UNIT 21 EDITING

Introduction to Editing

UNIT 21 Editing

Editing - editing is the process by which film are assembled into a sequence. Early
film editing was mainly done by women

as it was considered less important and was less well paid.

Purpose of Editing Mind Map In Paragraph Form

The use of editing in film is very significant as editing is similar to a sonnet in poetry as it creates
meaning. Furthermore the use of editing comes in 4 interesting ways; one is montage which can either
talk about the social, political, cultural and environmental aspects of society normally Russian propaganda
montage or montage can relate to conventional themes such as illness, love and hate this is called
Hollywood Montage. Secondly there is continuity editing which is when the audiences are shown a film
with a beginning,middle and end forming a narrative structure. Thirdly there is non-continuity editing in
which doesn't necessarily have a beginning middle or end. Lastly there is conceptual editing (normally
short film) that express more personal morals and themes, the use of this might be that the director may
only take everything in one shot, for example in ‘alone’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ONknNcV8t0
Purpose of Editing Mind Map In Paragraph Form Part 2

The use of editing Effects the audience as it could change their mind about society or different opinion on
things or people for example in ‘Battleship Potemkin the Odessa Step Sequences’ where communist
ideas were expressed, this sequences shows that everyone was unified and not separated by the ‘elitist
group’ the ‘Tsar’ this sequences/ montage makes people think that communism is good and persuades
them to join the the communist state. Furthermore the use of editing can make people believe in the
narratives, for example Hollywood in the 1930 used continuity editing which helps people immerse
themselves in the narrative. Overall, the use of editing do affect the the audience and can change their
minds about people and things. In conclusion, the use of editing can effect the continuity of the narrative
and help the audiences interpret the film.
Shots/Purpose of Editing Mind Map In Paragraph Form Part 3

A low angle shot is when the camera is lower than the actor or prop to convey a certain emotion for
example low angle shot of batman shows that he is superior. This is key as the shot distinguish the
meaning of the character and provides the audience with different emotions. This is good as it makes the
audiences clearly see who has more power over every situation. These shots also create order in as shots
are a key part in editing as they are the ‘glue’ to the hegemonic ideas.

The use of transition of a location in a film is key as it can establish the scene or it can show the
audiences a ‘ meanwhile’ effect. For example in Infinity War we cut to different worlds and different place.
However, these shots of the actors and protagonist when they are traveling to the new worlds helps the
audiences orientate them self in the narrative as they are also traveling through worlds with them. The use
of crosscutting shows the audience that there are two sides of the story not just one. This isn't just shown
in infinity war but also in Pulp Fiction where the narratives are seen again but in two different perspectives.
Overall, the use of shots in editing helps the audiences to connect with characters in the film but also
immerse themselves in the storyline
Narrative/Purpose of Editing Mind Map In Paragraph Form Part 4

Structure is used in a non-linear way to confuse but to also entertain the audience for example in ‘Inception’ where we have
alternative realities. This plays on the audience's minds as it not a ‘classic’ narrative. Furthermore, the use of the classic
narrative theory was first formed by Todorov who stated that film was split up into three stages( equilibrium, disequilibrium
and new equilibrium).

The use of narrative theorist was interesting especially in Russia in 1919 as the Russian’s didn't have film stock because
there was a ruling communist state. Therefore, Russia had to watch and annayles films, this was the birth of the Russian
film theory.

The duration of the shots can interpret the narrative for example a long duration shot with a dissolve may connote the notion
of experience or age. However the use of a short duration shot may denote the use of action or stress directors use this to
express views for example in the ‘man with the moving camera’ directed by ‘Dziga Vertov’ its fast cuts represent working life
and how people are all part of one big machine. Overall, the use of narrative structure is a defining point in film as the
director can decide to either have an normal narrative with a beginning and end, or have a non-linear structure in which
isn't a story but more of a list of morals and key themes in which they express through cinematography.
Narrative screengrabs
 Time/Purpose of Editing Mind Map In Paragraph Form Part 5

The use of time in film is very useful as is can be expressed as nonlinear and linear this is interesting as a
filmmaker as it can confuse but also entertain your audience. This use of non linear narrative is shown in
film all over the world . When watching non linear films we see that the film isn't in any order but instead
has running themes throughout the film for example in ‘The Garden’ we get the theme of ‘homophobia’
and ‘christianity’.

Moreover, the use of flashbacks in film is really interesting as they show the characters past so we as the
audiences know what they have gone through, therefore flashbacks are used to provide context for the
audience. This is a good editing technique as normally makes the audiences empathise with the
audiences. For example in this short film we can clearly see the context of the protagonist.
https://vimeo.com/262527166

Furthermore, the use of the time in narratives can correlate age or experience for example in ‘Creed’
where Michael Jordan is training before the big fight the directors uses compressed time. Overall the
manipulation of time can also be off putting for example in ‘Inception’ some audiences find it difficult to
follow the different ‘realities’.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NH1A6CLIrY ,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEEBeFYb3lI&t=31s
Time/Purpose of Editing Mind Map In Paragraph Form Part 5 Screen Grabs
 Miller and Sweep

Miller and Sweep is a 1898 British short black and white silent comedy film directed by George Albert
Smith. In Miller and Sweep they didn't have much editing technology as Miller and Sweep was one of the
first films ever created however they still did edit, Miller and Sweep by cutting each frame and sticking it
back together with glue. In media and film we look back at this and call it a linear destructive editing
system. When watching Miller and Sweep i didn't see any cuts, i can prove this by asking you to
watch the windmill in the short film very closely. On the contrary, the director did explore the use
binary opposition as we see a white suited man hitting flour over a black suited man and the black suited
man hitting soot over the white suited man this set a trend as it made people think of contrasting things
for example in Romeo and Juliet directed by Baz Luhrmann in 1996 it explores the binary opposition on
love and hate. However the landmark of binary opposition wasn't discovered until the early 1900s . I think
that Miller and Sweep was good as the director made it clear to the audience that there were two
contrasting views, one being black and one being white this showed that the director wanted to show the
audiences binary opposition.
 Miller and Sweep part 2

Overall, i think Miller and Sweep is about 2 men who fight in front of a flour mill. This video is quite
humorous and it clearly show to me the basic concepts of binary opposition . The use of a static camera
here is revolutionary as it was one of the first films ever made. Also the 180 degree rule was established
but it was hard to execute. I think this was good as it was the start of continuity editing as the camera
showed a clear narrative story line . However there wasn't a breakthrough in sound so it was a silent
short movie. At this stage in time, this film was exhibited in the theatre.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKkeEUzdGV8
 A Trip to the moon

A Trip the the Moon is directed by Georges Melies and was released on the first of September 1902. The technology that was used
was a linear destructive editing system, this was the normal way in which directors would edit films in those days. A Trip to the moon
was interesting as George Melies wanted to incorporate colour so he and his team of editors ( normally women ) painted every
single frame with special paint to make it look more aesthetically pleasing to the audiences . A Trip to the moon was created with a
splicer and glue which ,was one of the earliest forms of editing.

