviour of Bombay propargyl alcohol is showing better inhibiting efficiency in Bombay
High naphtha fraction because higher aromatic content is likely to High naphtha fraction whereas 1-octynol-3-ol is showing better
provide inhibition through adsorption on the metal surface (Table 3). No inhibiting efficiency in Dubai naphtha fraction. Among hydrocarbon
sulphur compound was detected in Bombay High naphtha fraction soluble filming amine viz. dodecylamine and amine salt of fatty acid,
whereas two sulphur compounds viz. 2-butylthiophene and 2- dodecylamine is performing better in Bombay High naphtha fraction
methylthiophene have been detected in Dubai naphtha fraction, but amine salt of fatty acid is showing better results in Dubai naphtha
which are likely to cause corrosion during distillation of petroleum fraction. Because of high molecular weight, filming inhibitors are not
products in refining processes (Table 3) [17]. These findings hint at volatile in an overhead system. They follow the path of condensed
higher corrosivity of Dubai naphtha fraction. hydrocarbon through the series of heat exchangers following their
Blank corrosion current data of both naphtha fraction–aqueous injection. There is a surface adsorption/desorption steady state
systems (pH 4.0) by electrochemical polarization technique indicate established, which varies based on the aggressiveness of corrosion
that corrosion current data in the liquid condensate was always high in the system and the inhibitor concentration [18]. Literature indicates
that the inhibitors are effective only when the pH of the condensate
water is slightly acidic [19]. While studying the effectiveness of water
soluble neutralizing amines in vapour phase, pentaethylenehexamine
Table 3 was found to be most efficient in controlling corrosion for both
Carbon range, aromatic components and sulphur compounds of naphtha fractions using naphtha fractions. Triethylenetetramine shows better efficiency with
gas chromatography techniques.
Bombay High naphtha fraction when compared to Dubai naphtha
Bombay High naphtha Dubai naphtha fraction under identical conditions. The literature indicates that water
Carbon range soluble neutralizing amines are the current state of the art corrosion
Up to C6, % 46.7 50.8 inhibitors in distillation units [20].
Up to C7, % 49.6 40.9
Up to C8, % 3.3 8.0
Up to C9, % 0.4 0.3
Total 100 100
Table 4
Aromatic components, % Blank corrosion behaviour of naphtha–aqueous system (pH 4.0) in absence of corrosion
Benzene, 6.1 1.3 inhibitors.
Toluene 9.5 3.0
Mixture of: 7.0 2.8 Percentage of Corrosion current, µA after 2 h: by Iron content, mg/l
Ethyl benzene aqueousphase electrochemical method after 6 h: by
p-xylene in naphtha ICPAES
m-xylene fraction Liquid condensate Vapour phase at Liquid condensate
o-xylene 1.0 0.5 at 30 °C 66 °C
C9 0.2 0.1
Bombay Dubai Bombay Dubai Bombay Dubai
Total 23.8 7.7
High High High
Sulphur compunds 5 70.0 70.0 0.59 7.4 0.57 0.85
– 2-butylthiophene 10 40.0 60.0 0.50 7.1 0.26 0.69
– 2-methylthiophene 15 35.0 64.0 0.57 6.5 0.17 0.50
 R.C. Saxena et al. / Fuel Processing Technology 91 (2010) 1235–1240 1239

Table 5
Corrosion current data of distillation studies using Bombay High naphtha with 5%
aqueous phase (pH 4.0) by electrochemical polarization technique after 2 h.

