02 IEC T1S1 PLT Session 02

Programming
Installing WindowsLogic and Techniques

XP Professional Using Attended Installation
Objectives
In this session, you will learn to:

Identify variables and constants
Use data types
Use operators
Represent decisions in a flowchart
Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 1 of 35

Programming
Variables and Constants
Example:
Flowchart to display the sum of two numbers
Start
Accept the
First Number
Accept the
Second Number
Add the two Numbers

and Store the Result
Display the Result
Stop

Programming
Variables and Constants (Contd.)
The internal memory consists of different locations in which

data is stored.
A computer needs to identify the memory locations to be
able to retrieve values from or store values in them.
The value of a variable changes each time the set of
instructions is executed.

Programming
The values stored in the variables are known as constants.
Constants
10 15 25
nNum1 nNum2 nSum
Variables

Programming
Example:
Flowchart to display the sum of two numbers using variables
Start
Accept nNum1
Accept nNum2
nSum = nNum1 + nNum2
Display nSum
Stop

Programming
Just a minute
Each day, the courier service delivers some letters. The

number of letters is different each day. Regardless of the
number of letters delivered by the courier service, they are
paid a carrying charge of $5. Identify the variable and
constant data in this situation.
Variable:
Constant:
Answer:
Variable: Number of letters
Constant: Carrying charge $5

Programming
Just a minute
Identify the variables and constants from the following list:

1. Age
2. Address
3. 21
4. “10, Kingsway Camp”
5. “Henri”
6. Name
7. “185”
Answer:
Constants: 21, “10, Kingsway Camp”, “Henri”, “185”
Variables: Age, Address, Name

Programming
Numeric
Numeric variables can contain only numbers.

These variables can be used in arithmetic operations.

Programming
Character
Character variables can contain any combination of letters,

numbers, and special characters.
These variables cannot be used for calculation.

Programming
Declaring Variables
Example:
Start
numeric nNum1, Declaration

nNum2, nSum of Variables
Accept nNum1
Accept nNum2
nSum = nNum1 + nNum2
Display nSum
Stop

Programming
Variable Naming Conventions
The first letter of the variable may indicate the data type
used.
The variable name should clearly describe its purpose.
In case of multiple words, the first letter of each word could
be capitalized for better readability.

Programming
Using Operators
Operators are symbols for some predefined operations.

The operators that are used in flowcharts are:
Arithmetic operators
Relational operators
Logical operators

Programming
Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic

calculations.
The symbols that represent arithmetic operations are called
arithmetic operators (*, /, +, -, %).

Programming
Relational Operators
Relational operators are used to test the relationship

between two variables or the relationship between a
variable and a constant.
There are six relational operators (=,>,<,!=,>=,<=).

Programming
Logical Operators
Logical operators (AND, OR, NOT) are used to combine

expressions containing relational operators:
nNum1 = 7 AND nNum2 > 5
nNum1 = 7 OR nNum2 > 5
NOT nNum2 <= 5
The order of precedence for the execution of logical
operators is NOT, AND, and OR.

Programming
Just a minute
Draw a flowchart to accept item name, price, and quantity.

You need to calculate the value as the product of price and
quantity, and display the calculated value and the item
name using variables.

Programming
Just a minute (Contd.)
Answer:
Start
character cltemName
numeric nPrice, nQuantity, nValue
Accept cItemName
Accept nPrice
Accept nQuantity
nValue = nPrice * nQuantity
Display cItemName, nValue
Stop

Programming
Representing Decisions in a Flowchart
Many problems require decisions to be made.

All decisions may or may not state an action to be taken if
the condition is false.
Following is a flowchart segment to compare two numbers
and check for equality.
Is nNum1 = No
nNum2 ?
Yes
Display “The Display “The

numbers are numbers are
equal” not equal”

Programming
Representing Decisions in a Flowchart (Contd.)
Example:
Accept two numbers and print the larger of the two numbers
Start
numeric nNum1,
nNum2
Accept nNum1
Accept nNum2

Programming
Example (Contd.):
A
Is Yes Display “ The

nNum1=nNum2?
numbers are equal”
No
Is Yes
nNum1>nNum2? Display nNum1
No
Display nNum2
Stop

Programming
Example:
Print the value of nX only if the value of nX is greater than 10
and nX is an even number
Start
numeric nX
Accept nX
Is
No
nX>10 AND
nX%2=0?
Yes
Display nX
Stop

Programming
Example:
Accept the year and then determine whether the year is a leap
year or not. A leap year is one that is divisible by 4, other than
a century year, such as 1900. A century year, which is divisible
by 400, such as 2000, is also a leap year.
To evaluate the given condition, we can interpret this as:
If year is divisible by 4 AND not divisible by 100 OR divisible by
400, it is a leap year.

