CLASS — X GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER-1

RESOURCES & DEVELOPMENT

Holiday
Homework
WHAT IS A RESOURCE ??

Everything It should be
available in our
environment and (1)
(2) Culturally (3) Economically
which satisfy our Technologically
acceptable feasible
needs accessible

Like - Solar Cooker – It is technologically accessible but not culturally acceptable

 CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES
Classification of resources on the basis of

HIP ORIGIN
DEVELOPMENT EXHAUSTIBILITY

OWNERSHIP STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT

ACCORDING TO ORIGIN

• Obtained from • All the things which are

Biosphere and have Composed of Non
Life . Living Things .
• Examples- Flora, Fauna, • Examples- Rocks,
Fisheries, Livestock, Metals
Human Beings

BIOTIC ABIOTIC
ACCORDING TO EXHAUSTIBILITY

Renewable Non Renewable

These resources can be renewed These resources cannot be
or reproduced by physical, renewed as they take million
chemical or mechanical process. years to form.
For Example For Example Minerals,
Solar and Water Energy, Fossil Fuels.
Forests etc.
Renewable resources
Further Divided into In this portion metals
are recyclable but fossils
Continuous- Water and Wind fuels can not be recycled
& Flow- Natural Vegetation and and exhausted with use
Wildlife
ACCORDING
- TO OWNERSHIP

• The • The • The • The

resources resources resources resources

NATIONAL

INTERNATIONAL
which are are which belonging to
COMMUNITY
owned accessible to belongs to international
privately by all members the institutions.
INDIVIDUAL

individuals. of the government. • Example-

• Example- society. Oceanic
• Technically
Mobiles, • Example- all resources resources
Land. Public Parks, belong to beyond 200
Playgrounds. the nation. nautical
miles of the
• Example-
EEZ i.e.
Roads,
Exclusive
Oceanic area
Economic
up to
Zone.
22.2km
• ( i.e. 12
NAUTICAL
MILE )
 RESOURCE ACCORDING TO --STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT

•POTENTIAL-- . Resources which are found in an region, but not have been utilized.
• - .Like Rajasthan and Gujarat have potential of solar and wind energy
but not been used for some reasons.

•DEVELOPED-- Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity is determined
for utilization.
• -- The development of resources depends on technology and level of their feasibility.

•STOCK-- The resources which have potential to satisfy human needs but there is no
Technology to use are included among Stock.
• -- Like Water is a compound of Hydrogen and Oxygen which can be used as rich
source of energy but there is technology to use it.

•RESERVES-- They are subset of stock which can be use with existing technology but are
conserved for the future generations.
•Like river water is used to a limited consent for generating electricity so that it can be used in
future.
 Sustainable development has been defined as that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also

known as the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, the Rio Summit, the Rio
Conference, and the Earth Summit was a major United Nations conference held in Rio de
Janeiro in BRAZIL from 3 to 14 June in 1992. In this program more than 100 of heads mets.

Agenda 21 is a non-binding action plan of the United Nations with regard to sustainable
development. ... It is an action agenda for the UN, other multilateral organizations, and
individual governments around the world that can be executed at local, national, and global
levels.
Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, and the Statement of
principles for the Sustainable Management of Forests were adopted by more than 178
Governments at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)
held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3 to 14 June 1992.
 Ecological
Problem
Unequal Scarcity of
Distribution resources

Resources are
vital for human
survival &
maintaining the
Depletion
Exploitation quality of life .
But due to of resources
humans greed
following
problems arises
*Resources and Development of Resources *

--Indiscriminate use of resources by human being has led to the following major problems:
--Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals.
--Accumulation of resources in few hands, divided the society into haves and have not’s or rich and poor.
--Global ecological crises such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, --environmental pollution and
land degradation.

* Resources Planning *

Strategy for judicious use of resources is important as there is enormous diversity in the availability of
resources.
Many of the resources are non-renewable. This calls for balanced resource planning at the national, state,
regional and local levels.
*Resource Planning in India*

Identification and inventory of resources.

--Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up.
--Matching resource development plans with overall national development plans.
*Conservation of Resources*
Resources are vital for any developmental activity.
--Irrational consumption and over-utilisation of resources may lead to socio-economic and environmental
problems.
To overcome these problems, resource conservation at various levels is important.
*Gandhi ji was very apt in voicing his concern about resource conservation in these words,
“There is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed.”*
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 LAND DEGRADATION
A process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination
of human – induced process acting upon land.

DEFORESTATION INDUSTRIALWASTE OVERUSEOF

FERTILIZERS

QUARRYING OVERDRAZING MINING

LAND CONSERVATION

Planting
Afforestation
Shelterbelts

Checking
Terrace
Over
Farming
irrigation
 RESOURCE PLANNING
Resource Planning is
widely accepted
It has importance in a
strategy for judicious
country like India which
use of resources.
has enormous diversity
in resources

MATCHING
IDENDIFYING ECONOMIC AND
RESOURCE
INVENTORY OF TECNOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT
RESOURCES EVOLUTION
PLAN

HOW IS RESOURCE PLANNING DONE???