Corrosion inhibitors Corrosion current, µA

Liquid condensate at Vapour phase 66 °C

30 °C

3 ppm 4 ppm 5 ppm 3 ppm 4 ppm 5 ppm

None 70.0 70.0 70.0 0.59 0.59 0.59

Propargyl alcohol 57.0 53.0 51.0 0.18 0.16 0.14
1-octyn-3-ol 40.0 37.0 35.0 0.28 0.25 0.23
Dodecylamine 57.0 54.0 48.0 0.34 0.32 0.30
Fatty acid amine salt 34.0 31.0 26.0 0.28 0.27 0.24
Sodium petroleum sulfonate 31.0 27.0 25.0 0.41 0.39 0.37
Pentaethylenehexamine 23.0 21.0 18.0 0.14 0.11 0.10
Triethylenepentamine 34.0 32.0 30.0 0.40 0.39 0.35
Triethylenetetramine 30.0 28.0 26.0 0.17 0.14 0.13

In the case of liquid condensate 1-octynol-3-ol is showing better

inhibiting efficiency in both naphtha fractions. In the category of
hydrocarbon soluble amines viz. dodecylamine and amine salt of fatty
Fig. 2. Carbon steel coupons subjected for dissolved iron analysis in blank naphtha
acid, amine salt of fatty is performing better in both naphtha fractions.
fractions containing 5% aqueous phase.
Water soluble neutralizing amine pentaethylenehexamine is again
showing best results with Bombay High IBP-150 °C naphtha fraction
and triethylenetetramine is moderately inhibiting in the same
naphtha fraction. However, triethylenepentamine is intermediately
performing better in both naphtha fractions. 4. Conclusions
Dissolved iron analysis of liquid condensate of pH 4.0 without
containing corrosion inhibitor after six hours distillation experiment Dissolved iron investigations of liquid condensate obtained by
using ICPAES method reveals that dissolved iron in Dubai naphtha is ICPAES method in absence and presence of corrosion inhibitors, were
detected at higher levels than Bombay High. This observation can be found to be in agreement with corrosion current data generated using
explained on the basis of physicochemical characteristics of Dubai electrochemical polarization technique in laboratory distillation
naphtha, responsible for its elevated corrosion behaviour (Table 4, device. As indicated by characterization of crude oils and their
Fig. 2). While studying the effect of varying percentage of aqueous naphtha fraction, naphtha fraction of Dubai crude was observed to be
phase, it was observed that with 5% aqueous phase, maximum iron more corrosive in overhead condensing system using laboratory
content was detected in both naphtha fractions which were found to distillation device. Water soluble neutralizing amine viz. pentaethy-
be in agreement with blank corrosion current data obtained using lenehexamine was found to be the most effective in controlling
electrochemical polarization technique (Table 4). The reduction in corrosion in overhead condensing systems and liquid condensate for
iron content in the liquid condensate containing the inhibitor both Bombay High and Dubai naphtha fractions.
(Table 7) gives an idea about its effectiveness. While comparing
iron content data (Table 8) with corrosion current in vapour phase
(Table 9), it can be easily observed that all the corrosion inhibitors are Acknowledgement
performing in similar trend with both fractions. The iron content in
the case of water soluble corrosion inhibitor, particularly pentaethy- The authors gratefully acknowledge the constant encouragement
lenehexamine was not within the detectable limits of the ICPAES. This given by the Director, Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, during
observation indicates that these chemicals are more effective than the course of these studies.
hydrocarbon soluble ones in controlling the corrosion in the
laboratory distillation device [21].

Table 7
Table 6 Corrosion inhibitor efficiencies after 2 h in liquid condensate during distillation studies
Corrosion inhibition data of distillation studies using Dubai naphtha with 5% aqueous of naphtha fractions with 5% aqueous phase (pH 4.0) using electrochemical polarization
phase (pH 4.0) by electrochemical polarization technique after 2 h. technique.

Corrosion Inhibitors Corrosion current, µA Corrosion inhibitors Corrosion inhibitor efficiencies, %

Liquid condensate at Vapour phase 66 °C Bombay High naphtha Dubai naphtha fraction
30 °C fraction

