Socio Economic Characheristics and Acces

International Journal of Information Technology and Business Management
th
29 November 2016. Vol.54th No.1
© 2012-2016 JITBM & ARF. All rights reserved
ISSN 2304-0777 www.jitbm.com
SOCIO – ECONOMIC CHARACHERISTICS AND ACCESS OF RURAL FARMERS

TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AMONG IFEDORE
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ONDO STATE, NIGERIA.
1
Folayan Opeoluwa Florence, 2 Folayan Ifeoluwa Mary, 3Folayan Joshua Adio
1
Department of Economics and Business Management, Afe Babalola University, P.M.B 5454, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
2
Internal Audit Department, Vice Chancellor’s Office, Afe Babalola University, P.M.B 5454, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
3
College of Agricultural Sciences, Joseph Ayo Babalola University Ikeji – Arakeji P.M.B 5006, Ilesha Osun
State, Nigeria
1 2 3
Email: hopeoluwaf@yahoo.co.uk , folayanifeoluwa@gmail.com, foldio2000@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
The study examined Socio-Economic characteristics and access to information and communication technologies
(ICTs) among rural farmers in Ifedore Local Government Area of Ondo state. It also assessed the factors
influencing accessibility of ICTs for sourcing agricultural information in the study area. A total of one hundred
and twenty farmers were randomly selected from six towns that were purposively chosen. Data were collected using
a well-structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage as well
as assessing the factors influencing accessibility of ICTs. About 70% of the respondents are male; 30% of them are
60 years old and above. Eighty six point seven percent (86.7%) were educated up to secondary school level,
inheritance was the major mode of farmland acquisition while most of them had family size of 5 and below. The
study concluded that ICTs exist in the study area and the farmers were well aware of them but were faced with
various challenges in their usage of these technologies. The following recommendations were made: rural farmers,
especially old and illiterate ones, should be enlightened/educated on how to use ICTs to achieve maximum benefits;
and ICT service centres should be established in rural areas.
INTRODUCTION shown that ICTs play a significant role in a country’s

development and the strategic applications of ICTs to
Agriculture and ICTs in Nigeria the agricultural sector which is most African
countries, offers the best opportunity for economic
African Countries remain predominantly growth and poverty alleviation on the continent.
operational with the sector accounting for roughly
15% of the continent’s GDP employing 90% of the The share of Agriculture in GDP in many
rural workforce and 60% of the total labour force African Countries is much smaller often 20% or less
(Urban plus Rural) contributing as much as 40% of indicating low productivity levels in the sector (
export earnings providing over 50% of household UNDP 2001). Despite the role played by agriculture
needs and income (UNDP 2001). in development in Africa, agricultural production
and yield have lagged far behind those in developed
According to Sanda (2013), over the past countries over the past few decades. The poor
two decades Africa has experienced the fastest performance of this sector is to a greater extent has
growth in the global telecommunications market, been attributed to the underutilization of improved
especially due to the tremendous growth of the agriculture technologies which has remained
mobile telecommunications sector. Studies have
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relatively low in developing countries since 1970s of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), it is the
(Nwankwo, 2001). It should also be noted that a largest non-oil export earner, a key contributor to
critical force in transforming agricultural in wealth creation and poverty reduction, the largest
countries such as China and Korea was the employer of labour. In West and Central Africa,
investment in Information and Communication agriculture has continued to play a dominant role in
Technologies (ICTs) apart from their emphasis on food production, provision of raw materials for
agricultural research and extension, irrigation industries, employment for the majority of the
systems and storage facilities which are essential populace, foreign exchange earnings, which are
factors for raising productivity and increasing used in financing development activities (Nkamleu
income for the poor (UNDP 2001). et al, 2010).