SOIL AS A RESOURCE
Most important natural resource.

Medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organism on the
earth.

Takes million of years to form soil up to a few cm in length.

 FACTORS AFFECTING
FORMATION OF SOIL

Parent Rock Climate Vegetation

Activity of
Wind Glaciers
Decomposition

Organic and
Inorganic Temperature
Materials
 CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL
ALLUVIAL
Colour Thickness
BLACK

RED
Classification
on the basis
of :-
LATTERITE

Chemical and ARID

Physical Texture-Age
Properties
FOREST
 ALLUVIA L S OI L
According to their age alluvial soil divided into KHADAR (new alluvial) &
BANGAR (old alluvial)

Formed by the Found in Northern

deposit [Sand and Plains, Coastal
Very Fertile
Silt] brought by the Plains, Deltas of
rivers Rivers

Rice, Wheat, Rich in Potash and Deficiency in

Cotton, Oil Seed Lime Nitrogen
 BLACK SOIL
Made up of lava flow
Known as Regur Soil,
Black in Colour [Breaking down of
Cotton Soil, Lava Soil igneous rocks]

Found in Maharashtra,
Rich in Calcium
M.P, Chhattisgarh, Good Capacity to hold Carbonate, Potash,
Godavari and Krishna moisture Lime
Valleys

Deficiency in
Crack occurs when dry Sticky when wet
Phosphoric Content
 RED & YELLOW SOIL
Formed by the
Found in Eastern
denudation of
Porous Chores and Southern part
Igneous and
of Deccan Plateau
Metamorphic Rocks

Deficiency in
Rice, Pulse, Sugar
Rich in Iron Nitrogen, Humus,
Cane
Lime
 LATTERITE SOIL

Found in
Acidic Porous Leaching by
Western
Heavy Rainfall
Ghats, Shillong

Coffee,
Deficiency in
Rubber, Rich in Iron
Lime, Potash
Cashew
 ARID SOIL

Formed by
Deficiency in
Weathering of Rich in Salt
Humus
Rocks

Dates, Melon, Rajasthan,

Bajra Punjab, Gujrat
 FOREST SOIL

Found in
Acidic in
Rainforest and
Nature
Hilly areas

Deficiency in
Humus
 SOIL EROSION

The denudation of the soil cover

and subsequent washing down is
called SOIL EROSION.

Due to Human and Natural • 1.) Human- Deforestation, Over Grazing etc.
Factors • 2.) Natural- Wind, Glacier etc

The processes of Soil Formation

and Erosion go on
simultaneously and generally
there is a balance b/w the two.

• 1.) Gully Erosion

Types :-
• 2.) Sheet Erosion
Contour Ploughing –
Ploughing around the contour lines to decelerate the flow of
water down the slopes

Terrace Farming –
Cutting out the slopes and making terraces

Strip Cropping –
Strips of grass are left to grow b/w the crops. It breaks up the
force of wind.

Planting Shelter Belts –

Planting lines of trees to create shelter.
*Land use Pattern in India*
Use of land is determined both by physical factors such as topography, climate, and soil types as
well as human factors such as population density, technological capability and culture and
traditions, etc.

Total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq km.

The land under permanent pasture has decreased. Forest area in the country is far lower than
the desired 33 per cent of geographical area, as it was outlined in the National Forest Policy
1952.

NSA in India comes to about 54 per cent of total reporting area. Pattern of net sown area varies
greatly from one state to another.

It is over 80% of total area in Punjab and Haryana and less than 10% in Arunachal Pradesh,
Mizoram, Manipur and Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
 *Land Resources*
Land is a natural resource of utmost importance. India has land under a variety of relief features,
--43% is plain, provides facilities for agriculture and industry.
--Mountains account for 30 per cent ensure perennial flow of some rivers, provide facilities for tourism and ecological aspec
-- About 27 per cent is the plateau, possesses rich reserves of minerals, fossil fuels and forests.

*Land Utilisation*
– Land resources are used for the following purposes:
Forests Land can be available for cultivation:
(a) Barren and waste land
(b) Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g. buildings, roads, factories.

Other uncultivated land

(excluding fallow land):
(a) Permanent pastures and grazing land,
(b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops, groves (not included in net sown area),
(c) Culturable waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years).

*Fallow lands:*
(a) Current fallow (left without cultivation for 1 or less than 1 agricultural year),
(b) (b) Other than current fallow - (left uncultivated for past 1 to 5 agricultural years).
*Net sown area:*
Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross cropped area.
INDIA-- SOIL DISTRIBUTION

THANK
YOU.

BY-
A. K.
YADAV