Melies never allowed the camera to move, because he wanted the point of view from an audience sitting directly in front of the
screen/stage. Overall the there are 15 cuts in ‘A Trip To The Moon’ 8 of them consist of dissolves and 7 of them are standard cuts.
This editing technique (dissolve) helps the continuity of the narrative for the audiences enabling it to flow together. This shows the
easy concepts of narrative and therefore applies to a larger target audiences , moreover we know that George Melies has edited
these dissolves with reason as prior to ‘A Trip To The Moon’ he made ‘ The Astronomer's Dream’ in 1898 which explores an
astronomer's dream that the ‘moon is real’. However in this we clearly see that there are no dissolves only cuts which i think implies
a less engaging narrative and storyline compared to ‘ A Trip To The Moon’. In the original days of film, editing wasn't necessarily just
about the shot but more about the scene in which the audiences watched .In ‘A Trip To The Moon’ the most exciting technique used
was the ‘jump cut’ which was used to create comedy, this was useful as it meant a wide range of people could go and watch it, this
is clearly shown in the first scene when the scientist change their telescopes to stools, this shot is comical but could also show the
running theme of science and development of technology.
 A Trip to the moon part 2

Follows on from last slide!

Furthermore, the jump cut in A Trip To the Moon also shows confrontation. For example when they were getting attacked by
aliens. when they were on the moon they were using dissolves to show them running back to the ship, they also showed
jump cuts of the aliens being killed this was shown when the main protagonists hit them. I think that the use of these
dissolves and jump cuts did work in bringing the audience's to get immersed in the narrative and character plot. I also think
that the use of colour shows to the audience's how devoted george Melies was to his work as it took him many years.
 A Trip To The Moon part 3
To round things up in ‘A Trip To The Moon’ the specific example of the jump cut of the rocket ship hitting the moon is used
is to shown that the character have reached the moon it, also shows the continuity of the narrative as the we know that the
protagonists have reached the moon, it also show the use of the transporting the audiences to the different planet this
allows the audiences to escape into a different planet. Moreover, when doing this certain shot we see that the moon is
getting pulled closer to the audience rather then the camera zooming or pushing forward this is because George Melies
always wanted to show the audience's a theater perspective. In conclusion i think that these jump cuts where used
exceptionally well as it clearly explains to the audiences what was happening. Also,the use of George Melies having a face
as the moon might be suggesting that whatever place humans go they will always invade of seek power. This is shown In
the commonwealth. Although, i do think that George Melies could of made a massive improvement to his films by using
camera movement and not being stuck to one position. I still think its a good overall film as it shows a linear narrative
structure which is easy to follow.
 Great Train Robbery

In the opening sequence of the ‘Great Train Robbery’ part 3 of 3 we clearly see the ‘cowboy/crocks’ are escaping with all
the money they stole from the train. This shot is established by the camera panning to the left, which shows the audience
a group horses which implies their get away. However, this pan was quite revolutionary as normally films would never have
camera movement for example in ‘A Trip To The Moon’. Also, one of the reason why they didn't have camera movement
early on was because the cameras where to heavy and directors didn't want to take the risk of braking/ dropping them. As
we move further one into the the scene we see the editing technique of cross cutting, as we see the train inspector getting
released meanwhile the cowboys running off this is shown as it’s used to create conflict in the scene. Furthermore, this
use of continuity editing makes the audiences pay attention to the narrative makes it easier to follow the code of the film.

As it cuts to the train inspector and police running after the cowboys we clearly see the chaos in which the cowboys are in,
as they are surrounded by police shooting at them. I am interested in this long shot as it shows the actors back to the
audiences this is quite different as normally in theatre the actors would never have their backs to audiences. Moreover the
use of normal cuts in this suggests that the director wanted it to be a continuity edit, the standard cut was used in this over
the dissolve as the director didn't want to lose the pace of the film and therefore making his audiences less interested.
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Great Train Robbery Part 2
The last sequences is off the sheriff shooting his gun towards the audiences this is good as it makes us feel more
inmmused in the scene. You could see that the technology had advanced and equipment had got better. Plus this was one
of the first films to use transitions in post production which was a big breakthrough in editing. You can also see that
‘shooting for editing’ was starting to be considered because they used a ‘dummy’ this also saved money as they didn't have
to hire out extras. Lastly in comparison to Miller and Sweep we see that there is a clearer narrative and better
edits.However the director did keep to the 180 degree rule which was established in Miller and Sweep . Overall i like the
great train robbery as there are multiple editing techniques, this makes me feel immersed in the continuity narrative.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxqg21tfqCg
 Editing in the ‘Birth Of A Nation’

Porter and Griffith’s both explore editing in different ways for example, Griffiths uses the lens as a iris and a pupil to munitplate the
aperture of the camera this creates a flashback for the audiences and shows the context of the film ,the crosscutting is more effective
in’ Birth Of A Nation’ then in the ’Great Train Robbery’ as each shot is cut shorter, this short duration shot increase the tension within
the film which capturvates and intensifies the audiences . Moreover the editing in these to clips show the audience the key
themes in the film for example at the start of the film we clearly see that there are ‘slaves’ which are getting freed by there
‘master’. As the audience we can clearly see that this is what is happening as Griffies is using a tinted ink which is
establishing the past to the audiences.
I think that this use of a tint is revolutionary as it can clearly communicate to the audiences that this is happening in the
past. In additon, ‘Birth Of A Nation’ clearly shows the use of cross cutting from the ‘kkk horses’ to the ‘shed’ in which the
‘minstreals ’ are ‘raping’ a young ‘white’ women. This use of cross cutting and short duration shots emursies the audiences
in the continuity edit, as it is promoting the ‘kkk’ as the white men are coming to save the white women. it also shows the
audiences that black people should be ordered and enslaved as they are ‘wild animals’. Overall i think that the cross cutting
and the tint are good and effective editing techniques however the authorial ideology of Griffiths conveys a racist and
prejudice tone to the audiences which i do not agree with.
Birth of a Nation screen grabs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxqg21tfqCg

