Variable Load on Power Station

Math’s from this chapter can divided broadly into two types:
i. Inside Power Plant
(Plant capacity, Plant capacity Factor, Plant utilization capacity, Reserve capacity,
Plant utilization factor, Max energy generated 1. Fully loaded, 2. Operated as usual.
Hours of operation, Hours not in service, operation schedule)
ii. Outside power plant
(Load factor, Demand factor, diversity factor [1. Simple 2.complex], Energy Generated,
Amount of Fuel consumption, Load curve, Load Duration curve)

Inside Plant
1. Plant capacity= total installed capacity
2. Reserve capacity= plant capacity –maximum demand
Average demand
3. Plant capacity factor= Plant capacity
Sometimes it may be appeared as plant factor→ Example 3.20
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
4. Plant utilization factor= 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
5. Plant use factor= 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦∗𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
6. Energy generation:
i. Energy generation= average generation or demand*time
ii. Maximum energy that could be generated / full load = plant capacity * hours of operation
7. From graph : total area under graph

Outside Plant
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
1. Load Factor =𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 LAM
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
2. Demand Factor=𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 DMC
𝑆𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
3. Diversity Factor= 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
connected load x demand factor of that group
*maximum demand of a group=
diversity factor of that group
𝐶𝑥𝐷𝑒.
𝛴
4. 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟= 𝐷𝑖.
→ example 3.7,3.8,3.9
Maximum Demand on Station
5. 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ক োথোয় ইউজ রব? ক োন প্লোন্ট কেটোপের েময় ওই ররজজওপনর মযোজিমোম রিমোন্ড এর েমোন
প্লোন্ট যোেোরেটট থোপ নো বরং এ টো প্লোন্ট ইন রিউচোর এর ইউজ রোর জনয োপরন্ট মযোজিমোম রিমোন্ড এর
কচপয় ১৫-২০% এিট্রো যোেোরেটট পর রোখো হয়। ইন রিউচোর এ যখন ওই যোেোটটও মযোজিমোম ক োি এর েমোন
হপয় যোয় তখন আপরো ইউরনট এি রো হয়। কযমন আশুগপে প্লোন্ট কেটোপের েময় কয েররমোণ যোেোরেটট কেয়ো
হপয়রি েপর এপত আপরো এি রো হপয়পি ১৫ এর রেপ আপরো নতু ন ইউরনট কেটোে রো হপয়পি।
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 → Example 3.19
*যরে Diversity factor কেয়ো নো থোপ তপব মযোজিমোম রিমোন্ড এর ১৫% এিট্রো রেপয় রেপ ও হপব
5. Energy Generated =Average Demand x Hours of operation*
*if the station is offed for a certain time then we will use only the operation time. Suppose a plant operate
daily from 6 A.M. to 9 A.M. and switched off for 60 days in year.
 Daily generated energy=Average demand x 3 Whr // use KWhr as unit of energy not joule//
 Annum generated energy= Average demand x 2 x (365-60) Whr

𝐾𝑊ℎ𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑/ 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑚

Annual Load factor=𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐾𝑊ℎ𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑/𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑚
Annual Plant Capacity factor=
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥 8760

𝐾𝑊ℎ𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 /𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑚

Annual Plant use factor=𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 A power plant has the following annual factors.
Load factor = 70% Capacity factor = 50%.Use factor = 60% Maximum demand = 20MW
Find
i) Annual energy production. ii) Reserve capacity over and above peak load. iii) Hours during which the plant is
not in service per year

P1 = VLIL Cos (θ + 30°)

P2 = VLIL Cos (θ − 30°)

Sadiku page 509 Example 14, 15 | practice problem 14,15