Efficient value chains depends on the efficient and
systematic flow of relevant information which in Information Needs of Farmers in Nigeria
turn depends on the existence of an efficient and Information needs are construed in the sense of data
reliable ICT could infrastructure and the associated or a set of data specially required, enabling the user
services to connect to a diverse range of to make an appropriate decision on any related
stakeholders the agricultural value chain. Achugbue problem at any particular, time (Solomon, 2002).
et al 201 Submitted that ICT is provide a unique Information is needed because it affects individuals’
opportunity to facilitate agricultural related living activities. Information is essential for
technological adoption and access provision of facilitating agricultural and rural development and
information on markets and market prices, weather, bringing about social and economic change. But it is
transportation and agricultural techniques. sad to know that most African countries have not
devoted adequate attention to providing their
Nigeria is mainly an agricultural economy citizens with access to information especially in
and Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of rural areas, where 70-80% of the African population
Nigeria as it employs over 75% of the population resides (Youcleowei, et al, 1996).
(Lawal and oluyole, 2008). It was among the Problem Statement
world’s leading producers of Cocoa, Palm oil, This study is designed to answer the questions of
Groundnuts, Cotton, Rubber and Hides and Skin. socio – economic characteristics, and the factors
Oni (2009) reported that Nigeria is one of the influencing the accessibility of in the study area
largest countries in Africa, with a total geographical
area of 923,768 square kilometers and an estimated Objectives
population of 140 million. Nigeria has highly The specific objectives of the study is to ascertain
diversified agro-ecological conditions, which socio – economic characteristics of respondents, and
enables it to produce wide range of arable crops. to determine the factors influencing the accessibility
Hence, agriculture constitutes one of the important of (ICTs) for sourcing Agricultural information by
sectors of the economy Aduwa-Ogiegbaen et al rural farmers in Ifedore Local Government Area of
(2005). United Nations Conference on Trade and Ondo State.
Development reported that about one billion people Justification for the study
depended on agricultural commodities for a Access to information on improved farming
substantial portion of their income. In spite of the techniques is very necessary for the development of
dominant role of the petroleum sector as the major agriculture in any society. Given that the
foreign exchange earner, agriculture was once the Agricultural Sector is a major sector of the Nigerian
mainstream of the Nigerian economy Agbamu Economy, access to information on agriculture is
(2007). Apart from contributing to the largest share therefore pertinent to the overall growth of the
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Economy. A modern-day means of disseminating Access to ICTs also refers to the different link
this information is through the use of ICTs Zahedi infrastructures used in these processes, their
(2012). applications and the numerous services these
Bulk of the producers in the Agricultural Sector i.e. infrastructures render (Mansell& Wehn, 1998).
the farmers are resident in rural areas in Nigeria.
Meanwhile, these rural areas have their attendant These following technologies are the
problems, one of which may include lack of or elements of information and communication
inadequate access to ICTs. These therefore technology (ICTs):
constitute a major limitation of agricultural
development in Nigeria.  Media of communication e.g. (radio,
It is on this premise that this study seeks to examine television)
the access to ICTs for sourcing agricultural  Information machine e.g. (computers).
information by rural farmers in Ifedore LGA of  Telecommunications technologies and
Ondo State. equipments (satellite, fibre optic cables, phones,
facsimile machine, internet.
Importance of Information to the Development
ICTs based on computers and the
of Agriculture
communication networks that connect them (the
As with other economic sectors, effective
internet) are regarded by some as the means to
agricultural development requires access to
bridge the urban – rural “information gap”
information on all aspects of agricultural
(Munyua, 2000). Studies conducted by Kaniki
production, processing and marketing and it seems
(1989) and Leach (1999) have highlighted the
likely that, if anything, this need is increasing
shortcomings of traditional print- and library-based
(Jones, 1997).
methods of providing information to rural farmers
Improved information flows to, from and
who are generally illiterate and relatively removed
within the agricultural sector is prerequisite for
from formal sources of information (e.g. extension
development (Agbetuyi, 2012). Agricultural
stations, libraries).
development which involves improved land use
techniques, mechanisation of production process, Access to Information and Communication
crops and animal improvements, better pest and Technologies (ICTs)
diseases of crops and animal control techniques,
Information is one of the basic human
crops and animal nutrition, conservation of natural
needs after air, water, food and shelter (Matdepe,
resources, and modern methods of agro-information
2000). According to UNDP (2001), the problem of
delivery are part of the broad process of socio-
underdevelopment is attributable to the inability of a
economic changes which take place at farm levels
large portion of the world’s population to access and
and other levels of the society (Agbamu, 2006).