V
Citizen Kane Opening Scene

notes
● Kane is segregated from society as the fence is separating him,
● The Overlay of the fence show show the in media res of the narrative.
The diegetic sound track mixes to the edit as the overlay and dissolve are played, as the audiences we
see the fences, as the audiences we find the plot enigmatic. On the contrary, the weather foreshadows
the later scene of the boy being taken this it also is significant as the snow acts as a peel back to his
past.We also, do not know if this snow is the snow inside the globe or if the snow is the last image
running through ‘Kane’s’ mind before he dies. Also the opening scene shows us four dissoves of fences
this creates a further enigma and mystery, also the director may of done this dissolve to establish the
disconnection that kane lives in as we see that he lives in a rural area. Furthermore, the way we literally
interpret the dissolve is that ‘Kane’ has lots of fences and therefore has lots of money for the fences this
may show the running hegemony of ‘money can't buy happiness’. Furthermore the use of the dissolves of
the old and new fences reflects the way ‘Kane’ has lived his life from being poor to rich this is classic
binary option. Moreover the use of the fences could also show that ‘Kane’ is segregated from society as
he is shut away in a rural area. Overall i think that the use of the gates and fences mirrors Kan’s lifes story
as he goes from rags to riches and suggests to the audiences that you can be rich and sad at the same
time.
Citizen Kane
 Citizen Kane

Bad marriage
Scene 2
Notes; whip pan
Short montage shows a overlay flashback this of old men each flashack is edited from the a spin each
time it's getting much more connotation
Overview
During this short sequences we clearly see the relationship deteriorating through the whip pans and
dissolves, this implies ‘Leland’ deep memories of ‘Kane and Emily’. At first we think of a happy marriage
as ‘Leland’ is nodding his head , however as dissolves and whip pans continue we slowly see the
marriage deteriorating, as the audiences we see the use of binary opposition as ‘him’ vs ‘her’ this makes
us feel a conflict between each of them. Furthermore, the use of dissolves and whip pans suggest how
far in the past ‘Leland’ is going, we also see the difference between ‘him’ and ‘her’ as we see his wife
reading a rival newspaper. Overall i think that the use of the dissolves and the whip pans in this opening
scene shows the start of the relationship and shows his initial thoughts of the marriage, however when
‘Leland’ thinks harder the layers start to unfold and he realizes that the marriage was slowly get worse as
Kane spent more time with Emily.
 Citizen Kane

Other wife
Scene 3, 50 sec
● Action match, blue of window, to interior, the use of the camera shows a dissolve through glass

During this short sequences we see a juxtaposition of Susan Alexander Kane being happy and sad.This is
shown in the poster right at the start. As the sequences carries on we see,a dissolve which is
orchestrated from the movement from the camera as the camera pushes in a high angle down towards
the blurry window, this window is very significant as it acts as a mirror of emotion of Susan Alexander
Kane. this conveys a heartbreaking feeling as we know that she is sad as we know she has just had a
divorce. This makes the audience feel sorrow for her. As the audinces we cant but help but feeling
saddened.
Editing Techniques
Jump cut

the use of the jump cut was first discovered in 1902 by George Melies by ‘accident’ these sort of accidents i
feel change film as a whole. This is clearly also said by Orson Welles in the ‘other side of the wind’. The use of
a jump cut in film is used primarily as a full stop, however it can also be something comical or it could show
extraordinary speed. This is shown in are modern day society in the film ‘Twilight’ and how the manipulation of the
jump cut shows the true vampires speed and power. On the contrary, the use of a jump cut was used to show
something is changing or out of place, it could also mean birth of a new object or species.

However, i do think that the use of the jump cuts could miss direct the audience and make the narrative
confusing and hard to follow, this is shown in ‘The Garden’ by Derek Jarman as it is hard to understand the
connection between actors and scenes such as rocks, sea and sand.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEEBeFYb3lI
 The Cut/Standard

The use of a good cut/transition in a film means that the audience can’t identify the difference between
each shot, the director does this to help the continuity of the film. the cuts are normally on the 180 degree
line and cut every 30 degrees this use of degrees makes the audience's eye not make a references to the
actual change in cut but rather the change of perspective. Another way, the stand cut can be used
effectively is by the use of ‘cutting on action’ this is when the characters are moving and the camera angle
switches for example in ‘unbroken’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ru6HnpJJP4 we see that the
camera cuts from one side of the prisoner to the other side. However as the audience we see it from a
different angle. I think the use of the standard cut in relation to continuity editing is good as it helps the
audiences engages themselves into the narrative and is easier for the audiences to connect and make a
bond with the characters in the film.
 L and J cuts

The use of L and J cuts in film is to overlap audio, this will always happen in post production/editing sweet.
The use of L and J cuts in films is to also help with the films continuity, this is good as it stops the
audiences waiting for dialogue and makes sure that the audience don't get bored. And example of a L cut
is when the dialogue or sound goes past its scene and a J cut is when the sound comes forward. ( all
makes sense if you click on the link in the bottom right corner).

Furthermore an example or an L cut, is to make it clear when a conversation is happening. In a shot

reverse shot edit, character A is talking to character B and the camera cuts to see character Bs reaction
to what Character A is saying this is a example of a L cut. An example of a J cut could be explained as
the audience only hear character A however they only see character B on screen this provides emotional
information for the audiences. Overall i think that the use of L and J cuts can show a range of things from
news traisions to all out war for example ‘Guardians Of The Galaxy’. Over these two cuts i favor more the
J cut as it could entice the audience with enigmar in which the L cut cannot as we see the person.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=17&v=dC1yHLp9bWA
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 Cross cutting
The use of cross cutting in a film is expressed as ‘meanwhile’ in a film. Moreover the use of
crosscutting in a film captivates and immures the audiences as every film would be one
dimensional. The use of cross cutting in film first came about in the ‘great train robbery’ which
showed the train master getting roped up as the train came in, as the train was leaving the shot
cuts back to the train master being tied up. At the time this was quite different as it made the
audiences think of both narratives it also increase the tension in films like ‘Birth Of The Nation’
and ‘Citizen Kane’ as it meant that the audience could predict what was going to happen/
foreshadow events. I think that cross cutting can either be used to captive the audiences or it
could be used to confuse the audiences.
Continuity editing