3 ppm 4 ppm 5 ppm 3 ppm 4 ppm 5 ppm 3 ppm 4 ppm 5 ppm 3 ppm 4 ppm 5 ppm

None 70.0 70.0 70.0 7.4 7.4 7.4 None – – – – – –

Propargyl alcohol 58.0 56.0 55.0 4.3 4.1 3.7 Propargyl alcohol 18.57 24.29 27.14 17.14 20.00 21.43
1-octyn-3-ol 32.0 30.0 28.0 3.1 2.9 2.5 1-octyn-3-ol 42.86 47.14 50.00 54.29 57.14 60.00
Dodecylamine 53.0 52.0 50.0 3.4 3.2 2.7 Dodecylamine 18.57 22.86 31.43 24.29 25.71 28.57
fatty acid amine Salt 31.0 28.0 26.0 4.7 4.5 4.4 Fatty acid amine salt 51.43 55.72 62.85 55.71 60.00 62.86
Sodium petroleum sulfonate 28.0 26.0 25.0 3.0 2.8 2.4 Sodium petroleum Sulfonate 55.71 61.43 64.28 60.00 62.86 64.29
Pentaethylenehexamine 44.0 42.0 41.0 2.2 2.1 1.8 Pentaethylenehexamine 67.14 70.00 74.29 37.14 40.00 41.43
Triethylenepentamine 29.0 27.0 26.0 6.5 6.3 5.9 Triethylenepentamine 51.43 54.29 57.14 58.57 61.43 62.86
Triethylenetetramine 39.0 36.0 34.0 5.5 5.4 5.0 Triethylenetetramine 57.14 60.00 62.86 44.29 48.57 51.43
1240 R.C. Saxena et al. / Fuel Processing Technology 91 (2010) 1235–1240