effectively use ICTs. In most states in Nigeria,
investment in ICTs has focused mainly on the urban
Features of Information and Communication
areas although ICTs have a great potential to help
Technologies
meet the needs of rural farmers and to benefit rural
communities (Achugbue, 2011). Urban dwellers
Access to information and communication
with more proximity to communication
technology is defined as a means to technologies
infrastructure have more access to ICTs.
that enhance the creation, storage, processing
communication and dissemination of information. Access to radio is extensive compared to
any other ICT for persons living in the rural areas
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(Arokoyo, 2003). Television on the other hand has agricultural research through the sharing of
the element of newness, a sense of involvement in information and knowledge, and the creation of new
presentation. Richard (1999) informed that said collaboration and partnership research.
television brings intimacy, it can create and keep a Access to ICTs implies not only the
one-to-one line of communication, demonstrate physical availability of communication equipment
complex concept through visual means, and it also and methods but also the existence of the right
moves ideas, people and resources from place to conditions for their use in getting information.
place. These conditions include the ease of use or user
Challenges of Information and Communication friendliness of the technologies, regular electric
Technology power supply and availability of spare parts. Most
Factors militating against full of these conditions are not readily available in rural
implementation of ICTs are insufficient numbers of areas. Where they are available, only few have
computers, epileptic power supply, problems of access to them. It must be noted that the problem is
internet network failure, lack of ICTs not only the presence of ICT facility, its use
knowledge/skills, difficulty in integrating ICTs to depends on the user's capability (Nwankwo, 2012).
instruction, scheduling computer time, insufficient In contemporary Nigeria, ICT has become
peripheral devices, inadequate software, inadequate a household name, used in offices and at home to
access, lack of qualified ICTs personnel, cost of access, receive and retrieve information. Emphasis
equipment, management attitude, there seems to be is being placed in the use of the ICTs to access the
no clear and definite policy and lack of technical world at large. Similarly, many innovations in the
assistance among others (Agbetuyi and Oluwatayo, world today are as a result of the exposure and
2012). access to the world of ICTs, and people all over the
According to Aduwa-Ogiegbaen and Iyamu world can access any part of the world to receive
(2005), there are several impediments to the information about whatever that borders their
successful use of ICT in Nigeria. These are: cost, interests in life. Women in their quest for
weak infrastructure, lack of skills, lack of relevant empowerment and societal recognition have adopted
software and limited access to the Internet. and accepted ICTs as instrument for advancement
and empowerment (Sanda & Kurfi, 2013). It is also
In developing countries, there are various a tool for speedy global mobilization and
problems, which create barriers to people owning dissemination of information.
and using ICTs. According to Obijiofor, et al.
(2009), preliminary research on ICTs adoption in There is no doubt that in the current harsh
Africa and the Asia-Pacific suggests that there are economic competition, the private sector in Nigeria
obvious barriers to their use in educational and has embraced ICT to stay afloat. The banking
socio-economic development. The diffusion of ICTs sector, insurance, manufacturing industries and
within societies is varied. Prakash (2000) posited multinational companies in the oil sector have
that it is often said that modern technology tends to embraced multimedia technology to bring
bypass local communities found in remote regions. innovative solutions to their current challenges
However some recent technological advancement in (Aduwa-Ogiegbaen & Iyamu, 2005).
communications has began to blur geographical
distances and infrastructural bottlenecks. Developed Specifically, application of ICT in diverse
countries like Europe and America have a highly disciplines is noted in the areas of public
developed ICTs infrastructure that influences its administration (Matsepe-Casaburri, 2000); urban
and rural development (Mansell & Wehn 1998);
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transport; health; special needs (for the physically

challenged); education; environment (Mansell & RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Wehn 1998); Manufacturing; weather forecasting Description of the Study Area
(Zahedi & Zahedi 2012). Ifedore Local Government Area (LGA) of
Ondo State is situated in the South west part of
Use of Information and Communication Nigeria. The LGA is entirely within the tropics and
Technology in Agriculture its vegetation is tropical and marked with two
seasons; the rainy season (April – October) and the
Knowledge applied is power and
dry season (November – March). The Local
agriculture is no exception. Knowledge and
Government is predominantly rural, with majority
innovation are now widely regarded as key drivers
of the people living in the rural areas as farmers,
of economic growth. However, information and
hunters and petty traders. Farmers in the LGA
communication technologies (ICTs) are deeply
venture into various aspects of agriculture, among
implicated in knowledge flow and innovation. New
which are crop farming, animal husbandry and fish
approaches of promoting access to agricultural
farming.