Continuity editing making you feel like everything is happening at the same time and makes the audience
feel as if the narrative is real, Screen direction refers to concept of cinematic grammar which involves the
direction that characters appear to be moving on the screen from the point of view of the camera or
audience. The whole point of continuity editing is to allow the audiences to escape from normal society
and get hooked by the narrative for example in ‘About Time’ the relationship you build with the protagonist
‘Dad’ is strong and makes the audiences think of their own dad and so when the protagonist ‘father’ dies
you feel the same sorrow that you feel for protagonist ‘Dad’ dying as your own. Furthermore i think that
continuity editing is key to a good film as if the film doesn't get the audience hooked then your likely not to
‘escape’ from society. Lastly, the reason why continuity editing is good is because it makes the audience
cry and laugh and feel emotion that they might not experiences in modern day society. i think this should
be one of the main reasons why people should go to cinema. Lastly, throughout the ‘About Time’ the
audience create a connection with the main character and feel as if they are not character or actors but
real people.
Screen Grabs Continuity Editing
 Reverse motion

Reverse motion is when a shot or scene is played backwards, this is a good editing technique as is clearly
show the different perspectives in which the character could be in. Reverse motions editis are Often used
in comedies and action films. For example in ‘Shaun Of The Dead save mum scene’ we clearly see what
they are going to try and do. However on a blockbuster level for example in ‘doctor strange’ we see that
reverse motion was used to manipulate time this was effective as we see how powerful the macguffin(one
of the creation stone). Moreover one ways to create reverse motion in the early day is to print the film
backwards in a optical printer, this is used by starting from the final frame and working backwards.
Another way film directors can use reverse motion is in camera with the playback button, or by turning the
camera upside down. However flipping the camera also has disadvantages as it also flips the soundtrack.
Overall the use of reverse motion i think can show difference in situations and helps tell a different
pathway of the narrative.
 Overlay

An overlay edit is when two sequences of film are superimposed together. This is good for telling a long
story in a short amount of time. Furthermore, the use of the overlay normally reflects the characters
mentality, for example in ‘apocalypse now’ when we see Cap. Benjamin L. Willard ( Martin Sheen) reflect
what he is thinking about. This shows the audiences what the key themes the film is going to be for
example the ‘loss of humanity’. The overlay can also be expressed as a split screen as all it is two shots
shown on top of each other this may show to audiences to contrasting views. Moreover, we could
connote that his mind is all about the war as we helicopters about to go into battle this is a visual
interpretations on what his mind is thinking about . The use of the overlay overall i think is used to help
people see into other character souls. I also believe it could foreshadow a destination in which they are
going to. This is clearly shown in ‘Lone Survivor’ where they are going to track and find one of the major
Taliban leaders.
 30 degree rule

The use of the 180 degree rule in comparison to the 30 degree rule is that the 180 degrees rule helps
structure the camera angles and helps with the continuity edit. Moreover the use of breaking 180 degree
rule is to show that there is a compelling factor or there is something wrong with a certain characters
views. Moreover the use of the 30 degree rule make sure that the cuts are smooth, the other reason is so
that the audience don't realize there are cuts and are automatically submersed in the narrative. Most of
the shots that are used in continuity editing for example shot reverse shot action matches eyeline
matches and expositional narration. This is used more in feature blockbusters film, however the use of
continuity editing doesn't always come from the shots but also the lighting and meis en scene of the.
Continuity, doesn't always guarantee a audiences.

Trainspotting is a great example of using the 30 degree rule to get into the characters head, this is shown
in the ‘interview scene’. The purpose of having these 30 degree cuts is to help the audiences transfer into
spuds head. However because spud is on ‘speed’ we think that he is not just nervous but on lots of drugs,
this adds some comical factor to the scene.Moreover, the use of editing is to show the audiences what
‘spud’ is feeling in is head as the edits have fast traisinions this also lets us know how drugs can affect
you. Overall i think that the use of the 30 degree rule is good as it shows the fluidity of the narrative and
helps us see the dominant themes in the film
 Linear Non Destructive Editing

In are modern day society editing and cinematography has changed as we have adapted 4k camera
quality and controlled camera movement, Like these cinematography changes editing has also changed
from non linear destructive systems to linear non destructive systems. This use of a linear non destructive
system means that editors now rely on data transfer as a method of film production as its easier to keep
and is easier to manage. Furthermore nowaday, we can access any frame by the timecode and the
descriptive metadata. An example of descriptive metadata is when the director and the cinematographer
have finished shooting for the day, the editor can ask for all the shots that are related to a certain actor or
particular scene. In comparison with the non linear editing system in which acts like a copy and paste
ability.

Overall i think that the use of linear non destructive editing system is good as it makes it easier for the
editors to create a more abstract film or a more structured film. Moreover its cheaper to invest in a editing
program then buying the ‘Moviola’ as there is a risk of braking and actually damaging the film, because of
weathering or accidents in the machine . In conclusion i think that having linear non destructive editing
programmes are better than having a non linear destructive editing system as not only editor can edit on a
linear non destructive system nowaday everyone can edit to some extent.
 Ellipsis editing
Ellipsis editing is used so that the audiences don't get too much information about the narrative. The use
of ellipsis editing creates meaning by allowing the audiences to watch and not listen. Normally the use of
ellipsis editing is used in interment moment like a break before a kiss this enchants the audience's into
thinking that the characters are mad for one another this can be clearly shown in ‘ Me Before You’ where
the silences is influencing the ellipsis edit this makes the audiences feel immersed into the narrative and
makes them feel happy towards the protagonists . Furthermore, the use of the of ellipsis editing can also
be show in conflict where character are thought to be dead but are alive. Meaning is created through
ellipsis editing by the brief silence just before a radical action. Overall the use of the ellipsis edit is useful
in films as it makes the audience feel a interna sad or happy feeling. Lastly the use of ellipsis editing helps
the audiences think that they are in the internment scene.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PMCRgtQqgg4
 Contemporary digital editing techniques