Table 8 [2] R.C. Saxena, H.B. Goyal, J. Nand, A. Jayaraman, Development of the device for
Dissolved iron content analysis of liquid condensate of naphtha fractions with 5% monitoring corrosion in overhead systems of hydrocarbon distillation units, Proc.
aqueous phase (pH 4.0) containing 5 ppm of corrosion inhibitor each after six hours Int. Conf. on Corrosion and its Mitigation, CORCON, NACE India, New Delhi, 2004.
[3] R.C. Saxena, J. Nand, A. Jayaraman, Laboratory studies on the corrosion of refinery
distillation using ICPAES method.
overhead distillation units, Corrosion Prevention & Control (UK) 47 (2) (2000)
Corrosion inhibitors Iron content, mg/l 43–49.
[4] R.C. Saxena, R.K. Chauhan, J. Nand, A. Jayaraman, Laboratory studies on the
Bombay High naphtha Dubai naphtha corrosion inhibition of refinery overhead distillation units, Proc. CORCON 2000,
fraction fraction Corrosion Meet & Global Maintenance Show, Nov.2000, Mumbai, India, 2000,
pp. 87–92.
None 0.57 0.85 [5] J.R. Rue, D.P. Naeger, Advances in crude unit corrosion control, Corrosion'81, The
Propargyl alcohol 0.14 0.34 NACE Int. Conf., National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Mar, San Francisco,
1-Octyn-3-ol 0.31 0.31 California, USA, 1987, Paper No. 199.
Dodecylamine 0.30 0.33 [6] R.D. Merrick, T. Auerbach, Crude unit overhead corrosion control, Mater. Perform
Fatty acid amine salt 0.25 0.39 (USA) 22 (9) (1983) 15.
Sodium petroleum sulfonate 0.42 0.40 [7] A. Jayaraman, R.C. Saxena, S. Portion, A device useful for evaluating corrosion
Pentaethylenehexamine Nil Nil inhibitors used for corrosion control of overhead distillation units, Indian Patent
Triethylenepentamine 0.39 0.51 No. 1863/DEL/97, 1997.
Triethylenetetramine 0.11 0.47 [8] R.C. Saxena, R.K. Chauhan, J. Nand, A. Jayaraman, Inhibitor screening test for
refinery overhead systems, Mater. Perform. (USA) 41 (5) (2002) 36–39.
[9] A. Jayaraman, R.C. Saxena, Corrosion monitoring studies by electrochemical
device in non aqueous hydrocarbon system, in: A.S. Khanna, M.K. Totlani (Eds.),
in: S.K. Singh (Ed.), Corrosion and Its Control, Vol. 2, Elsevier Science B.V, The
Netherlands, 1998, pp. 477–483.
[10] B. Golding, in: D. Van (Ed.), Polymers and Resins, Nostrad Company Inc, USA,
Table 9 1959, p. 119.
Corrosion inhibitor efficiencies after 2 h. in vapour phase during distillation studies of [11] A.I. Vogel, Practical Organic Chemistry, Longman (1959) 1022.
naphtha fractions with 5% aqueous phase (pH 4.0) using electrochemical polarization [12] A. Jayaraman, R.C. Saxena, Corrosion inhibitors for hydrocarbon systems, in: A.
technique. Raman, P. Labine (Eds.), Reviews on Corrosion Inhibitor Science & Technology,
Vol. 2, NACE, Houston, Texas, USA, 1996, p. VI-I-18.
Corrosion inhibitor efficiencies, % [13] Savita Kaul, R.C. Saxena, Bir Sain, A. Jayaraman, V.K. Bhatia, Corrosion Inhibitor
Corrosion Inhibitors Formulation Useful for Temporary Protection of Metals and alloys of Gas Turbine
Bombay High naphtha Dubai naphtha fraction
Engine Parts During Overhauling and Maintenance, Indian Patent No. 0962/
fraction DEL/2000, 2000.
3 ppm 4 ppm 5 ppm 3 ppm 4 ppm 5 ppm [14] Savita Kaul, R.C. Saxena, Bir Sain, A. Jayaraman, V.K. Bhatia, Studies on corrosion
preventive formulations for the gas turbine engine parts during overhaul and
None – – – – – – maintenance, in: A.S. Khanna, K.S. Sharma, A.K. Sinha (Eds.), Emerging Trends in
Propargyl alcohol 69.49 72.88 76.27 41.89 49.31 55.29 Corrosion Control, Akademia Books International, New Delhi, 1999, pp. 585–594.
1-octyn-3-ol 52.54 57.63 55.93 58.11 67.24 73.22 [15] A. Jayaraman, R.C. Saxena, Corrosion inhibitors for hydrocarbon systems,
Dodecylamine 42.37 45.76 49.15 54.05 62.76 70.23 Corrosion'96, The NACE Int. Conf., National Association of Corrosion Engineers,
Fatty acid amine salt 52.54 54.24 59.32 36.49 43.33 44.83 Houston TX USA, 1996, Paper No. 96221.
Sodium petroleum Sulfonate 30.51 33.90 37.29 59.46 68.73 74.71 [16] A. Jayaraman, R.C. Saxena, Corrosion and its control in petroleum refineries — a
Pentaethylenehexamine 76.27 81.36 83.05 70.27 79.19 83.68 review, Corrosion Prevention & Control (UK) 42 (6) (1995) 123–131.
Triethylenepentamine 32.20 33.90 40.68 12.16 16.44 22.41 [17] J.S.S. Damste, A.C. Kock-Van Dalen, J.W.D. Leeuw, P.A. Schenck, Identification of
homologous series of alkylated thiophenes, thianes and benzothophenes present
Triethylenetetramine 71.18 76.27 77.96 26.68 29.88 35.86
in pyrolysate of sulphur kerogens, J. Chromatogr. 435 (1988) 423–452.
[18] R.C. Saxena, H.B. Goyal, Corrosion inhibition in hydrocarbon handling systems,
Proc. 14th LAWPSP Symp. Mumbai, India, 2004, pp. FF 201–FF 206.
[19] R.J. Jasinski, K.D. Effird, Electrochemical corrosion probe for high resistivity
hydrocarbon/water mixture, Corrosion 44 (9) (1988) 658–663.
References [20] E.C. French, New inhibitor reduces crude-unit corrosion problems at lower pH, Oil
Gas J. 91 (21) (1993) 45–53.
[1] J.R. Rue, G.A. Hoffman, Neutralizing amines for crude unit corrosion control — an [21] R.C. Saxena, H.B. Goyal, Laboratory studies on corrosion control in atmospheric
update, Corrosion'81, The NACE Int. Conf, National Association of Corrosion overhead systems, Proc. Fourteenth National Congress on Corrosion Control,
Engineers, Houston TX USA, 1981, Paper No. 49. Hyderabad, India, 2008.