information are being explored. ICT and its
It has an area of 295 km² and a population of
applicability to extension service have recently
176,372 at the 2006 census. The communities that
attracted interest.
make up the LGA include Ero, Ibule, Igbara-Oke,
The importance of Information and
Ijare, Ikota, Ilara-Mokin, Ipinsa, Ipogun and Ita
Communication Technologies (ICTs) for rural
Oniyan, with Igbara-Oke as the Headquarters.
farmers cannot be under estimated; the telephone for
example (Rathgeber 2000). ICTs in this information
age help to break down the isolation of individuals
living in remote rural areas (Anie & Otolo, 2007).
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Figure 1 shows the location of Ifedore Local Government Area on the map of Ondo State.
Figure 1: Map of Ondo State showing Ifedore Local Government Area
Source: Geographic Information System, 2014
Sampling technique and Sample Sizes questionnaire that were administered on the farmers
Six towns namely Igbara-Oke, Ibule, Ibuji, in the study area. The secondary data were obtained
Isarun, Ijare and Ilara-Mokin in Ifedore Local from journals, articles, textbooks and the internet.
Government Area of Ondo State were selected for Data Analysis
this study. This is because there is an abundance of The analytical techniques that were used
rural farmers in these communities and they venture for this study include simple descriptive statistics
into various aspects of agriculture. Twenty (20) crop such as frequencies and percentages and Logit
farmers were randomly selected from each town, Regression Model. Each administered copy of a
making up a total respondent of one hundred and well-structured questionnaire were examined and
twenty (120) farmers for the study. the responses from it were extracted into Statistical
Data Collection Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), which were
Data for this study were obtained from both used to analyze the data.
primary and secondary sources. The primary data Results extracted from the imputed data
were collected with the aid of a well-structured were carefully observed and interpretations were
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used to examine the respondents’ access to and use In estimable form, LM= Ln (Pi/1- Pi) = Zi = i +
of Information ICTs in the study area. kXik. + ε ……(3)
Logit Regression Model Where:

Logit regression model were used to
determine the factors influencing accessibility of Ln (Pi/1- Pi) = log odd ratio
Information and Communication Technologies
Logit is showing how log odds change as respective
(ICTs) for sourcing agricultural information by rural
independent variable changes by 1 unit.
farmers in the study area
Model: When using either the Probit or the Logit model,
perhaps the most suitable technique of estimation is
LM is given as LM Pi=E (Y=1/X1)=F (Zi) = 1/(1+E- that of maximum likelihood estimate.
Z) for -∞<Zi<∞
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Zi = i + kXik. + ε ……………………(2)
Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondents
Where:
The Socio – Economic characteristics as regard
Pi = probability that a farmer is aware of any sources
gender, age, marital status, religion, level of
of information communication technology; it ranges
education, farming experience, farm size, land
from 0 to 1, and is non-linearly related to Zi
acquisition and household size are contained in Table
(Y= usage of any sources of information communication 1 while the factors influencing the accessibility of
technology) ICTs are contained in table 2.
i = constant term / intercept
Gender: Table 1 shows that the male has the higher
k = coefficients of regressors percentage of 70 percent while the female gender was
30 percent. This indicates that male farmers are more
Xik = K= 1, 2, ……n = independent variables (with ith than the female farmers in the study area. This may
observation) be due to onerous tasks involved in farming
activities, which discourage the female to go
X1 = sex extensively into farming. Females usually go into
X2 = age other aspects of agriculture such as marketing,
X3 = marital Status processing etc, but not Sanda et al (2013) farming.
X4 = religion This result therefore follows a priori expectation.