Cgi- stands for computer generated imagery, this is helpful for us in film as it can manipulate scale, this is
good as it lowers the budget of films. For example in ‘lord of the rings’ the use of manipulating scale of the
orc armies means the people watching the film new that the battle will be bigger and better than any other
battle they have watched audiences were astounded as it was recent in films. Moreover the uses of
obscure locations can be created in the computer this capturevates the viewer as it can help with
continuity and authentics of the scene. Also cgi can be used in film if the director wants to use a alien or a
different species, this is much better than covering an actor with a mask or makeup as the audiences
know that is fake, however the use of cgi makes it look 100 times better then make up as it can be shown
in high definition. Overall the us of cgi i think is good in film as it helps with continuity editing. This is
clearly shown in ‘Lord of the rings’ where the use of the scale of the army makes the audiences think that
both ‘Sam and Frodo’ are in critical dangers.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJnii4krd_M
CGI has improved in are modern day society this is clearly shown in ‘Saving Private Ryan’. Furthermore,
the editor has complete control of the duration of the shot, of what goes into the plot and that goes out of
the plot. Moreover the use of editing with different transitions can create multiple effects for example a
long duration shot and a dissolve may show enigma or experiences of a certain subject, on the other hand
the use of short duration shot may suggest confrontation or action in a scene this is clearly shown in
saving Private Ryan the opening scene on normandy. Overall i think that the effects on editing controls the
narratives and can affect the way we interpret different characters and different areas this use of editing
the narrative can make a place look like it's happy and calm or terrifying and scary.
 Motion Capture
Notes

● Mo cap actors have put on a suit with dots on them helps correlate for the computer

How does it work?

Motion capture is the recording of a subjects or objects movement. for example in ‘dawn of the planet of
the apes’, they had to use motion capture for animating the humans as monkey, also in plant of the apes
we see the revolution of motion capture as they put on front cam to record there facial movements this
made it easier for the motion capture and cgi team to make a realistic image of the monkeys to the
audiences .Overall the use of the Motion capture is tightly stringed together with cgi, as cgi also adds
layers to not just the background but to the movement of the actors.
Editing Systems
 THE MOVIOLA
The ‘Moviola’ is a device that allows a film editor to view a film while editing. It was the first machine . For
editors to use, this machine was invented and created by ‘Iwan Serrurier’ in 1924. This movila is still a
Hollywood company now and it is located on the original ‘movilla floor’. Furthermore the concept of the
‘moviola’ origins in 1917 was as a home movie projector which could be sold to the general public. The
name of the ‘moviola’ originally came from ‘victrola’ since ‘Serrurier’ though is would be a invention for the
home not for cinema editor . At the same time the ‘victrola’ coast 600 us dollars at that time it was worth
7300 us dollars, therefore not a lot sold however ‘douglas fairbanks studios’ suggested to ‘iwan’ that he
should adapt his device into a editing machine. Over a long period of time from 1918 to 1924 Iwan was
creating a new machine for editors. The last thing i am going to discuss will be about the nonlinear system
of the ‘moviola’ and how it works. So the ‘moviola’ works ‘like a car’ as the editors have a ‘brake’ ,
‘accelerator’ and a ‘reverse’ pedal. This means that editors can go through each frame and decided
whether to cut or keep it. This editing is different to 21 first century editing as we dont need to manually
cut the film up into pieces we can use it as data. overall i think that the ‘moviola’ was a revolutionary
device for the editing world as it helped films like ‘citizen kane’ to be created in which was a non-linear
narrative, this wouldn't of been possible without the ‘Moviola’. Also the use of the ‘Moviola’ is good as it
allowed the editor to experiment with different concepts.
Pictures The Moviola
 Steenbeck Flatbed
The Steenbeck Flatbed helps synchronization the sound and video together, this
is done by moving the the ‘plates around’ .

The Steenbeck Flatbed is made in 1953. The lower light levels and controllable
speed on this flatbed editing desk means old prints can be quickly and easily
inspected with less risk of damage to the very fragile old celluloid than if you were
to run it through a projector to see it. This is because Steenbeck uses soft nylon
rollers and there is no intermittent movement. The image is created through a
rotating prism which scan the frames. Lastly this editing system is a linear
destructive system this means that editor still has to conform with the film. Overall i
think that the use of the ‘Steenbeck Flatbed’ was a brilliant machine as it made it
much easier to edit compared to the ‘Moviola’.
Pictures of the Steenbeck Flatbed
First linear non-destructive
editing system 1970s
In the early days of electronic video production linear tape to tape .Non linear editing was not welcomed
by everyone as there was uncertainty in the product.1970s non linear editing computers became available
and opened a whole new world of editing power and flexibility. The first program to be created for the non
linear non destructive was the avid/1 witch was first introduced by Lucas films in Star Wars. I think that
this use of programme is good at the time, the editor didn't need to worry about loosing or keeping the
footage safe. On the contrary the us of this programme compared to now is not good as it limits what the
editor can do. Moreover the use of the programme is time consuming and could be frustrating to use
sometimes.
 Non linear editing system
1990
The use of 1990s editing system was actually first introduced in 1989 by ‘Editing Machines Corporation’
with the EMC2 editor this was based on the computer. Furthermore the use of this editing system allow
editors to playback there films it did this by using half the screen and making the resolution 15 frames per
second. in non linear video editing, the original source file are not lost or modified during editing. The
purpose of this machine was to make the editing easier to work with, this was first expressed in the book ,
non linear ‘ A Guide To Digital Film And Video Editing’.

In the early 1990 the editing programme Avid/1(the first programme in the media composers). The thing
that Avid/1 films added to the editing world was the use of timeline editing and clipboards. Overall the use
of the 1990s editing system was good as it was the start of the nonlinear editing system .
Non Continuity Editing
 Montage

Montage is a collection of shots put together to convey a certain message or meaning to the audiences.
The use of montage is an example of non continuity editing, the first landmark film to do this was
‘Battleship Potemkin’ where it showed how people should vote for Communism.

There are 5 different types of montage

● Metric
● Intellectual
● Tonal
● Rhythmic
● Over Tonal
 Sergei Eisenstein's ways 5 methods of montage

●
 Metric Editing
Metric editing- is like the duration or length or each shot, this conveys meaning and emotional reaction to the audiences.
Moreover the use of metric montage is to create a metaphor for the audiences to find out, the length of the shot is not
decided by the amount of time they actually take. For example in ‘Battleship Potemkin’ we see that the pram is going down
the stairs very slowly this is to show how significant the baby is in the montage. I think the use of the manipulation of
duration shots is very powerful as it shows the audiences that they should pay attention in these certain moment. This is
shown in drama as ‘marking the moment’
`
 Intellectual Editing
Intellectual montage is cutting according to the shots relationship to an intellectual concept
The use of intellectual montage contributed to creating an intellectual meaning through the juxtaposition of two shot or
more which collide to produce another one which becomes purely conceptual

