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d p dc
2
Stress area
4 2
d p pitch diameter
d c core or minor diameter
Tr 16T
Ss
J d c 3
3. Shear stress across the threads. The average thread shearing
stress:
F
Ss for screw
d c bn F
Ss for the nut
d c core or root or minor diameter dbn
n no.of threads in engagement d major diameter
b width of the thread section at the root
P
Sc
4
d 2
dc n
2
Stresses due to External Forces
1. Tensile stress. The bolts, studs and screws usually carry a load in
the direction of the bolt axis which induces a tensile stress in the bolt.
F 4F
St dc
2 St n
dc n
4
d c root or core diameter of the thread
St permissible tensile stress for the bolt material
n no.of bolts
2. Shear stress. Sometimes, the bolts are used to prevent the
relative movement of two or more parts, as in case of flange coupling,
then the shear stress is induced in the bolts.
Fs 4 Fs
Ss d
2 S s n
d n
4
d major diameter of the bolt
S s permissible shear stress for the bolt material
n no.of bolts
3. Combined tension and shear stress. When the bolt is subjected
to both tension and shear loads, as in case of coupling bolts or
bearing, then the diameter of the shank of the bolt is obtained from
the shear load and that of threaded part from the tensile load.
1
St 4S s
2 2
Maximum shear stress, S smax
2
and maximum principal tensile stress,
St 1
St 4 S s2
2
Stmax
2 2
Sample Problem:
An eye bolt is to be used for lifting a load of 60 kN. Find the
diameter of the bolt, if the tensile stress is not to exceed 100
MPa. Assume coarse threads.
F 60000 N
Stmax 100 N
mm 2
F
Stmax
2
dc
4
60000 N
100 N
mm 2 2
dc
4
d c 27.64mm
Sample Problem:
A flange coupling connects two shafts used to transmit torque
of 25 N-m. The flanges of the coupling are fastened by four
bolts of the same material at a radius of 30 mm. Find the size
of the bolts if the allowable shear stress for the bolt material is
30 MPa.
T 25000 N mm
n4
Rb 30mm
S s 30 N
mm 2
T 25000 N mm
Fs 833.3 N
Rb 30mm
Fs 833.3 N
Ss 30 N
Ar 2
d n mm 2
4 c
d c 2.97 mm
POWER SCREWS
A power screw is a mechanical device used in machinery
to convert a rotary motion into a linear motion for power
transmission.
Common applications of power screws are jack screws,
lead screws of a lathe, screws for vices, presses etc.
Dr root diameter or minor diameter of the screw
Dm mean or pitch diameter of the screw
Do outside or major diameter of the screw
(nominal diameter of the screw)
W total axial load of the screw
P pitch of screw
lead angle of screw
N screw angular speed of screw
vload linear speed of the load attached to the
head of the screw
D Dr
h tooth depth o Do Dm
2
Forms of Thread and the Commonly Used Proportions
7
h P h 0.5 P
16
14.5(for standard ACME)
15(for trapezoidal metric)
2 thread angle
pressure angle
h 0.663P
Equivalent Diagram of Load Concentration in One Thread of
Power Screw
Mx 0
Tr Q m eq.1
D
2
where :
Tr torque to raise the
load up the screw
Q horizontal force
needed to raise the
load up the inclined
surface
Diagram of Loaded Screw Unwrapped from the Body of the
Screw
• Although the load is distributed over several threads, lifting a load by screw is
analogous to moving the load up an inclined plane.