X5 = level of education
X6 = costs of getting information Age: Table reveals that the modal class of the age
X7 = member of any farmers’ association group was 60 years and above with 30 percent while
X8 = rate of charges by networks operators 29 years and below were the lowest, with a
X9 = network signal percentage of 5.8%. This indicates that farming is
X10 = radio and television agricultural programmes schedule still being carried out mostly by aged people in the
X11 = community rural electrification/adequate power supply study area. This may be due to the fact that modern
ε = error term with zero mean day youths don’t want to engage in a agriculture
anymore and are now in search of white collar jobs,
As Zi ranges from -∞ to ∞, Pi ranges from 0 to 1
thereby taking away labour from agriculture. Farmers
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that were 30-39 years of age accounted for 25.8 majority (39.2 percent) of the respondents has 10
percent of the respondents; 40-49 years were 24.2 hectares or less while those with 31-40 hectares were
percent while the remaining 14.2 percent were 50-59 the least, accounting for just 12.5 percent. 13.3
years old. percent has 11-20 hectares of farm, 19.2 percent (the
second largest) has 21-30 hectares and another 13.3
Marital Status: The table shows that 86.7 percent of percent has 41 hectares and above. It can thus be
the respondents are married, 4.2 percent are single, inferred that farming in the study area is done
6.7 percent are widowed while 2.5 percent are majorly by small-scale farmers and therefore,
divorced. This implies that majority of the farmers in commercial agriculture is not being practiced much
the study area are married. in the study area. It is worthy of note that these
results are for total farm sizes, comprising of several
Religion: The table indicates that Christianity is the smaller farm enterprises.
dominant religion in the study area, with 78.3 percent
of the respondents being Christians. The remaining Land Acquisition: The table indicates how the
21.7 percent are Muslims, meaning that there is no respondents acquired their farmlands. It shows that
traditional worshipper among the 120 crop farmers the highest percentage (60.0 percent) of the farmers
interviewed. inherited their farmlands. In the study area, the major
means of land acquisition is inheritance, followed by
Level of Education: The table also reveals that 25.8 purchase which constitutes 17.5 percent. Those that
percent of the respondents has no formal education, got their farmlands through leasing were 11.7 percent
3.3 percent has adult education, while 25.0 percent while 8.3 percent got theirs as gift. This indicates that
has primary school education. 27.5 percent of the majority of the respondents are indigenes of the study
respondents have secondary school education while area.
18.3 percent of the respondents have tertiary
education. From the table, it can be inferred that a Household Size: The table finally reveals the
total of 45.8 percent of the farmers had secondary distribution of the household sizes of the
education and above. respondents. From the table below, most of the
farmers has a household size of 6-10, with a
Farming Experience: The table reveals that 25 percentage of 45 among the farmers, 31.7 percent
percent of the respondents in the study area has been has household size of 5 people and less, 13.3 percent
in the farming business for 10 years and below, 20.8 has 11-15 while 5 percent had 21 and above. As
percent has 11-20 years experience while 22.5 farming is regarded to be a tedious one and requires
percent has been farming for 21-30 years. Also, 10.8 more hands to cultivate large portion of land, it can
percent has an experience of 31-40 years and the thus be inferred that the farmers have fairly much
remaining 20.8 percent has been farming for 41 years hands from the family to help them in their farming
and above. activities.