An example of the use of intellectual montage from ‘Battleship Potemkin’ is the lion scene this uses key analysis of lion
sleeping and bomb hitting a theater, this resembles the fall of ‘elitist’ state and the awakening of communism

The lion is a visual metaphor of the oppressed people and the lion represents that they are now ready for revolution.The
Lion also represents the rise of communism in the 1918 and shows that the ‘elites’ group should not be in power. The use of
intellectual montage overall can show a difference in opinion but also tells the audiences what the director thinks. Overall,
the use of intellectual shows the power of film and the selection of individual images.
 Tonal Editing
Relates to the emotion that the editing creates, for example in ‘Battleship Potemkin’ we feel a sense of
sorrow for the innocent people as they are getting gunned down by the ‘tzar” , by the use of lights,
shadows and framing. This montage method relies predominantly on the emotional integrity of the shot.
Each edit reflects the dominant sentiment that is being portrayed, and is edited to enhance the emotional
experience in the audience. Overall, the Tonal Montage draws from the same thread for one sequence,
creating one whole emotional tone throughout the sequence. Overall tonal montage is a good technique
as it can connote to the audiences a calm or an aggressive emotion, for examples the calm sea makes
the audience think of a calm place unlike a ruff sea which makes people think of action and danger an/‘
aggressive place’. Overall i that the purpose of tonal montage is to allow the audience to reflect and
foreshadow the scenes ahead for example in this sequence ( below ) we can tell that the atmosphere of
the next scene will not aggressive as the sea is calm.
 Rhythmic editing
The use of rhythmic montage is used to communicate the rhyme between a scene this is clearly shown
when the soldiers are descending down the steps in the ‘odessa step sequences’,the use of them going
down the steps is matched with the editing of each step they are taking . Furthermore the use of rhythmic
montage also shows the juxtaposition between two forces in ‘Battleship Potemkin’ the two forces are
conservatism and communism. Overall the use of rhythmic montage, is like metric montage as its also
determined by the length and action in the frame . I think that the use of rhythmic montage is good as it
can show and tell the audiences different emotions and help the audiences converys their own feelings
about the film.
 Overtonal Montage Editing
Overtonal montage is the use of sll three montage methods such as rhythmic, tonal, metric this is because
they allow the audiences to establish a strong connection to the character. This overtonal montage is
shown inhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XwN5ndR65QM where the reflection of the working class
where shown going to work. The purpose of tonal montage is to foreshadow what the audience is going to
see later in the movie. For example in ‘Battleship Potemkin’ we see that the sea is calm and therefore
making the audience feel calm. This use of overtonal montage I think is very good as it can manipulate
the way we think and makes use feel overwhelmed by the situation for example in the ‘Odessa Step’
sequences we have a overwhelming feeling of the ‘elites’ having power over the working class.
 Dziga Vertov
Vertov was born in 1896 in the Russian empire and later changed his name to the camera lens , he also became a well known film
director for Soviet propaganda, (communism) his influences on cinema theory and his documentaries. The influence Dziga Vertov
had was huge on filmmaking as he was the first documentary filmmaker to theorise ‘Kino Pravda’ which translates into ‘film truth’.
‘Kino Pravda’ was the first pieces of work Vertov did as it included twenty three issues, this concept of ‘Kino Pravda’ inspire the use of
actuality in film and once one of his 23 reels where done and organized it would show a deeper truth to society in which people could
not see with there naked eye this was good as it showed the audiences ‘the bigger picture’. Moreover the use of the ‘Kino Pavada’ to
Vertov was to show the overall experiences of life for example filming schools ,cafes and busses, ‘Kino Pavada’ also showed issues
such as the renovation of a trolley system and also the trial of social revolutionaries.

Furthermore, Dziga Vertov film ‘man with the moving camera’ was voted 8th best film in history as it explores all types of montages like
rhythmic,tonal and intellectual montage.
 Lev Kuleshov
Kuleshov was a teacher and a film theorist in soviet montage, he founded the first ever Soviet film school,
firsts person to use cross cutting in Soviet Russia this was shown by his affect .He created a synthesis
thesis and anti- sisthes . The Kuleshov Effect involves two pictures colliding together to create different
effects. Lev Kuleshov was very important in film history as he demonstrates the use that film could convey
a certain feeling for example in Lev Kuleshov showed a close up of an actor and 3 different objects such
as coffin, food and a pretty women could create meaning. He concluded, that this effect made a overall
purpose for the audiences to watch . Later, in his life he decided that motnage was like thesis +
antithesis= synthesis the use of this shows the audiences can determine what is sad and what is happy,
as people may think that it's not sad to see a girl in coffin or not nice to see a women in a chair . i think
that the use of Lev Kuleshov theories changed montage for the better, furthermore i also think that Lev
Kuleshov therefore invented the use of hereogomic/ideology as he explore different shots which created
different meaning which lead on to different overall ideologies.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zUZCPPGeJ1c
 Soviet Montage
● In 1920s the political climate in Russia was polarised as there was strict class difference between
upper class ‘elitism’ and working class proletariat and rural workers .

● Key players in early soviet montage was sergei Eisenstein, Kuleshov and Pudovkin
 Soviet montage bullet points part2
● A powerful tool film was as not a lot of people could read
● Narkompros was one of the studios in which came together in Russia to film the communist
film.
● No film stock in Russia meant they had to use other films that were imported
● Lev kuleshov was the a good teacher of montage as he came up with the kuleshov effect
● Kuleshov effect, two images together to create an effect
● Antithesis, synthesis , thesis
● Juxtapose emotion, creative cinematography was what the propaganda of Russia was all
about.

● The use of montage came about from Craig benzine ‘montage’ comes from the french word

meaning assembling or editing or

 Soviet montage notes p3
● There was revolution lead by Lennie the leader of Bolshevik party
● There was radical change of socio, economic life
● There was no film stock as the country didn't have lots of money,
● Rise of Soviet propaganda let to an increase in filmmaking to share ideas to the population
Pudovkin
 Pudovkin
Pudovkin was born in 1893 and was well educated in Russia, when he was 25 Pudovkin he wanted to
study chemistry and physics. However after watching D.W Griffith film ‘intolerance’ he realized that films
could show multiple meaning, by the age of twenty six he went of to the cinematography school in
Moscow. Pudovkin noted that ‘ The basic means of expression which is unique to motion pictures lies in
the organization of the … shots which in themselves contain the elements of the larger forms; the scenes
and sequences’. Film technique : and film acting b.i. Pudovkin-Gove Press- 1976. This use of
juxtaposition intrigued Pudovkin as it was different from every Art form and could be very experimental.
This is clearly shown when Pudovkin also that ‘editing is not merely a method of the junction of separate
scenes of pieces but is a method that controls the “Psychological Guidance” of the spectator’ this was also
said at the Film technique : and film acting b.i. Pudovkin-Gove Press- in 1976. This quote refers to his 5
methods in which controls emotion these 5 methods are.