F f frictional force
N normal reaction
R resultant of F f and N F f2 N 2
Lead axial distance that a thread advances in one revolution
Pitch axial pitch , P axial distance from a point on one thread
to the corresponding point on an adjacent tthread
1
P , inch
no.of threads per inch
For single - threaded screw, Lead Pitch
For double - threaded screw, Lead 2 x Pitch
For triple - threaded screw, Lead 3 x Pitch
Lead
tan
Dm
FH 0
Q R sin eq.(2)
FV 0
W R cos eq.3
Divide eq.(2) by eq.(3) :
tan eq4
Q
W
Substitute eq.(4) into eq.(1) :
Equation for Torque needed
to raise the load up the
screw (square thread)
D
Tr Q m
WDm
tan
2 2
Torque Needed to Overcome Collar Friction
• When the axial load is taken up by a thrust collar as shown in figure below, so
that the load does not rotate with the screw, then the torque required to
overcome friction at the collar,
Dc mean diameter of collar
F f c resultant frictional force
TC torque to overcome collar friction
M y 0
Dc
TC F f c ; Ffc f c N c
2
f c coefficient of collar friction
N c normal reaction at collar W
Dc Dc
TC f c N c f cW
2 2
WDc
TC fc
2
Total torque required : Efficiency of Screw
TT Tr TC Poutput W vload
e x100
Power input to screw : Pinput Tr N screw
Pinput TT N screw Torque w/o friction T0
e
Torque w/ friction Tr
Efficiency of Screw & Collar or if friction is zero, 0, F f 0
Combined Eff. of Screw & Collar :
tan
WDm WDm
T0 tan
Poutput W vload 2 2
e' x100
Pinput TT N screw WDm
tan
T0 T0 Thus, e 2
e' x100
tan
WDm
TT Tr TC
2
tan
The preceding formulas are e x100
derived primarily for square- tan
threaded screws
For Power Screws Other Than Square Threads
From square thread formula :
tan tan
Tr
WDm
tan ; but, tan
2 1 tan tan
and tan β f coefficient of friction
Thus,
WDm tan tan WDm f tan For Buttress Thread ;
Tr 1 tan tan 2 1 f tan can also be applied for
2 Square Threads
tan
Q
W
D
TL Q m
WDm
tan
For other thread forms : 2 2
Equation for Torque needed
WDm f cos tan
TL to lower the load (square
2 cos f tan thread)
tan
WDm
Tr
2
; Lead P 6mmsingle thread
Lead
tan
Dm
6mm
Arc tan 3.275
33.375mm
tan f Arc tan f Arc tan 0.13 7.41
90000 N 33.375mm
Tr tan7.41 3.275 283375 N mm
2
90000 N 60mm
TC
WDc
fc 0.10 270000 N mm
2 2
TT 283375 270000 553375 N mm
N screw , rev
min
vload , mm 1rev
min Lead , mm
mm 1rev
N screw 360 60rpm
min 6mm
Pinput TT N screw
rev 2 1 min 1kN m
553375 N mm 60 6 3.477 kW
min rev 60 s 10 N mm
tan
b. e for square thread
tan
e
tan 3.275
100 30.33%
tan 7.41 3.275
Or
90000 N 33.375mm
WDm
tan tan3.275
To
e 2 2 100
Tr Tr 283375 N mm
85940.08
100 30.33%
283375
Or
mm
90000 N 360
e
Wvload
min
100 30.33%
Tr N screw rev 2
283375 N mm 60
min rev
o for square thread
To T
c. e'
Tr TC TT
e
85940.08
100 15.53%
553375
Or
mm
90000 N 360
e
Wvload
min
100 15.53%
TT N screw rev 2
553375 N mm 60
min rev
Sample Problem 2
• The C-clamp shown in the figure below uses a 10 mm square thread
screw with a pitch of 2 mm. The frictional coefficient is 0.15 for both
the threads and the collar. The collar has a frictional diameter of 16
mm. The handle is made of steel with allowable bending stress of 165
MPa. The capacity of the clamp is 700 N.
(a) Find the torque required to tighten the clamp to full
capacity.
(b) Specify the length and diameter of the handle such that it
will not bend unless the rated capacity of the clamp is exceeded. Use
15 N as the handle force.
Do 10mmnominal
P 2mm
f f c 0.15
Dc 16mm
W 700 N load
For square - thread : h 7 P 0.43752mm 0.875mm
16
Dm Do h 10 0.875 9.125mm
WDm f tan
a. Tr 1 f tan
2
; Lead P 2mmassume single start
Lead
tan
Dm
2mm
tan 0.06977
9.125mm
700 N 9.125mm 0.15 0.06977
Tr 709.31N mm
2 1 0.150.06977
WDc
TC f c ; Dc 16mm
2
700 N 16mm
TC 0.15 840 N mm
2
TT 709.31 840 1549.31N mm 1.55 N m