Farm Size: The table also shows the total farm size
of the respondents, in hectares. It reveals that
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Table 1 Socio-Economic characteristics of respondents in the study area
Gender Frequency Percentage (%)
Female 36 30.0
Male 84 70.0
Total 120 100.0
Age (years) Frequency Percentage (%)
29 and below 7 5.8
30-39 31 25.8
40-49 29 24.2
50-59 17 14.2
60 and above 36 30.0
Total 120 100.0
Marital status Frequency Percentage (%)
Single 5 4.2
Married 104 86.7
Widowed 8 6.7
Divorced 3 2.5
Total 120 100.0
Religion Frequency Percentage (%)
Christianity 94 78.3
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Islam 26 21.7
Traditional worshippers 0 00.0
Total 120 100.0
Level of Education Frequency Percentage (%)
No formal education 31 25.8
Adult school 4 3.3
Primary school 30 25.0
Secondary school 33 27.5
Tertiary education 22 18.3
Total 120 100.0
Years of experience Frequency Percentage (%)
10 and below 30 25.0
11-20 25 20.8
21-30 27 22.5
31-40 13 10.8
Total 120 100.0
Farm size (in hectares) Frequency Percentage (%)
10 and below 47 39.2
11-20 16 13.3
21-30 23 19.2
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31-40 15 12.5
Missing values 3 2.5
Total 120 100.0
Mode of Farm Acquisition Frequency Percentage (%)
Inheritance 72 60.0
Purchase 21 17.5
Lease 14 11.7
Gift 10 8.3
Total 120 100.0

Household Size
Household size Frequency Percentage (%)
5 and below 38 31.7
6-10 54 45.0
11-15 16 13.3
16-20 0 0.0
21 and above 6 5.0
Total 120 100.0

Source: Field survey, 2015
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Factors influencing accessibility of Information association and Mobile network signal were found to be
and Communication Technologies (ICTs) significant at 5% level of significance while only cost of
using ICT was found to be significant at 1% level of
Logistic regression model was used to analyze the significance. The coefficient of marital status of the
respondents’ access to ICTs. The dependent variable is usage respondents was negative, which implies that single and
of ICT gadgets while the independent variables are sex; age; married farmers use ICT more than widowed and separated
marital Status; religion; level of education; costs of getting farmers. Cost of using ICT was positive, which may be due
information using the gadget(s); membership of any farmers’ to the fact that as more of ICT is being used, more cost is
association; rate of charges by networks operators; network incurred. Membership of association was also positive,
signal; radio and television agricultural programmes showing that the members of farmers’ associations utilized
schedule; and community rural electrification/adequate ICT more than non-members. Finally, Mobile network signal
power supply. was negative, perhaps due to the fact that poor signal was
A Cox & Snell R2 value of 0.231 shows that the explanatory preventing farmers from using mobile phones – a major ICT
variables did not explain much of the variations in the gadget being used by the respondents.
dependent variable. Marital status, membership of
Table 2: Factors Influencing Accessibility of Information and Communication Technology
Logistic regression results
Explanatory variables Coefficients Standard errors Significant

Constant 3.019 1.932 0.118
Sex of respondents 0.443 0.526 0.399
Age of respondents 0.131 0.222 0.555
Marital status -1.678** 0.735 0.022
Religion -0.793 0.591 0.180
Level of education -0.062 0.191 0.746
Cost of using ICT 0.602* 0.198 0.002
Membership of Association 1.412** 0.560 0.012
Call rates 0.469 0.475 0.323
Mobile network signal -1.285** 0.574 0.028
Schedule of Radio/TV programmes 0.150 0.520 0.773
Adequate power supply 0.062 0.527 0.906
* Significant 1%
** Significant at 5%
Cox & Snell R2: 0.231
Source: Field survey, 2015
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SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND iii. Radio and television stations should be

CONCLUSION encouraged by government and private
individuals to give more attention to
Summary informative agricultural programmes.
iv. Extension agents should constantly follow
The work studied access to ICTs by crop up rural farmers’ effective utilisation of
farmers in Ifedore local government of Ondo State. ICTs.
The technologies included in the study are mobile v. ICT service centres should be established in
phone, radio, television and internet. 70% of the rural areas.
respondents are male, while most (30% percent) of
them are 60 years old and above. Also, a large
percentage (86.7 percent) of the farmers is married.
Most of them were educated up to secondary school,
18.3 percent had tertiary education. Majority of the
farmers has 10 years of farming experience and
below. The distribution of the respondents according
to farm size showed that the farmers are majorly
smallholders, most of them cultivating 10 hectares
and below. Inheritance was the major mode of
farmland acquisition while most of them had family
size of 5 or less.
Conclusion
ICTs exist in Ifedore Local Government Area of
Ondo State and the farmers were well aware of them
and accessed the technologies via mobile phone,
radio, television and internet. Nevertheless, in their
usage of these technologies, the farmers were faced
with various challenges. These challenges, coupled
with the fact that they were not spending much on
ICTs impede their effective usage of the technologies
to get agriculture-related information.
Recommendations
Based on the findings of this study, the following
recommendations are made:
i. Government should include ICT
infrastructures as part of its rural
infrastructural development.
ii. Rural farmers, especially old and illiterate
ones, should be enlightened/educated on
how to use ICTs to achieve maximum
benefits. This should be incorporated into
agricultural extension programmes.
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