Pudovkin.jpg
 Pudovkin part 2
Contrast - which involves cutting between different scenarios so the audiences will highlight the contrast between them

Parallelism - showing two unrelated scene but showing a connection between them for example both scene having the
same macguffin in them .For example in ‘hugo’ where a master clock is slowly turns into the roads of Paris. Often used to
jump from different time periods to another.

Symbolism - is when two scene juxtapose each other and show a key factor or problem. This can be shown in lawrence of
arabia where the match is blown out to symbolises that the dessert is hot , this is then reinforced by the establishing shot of
the desert and the sun rising

Simultaneity - means cross cutting this can also be shown to misguide the audience for example in ‘the silence of the
lamb’ we see that the audiences get misguided by the cinematography as we think that the killer is in the house that the
swat team however its at a different location.

Leitmotif- is when a specific character that has a theme tune to show that they are a certain character , for example in star
wars darth vader has a orcitorial rhythm to indicate to the audience that he is a villian.

Overall i think that the use of these 5 methods of editing help the audiences to convey a certain feeling and emotion. I do
think think this was revolutionary in non continuity editing as it established basic connection of other things, i can't help but
to relate this to Lev Kuleshov theory of A + B = C.
 Parallel Editing
The use of parallel editing is when the narrative cuts back to original scenes or has has more then two or
more locations. This is clearly shown in the ‘Baptist scene’ in the ‘Godfather’ as we see the use of
parallel editing as Michael is saying he won't ‘renounce satan’, meanwhile we see Michaels hit men killing
people this show a parallel edit not just as the shots go from ‘Michael to hitmen back to Michael’ but it also
shows that michael has changed throughout the narrative from a good person into a evil one. Overall i
think that parallel editing is controversial as it makes the audiences make relations between scenes but
also key themes, i think that parallel editing can be used to manipulate characters, for example the
godfather ‘baptism scene’ the director Francis Ford Coppola wants the audience to feel that Michael has
changed into a horrible person.
 Hitchcock- Psycho shower scene
Hitchcock uses montage in the Psycho shower scene by having short duration shots of knife,face
and Water, this use of CU creates enigma as we cant see who is killing the young women, moreover the
leading line of knife provokes are thoughts into thing that the women is going to get killed, this is also
shown by blood going down the pulg hole. As a representation plughole symbolises the loss of life but
also the ‘waste of a life’. The next shot show the plug hole turn into her dilating eye this is a graphic
match . The purpose of this montage was to show the audience that anyone can get killed, but also
touches on the fact that killing in America is excessive and need to be stopped, this was backed up with
the plug hole and the blood running down it . Lastly the use of the lit motif of the knife matches the
screams of the women, this also helps the editing as the shot reverse shot of the knife, creates a
rhythmic montage as the shots are edited to the lit motif of the knife stabbing the young women . Overall i
think this scene was scary and was compelling to the audiences as the sharp music suggests pain and
discomfort to the audiences, there was also 78 cuts in editing of the shower scene in Hitchcock's film

psycho this is one of the most outstanding editing sequences in the history.
 Hollywood montage
Hollywood montage,is big budget and has a wide audiences moreover people can relate to most of the
conventional themes. Unlike Russian montage. Hollywood montage connects with the audience
emotionally as it normal plays on personal problems rather than political problems. For example in
‘Creed’ Training montage we clearly see that the montage is over a long period of time as it shows Rocky
in hospital and then out of hospital. Moreover, this montage isn't just about training and fighting it's more
about Rocky fighting against cancer, this i think is good as it shows the impact in which cancer can have
on people. Overall i think that the music and the use short duration shot reflects the impact of the fight.
The authorial ideology promotes the american model of individual achievement.
 Training montage notes
Juxtaposition between the jordan fight, and rocky's cancer,
● Parallel montage

● Rhythmic editing,
● The build up of the sound starts low then build up this draws the audience into the montage at first
beats of punchers fits into music
● Escapism
Hollywood montage, tells long stories over short amount.
The use of training montage is to show the characters development over a long period of time in a short
amount of time this makes the audiences think that the character has changed his/her mind about
something. This is also show with a haircut or change in colour in hair. this is shown in the training
montage of creed where michael jordan is training while looking after his coach who has cancer.
Furthermore, the use of this training montage has lots of conventions of a hollywood montage however
the differences its that training montage normally use lots of low angle shots this is to convey to the
audiences that the protagonist is developing as person un like a high angles shot which would show them
looking small .Overall i think that this training montage in ‘creed’ is good as shows a lot of different
emotions such as sadness and hardship this is makes the audiences feel more connected with the main
character
 Parody montage
An imitation of the style of a particular writer, artist, or genre with
deliberate exaggeration for comic effect.

In film the use of montage has change from being political to being
authorial to now in which some people use it for comical reasons
for example in ‘Team America we see the use of references to
other film like ‘Rocky’. I think that the use of parody montage can
be funny however i do think that the use of this can also be rude
as it imitates really good films. I am sure if i made a film i would be
insulted if someone made a mockery of it. However Parody
montage normally has a younger audience in which it applies to
as younger people are easily influenced.
 Lit motif
Lit motif is when a certain character or prop has a certain sound in which the audiences can reference to.
This is used in ‘Star Wars’ when darth vader walks through to the guards meanwhile the audiences here a
oristorial beat that suggest that he is a villain or a character with importants.