Programming
Flowchart to determine a leap year
Start
numeric nYear
Display “Please
enter a year”
Accept nYear

Programming
Flowchart to determine a leap year (Contd.)
Is
nYear % 4=0 AND
No Display “This is
(nYear % 100 !=0 OR
nYear % 400=0) ? not a leap year”
Yes
Display “This is
a leap year”
Stop

Programming
Example:
To decide about the discount percentage on a TV, the sales
person needs to check the type of TV. If the TV is Black and
White [B], the discount will be 5 percent of the selling price. If
the type of TV is colored[C], then he has to verify the size of
TV screen. For 14 inches screen, discount is 8 percent of the
selling price and for 21 inches screen, the discount is 10
percent of the selling price.

Programming
Flowchart to calculate discount

Start
numeric nScreen, nDiscount

character cType
Accept cType
Accept nScreen
Is Yes
cType=‘B’? nDiscount=5% of SP
No
Is Yes Is Yes
nDiscount=8% of SP
cType=‘C’? nScreen=14?
No No
Is Yes
nDiscount=10% of SP
nScreen=21?
No
Stop

Programming
Exercises

Programming
Exercise 1
Study the given flowchart and answer the following

questions.
Start
What will be the output when:
nNum=7 numeric nNum
nNum=3 Accept nNum

nNum=11
Is Yes
nNum>10? Display “ GOOD”
No
Is Yes
nNum>5? Display “OK”
No
Display “REJECT”
Stop

Programming
Exercise 2
Study the flowchart and answer the following questions.
Start
numeric nX, nY
Accept nX
Accept nY
Is Yes Is Yes
nX > 100 ? Display “ GOOD”
nX > nY ?
No No
Is No
nY > 100 ?
Yes
Display nY
Stop

Programming
Exercise 2 (Contd.)
What will be the output when:

nX=150 and nY=75
nX=90 and nY=50
nX=40 and nY=80

Programming
Exercise 3
Draw a flowchart to accept a number and then find out

whether or not the number is divisible by 5.

Programming
Exercise 4
Draw a flowchart to accept three numbers and display the

largest number.

Programming
Exercise 5
Candidates have to enter their age. The age cannot be

negative. If a negative age is entered, an error message
has to be displayed, otherwise the age is displayed.
Represent the error checking logic for this situation using a
flowchart.

Programming
Summary
In this session, you learned that:

Data can be categorized as a constant or variable.
Data types can be:
Numeric
Character
The operators are:
Arithmetic
Relational
Logical
Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic
calculations. The symbols that represents arithmetic operations
are called arithmetic operators (*,/,+,-,%).

Programming
Summary (Contd.)
Relational operators are used to test the relationship between

two variables. The symbols that represent relational operations
are called relational operators (<,>,=,!=).
Logical operators (AND, OR, NOT) are used to combine
expressions containing relational operators.
The decision box is used to apply conditions by asking a
question in a flowchart.

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Programming

Installing WindowsLogic and Techniques

In this session, you will learn to:

Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 1 of 35

Variables and Constants

Add the two Numbers

Display the Result

Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 2 of 35

Variables and Constants (Contd.)

The internal memory consists of different locations in which

Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 3 of 35

Variables and Constants (Contd.)

The values stored in the variables are known as constants.

nNum1 nNum2 nSum

Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 4 of 35

Variables and Constants (Contd.)

nSum = nNum1 + nNum2

Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 5 of 35

Each day, the courier service delivers some letters. The

Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 6 of 35

Identify the variables and constants from the following list:

Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 7 of 35

Numeric variables can contain only numbers.

Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 8 of 35

Character variables can contain any combination of letters,

Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 9 of 35

numeric nNum1, Declaration

nSum = nNum1 + nNum2

Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 10 of 35

Variable Naming Conventions

Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 11 of 35

Operators are symbols for some predefined operations.

Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 12 of 35

Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic

Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 13 of 35

Relational operators are used to test the relationship

Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 14 of 35

Logical operators (AND, OR, NOT) are used to combine

Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 15 of 35

Draw a flowchart to accept item name, price, and quantity.

Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 16 of 35

Just a minute (Contd.)

nValue = nPrice * nQuantity

Display cItemName, nValue

Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 17 of 35

Representing Decisions in a Flowchart

Many problems require decisions to be made.

Display “The Display “The

Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 18 of 35

Representing Decisions in a Flowchart (Contd.)

Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 19 of 35

Representing Decisions in a Flowchart (Contd.)

Is Yes Display “ The

Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 20 of 35

Representing Decisions in a Flowchart (Contd.)

Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 21 of 35

Representing Decisions in a Flowchart (Contd.)

Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 22 of 35

Representing Decisions in a Flowchart (Contd.)

Flowchart to determine a leap year

Ver. 1.0 Session 2 Slide 23 of 35

Representing Decisions in a Flowchart (Contd.)