Furthermore, props can be used as a lit motif it doesn't always have to be a character, for example the
knife in psycho has a high pitch sound. Overall i think that lit motif can be effective in film as it can convey
different actions and intentions to a character
 Bowling for Columbine High
In the opening scene of Bowling For Columbine High we hear the expository narrator talk directly at the
audiences about the morning of April 20th 1999, as the narrator talks about the normal things that happen
in the American mornings, the use of this verbal knowledge reinforced with visual knowledge. However
just after the milkman the viewer gets a disturbing shot of a country being bombed this shows that the
director doesn't agree with who is power. Furthermore this makes the audiences nervous as he says it so
calmly this use of of editing of verbal and visual representation acts as a montage. The purpose of this
opening montage is to distress the audiences about the political and the cultural influences on modern day
society. Overall i think that this montage in this opening sequences show how America is living in fear as
the use gun references refers protecting themselves as an indivales .
 Hip hop montage
Hip Hop montage was technically first introduced in ‘requiem for a
dream’ however i think that this type of montage is just classical
montage but speeded up. On the other hand, this fast paced editing is
good as it excites the audiences but also shows the audiences the
power of ‘addicted’. The purpose of this montage is to show the use of
teen and elderly addictions in are modern day society. Overall i think
that this rapid editing captivates the audience and expresses all the key
themes.However, i do think that the power of hip hop montage can be
used in a bad way as it can give the audiences too much information
leading the audiences to get disinterested. In comparison to ‘Battleship
Potemkin’ where the use of montage expresses the use of
commissions in Russia.
Tv shows
 Editing within a genre

Captain video was the birth of sci tv but also was the start of expository narration, this was used in tv programmes at this
time as they did not have advanced technology, forcing them to use voice overs to retell the audiences what the programme
was about.

The use of cross cutting internally and externally was good as it really did immuers the younger audiences into thinking that
Captain video was real, this shows that the birth of television was on the rise . This and the futuristic props of the ray gun
show that its also a sci fi genre.Captain video is using continuity editing by following the 30 degree rule and the 180 degree
rule this makes it a clear and a easy narrative story to follow. However captain video never had a dissolve as they had to
edit on live tv.

In captain video we see the use of genre conventions through the use of special effects for example the props look futuristic
like the staging in the opening scene this makes the audience think that captain video is real (to the younger audiences
anyway). Moreover the use of a vision mixer allowed some special effects however because of the low budget it didn't
have that many, on the contrary the use of the vision mixer was good as it allowed editors to develop it into what it is now

One of the problems they had while filming the Captain video was that the saging was small and so in the episode we as
the audiences felt claustrophobic as there isn't enough space in the studio. This shows that if a programme does not have
enough funding then lots of audiences won’t tune in. Furthermore, the the use of the static camera reduces the tension and
reduces the enigma of the story as the camera is always fixed to one spot.

Overall i think that the use of the expository narration was excellent as it captivates the audience into the narrative.
 Editing within a genre part 2 doctor who

In the opening scene of doctor we see the use of montage and continuity editing.
For example in the introduction of ‘Doctor Who’ we see the use blue tinted lights
these lights normally refer to sci fi themes therefore the audiences can predict that
there going to watch a sci fi related tv programme. The use of the introduction to
the episode show the audiences that the tv show is going to be sci fi. Furthermore
the use of the blue lights straight away sense that its a sci fi. The purpose of doing
this is to show the audience that they are going to be transported to a different
world. The use of the green screen when they are in the tardis is revolutionary as
it adds to the sense of the unknown as they disappear into the future.

The use of the cross cutting from the ‘conversation of the scientist ’ to the ‘ the
news reporter explaining the backstory ‘and to ‘the doctor reading the news report
’ is so that there are 3 parallel narratives for the audiences to think about. This
compared with tv programmes such as Captain video that editing in on vision mixer
is different to having live recording . For example when we hear the television in
doctor who we think that it's real as its a fake news reporter speaking in live
moment. This is good as it make the audiences feel more immersed in the
narrative and made the use of continuity editing more effective.
Editing within a genre p2 doctor who
 Editing within a genre p1 Farscape 1999 tv

The establishing shot in the opening scene of ‘Farscape’ is used to show the genre as we see the
eyeline match of an aliens eye and a destroyed ship . the symbolism of an eye in films means the
‘window to the character soul’ therefore we may suggest that the episode is about this character. As we
see the character eye we then cut to a destroyed ship this conveys a feeling that he is actually sad and
discofend by and old situation. We can clearly see this through the use of the 180 degree rule as the
broken ship is a mirror to the aliens soul and mind.

Later on in the narrative we see the us of the blue torches being shown down the hatch of the destroyed
ship this is a classical convention for a sci fi film as blue represents mystery and suspiton. Also down the
corridor the use of breaking the 180 degree rule could foreshadow danger or mystery.

Overall i think that the use of the the eyeline match and ‘breaking the 180 degree rule’ was very good as it
clearly showed the sci fi genre conventions it also showed the use of good continuity editing as the
narrative make sense and go together.
 Battle Galactica 2004
In the opening scene of Battle Galactica we hear the use of exploratory narrator
talking about how earth got taking over by robots. The use of this montage shows the
audiences the summary of the session. In the second part of the montage we see the
main protagonists individual narratives however we don't see all the details as they
want people to be hooked on the narrative.

In the opening montage we see a cross dissolve which is conveyed to shows the
passing of time. The cross dissolves cuts to a large skyscraper showing the
technology of the new earth, However it then cuts to a ‘black screen’ relaying to the
audiences that time has moved on.

The use of technology in battleship Galactica montage shows that technology has
developed significantly. In comparison to Captain Video and Doctor Who. Overall i
think that the use of this montage is good as it clearly communicates a sci fi narrative.
 Battleship Galactica (Continuity)
The use of cinematography Battleship Galactica helps with the use of continuity editing as it establishes
the setting. For example we get a dissolve and push zoom which shows the audiences the scale of the
Pegasus ship. This also shows the location of the ship as it shows the audiences the depth of space.

Moreover the use of the military narrative makes audiences think that it's a realistic programme and it
trying to make the audiences think its a documentary, they did this through by having a large budget.

The use of the action match of characters running through the hatch is similar to’ doctor who’ however no
filter or lights where put on the character this is because they wanted to shows a more realistic approach
to the action.

The use of cross cutting in Battleship Galactica was interesting as it increase the pace of the narrative
and makes people concentrate on different people in the narrative. Overall, the use of the the dissolve
and cross cutting helps structure the narrative and makes people feel more immerse in the scene
Star Trek enterprise opening scene

The use of the montage in ‘Star Trek Enterprise’ opening scene shows to the audiences the growth of
technology over time. This use of technology also suggest to the audiences how corrupt society can be as
there birth of new weapons. This is also shown in the cuts as the use of the fast pace editing reflects to
the audiences that earth has evolved rapidly.

Furthermore, the use of the high quality of cgi creates a more realistic sense to the tv programme, the
purpose of doing this is to makes the audiences more likely to watch the tv series. Lastly the use of the
exportary narration reinforms, technology is engraved as an ideology to the audiences.
Screengrabs for Battleship
Galactica