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4/22/2020 Western Xia - Wikipedia
Western Xia
The Western Xia or Xi Xia (Chinese: 西夏; pinyin: Xī Xià;
Wade–Giles: Hsi1 Hsia4), also known to the Mongols as the Western Xia
Tangut Empire and to the Tangut people themselves and 西夏
to the Tibetans as Mi-nyak,[6] was an empire which existed (⽩⾼⼤夏國)
from 1038 to 1227 in what are now the northwestern Chinese (邦泥定國)
provinces of Ningxia, Gansu, eastern Qinghai, northern
Shaanxi, northeastern Xinjiang, southwest Inner Mongolia, 1038–1227
and southernmost Outer Mongolia, measuring about
800,000 square kilometres (310,000 square miles).[7][8][9]
Its capital was Xingqing (modern Yinchuan), until its
destruction by the Mongols in 1227. Most of its written
records and architecture were destroyed, so the founders
and history of the empire remained obscure until 20th-
century research in the West and in China.
The Western Xia occupied the area round the Hexi Corridor,
a stretch of the Silk Road, the most important trade route
between North China and Central Asia. They made
significant achievements in literature, art, music, and
architecture, which was characterized as "shining and
sparkling".[10] Their extensive stance among the other Location of Western Xia in 1111 (green
empires of the Liao, Song, and Jin was attributable to their in north west)
effective military organizations that integrated cavalry,
chariots, archery, shields, artillery (cannons carried on the
back of camels), and amphibious troops for combat on land
and water.[11]
Contents
Name
History Western Xia in 1150
Foundations Capital Xingqing
Middle period (modern
Yinchuan)
Destruction by the Mongols
Common languages Tangut,
Culture Chinese
Rulers Religion Primary:
Gallery Buddhism
Secondary:
See also Taoism
References Confucianism
Chinese folk
Citations religion
Sources
Government Monarchy
External links Emperor
• 1038–1048 Emperor
Jingzong
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Xia 1/12
• 1206–1211 Emperor
Name Xiangzong
• 1226–1227 Emperor Mozhu
The full title of the Western Xia as named by their own state Historical era Post-classical
is reconstructed as /*phiow¹-bjij²-lhjij-lhjij²/ which history
translates as "Great State of White and Lofty" ( 大白高國 ),
• Li Jiqian rebels 984
also named as "The Great Xia State of the White against Song
and the Lofty" ( 白高大夏國 ), or called "mjɨ-njaa" or "khjɨ- dynasty
dwuu-lhjij" (萬祕國). The region was known to the Tanguts • Dynasty 1038
and the Tibetans as Minyak.[6][12] established by
Emperor Jingzong
"Western Xia" is the literal translation of the state's Chinese • Subjugated by 1210
name. It is derived from its location on the western side of Mongol Empire
• Destroyed by 1227
the Yellow River, in contrast to the Liao (916–1125) and Jin
Mongol Empire
(1115–1234) dynasties on its east and the Song in the after rebellion
southeast. The English term "Tangut" comes from the
Area
Mongolian name for the country, Tangghut (Tangɣud),
1100 est.[1] 1,000,000 km2
believed to reflect the same word as "Dangxiang" (traditional (390,000 sq mi)
Chinese: 党項) found in Chinese literature.
Population
• peak 3,000,000[2][3][4]
History
Currency Barter with
some copper
coins in the
Foundations cities (see:
Western Xia
The Tanguts originally came from the Tibet-Qinghai region, coinage)[5]
but migrated eastward in the 650s under pressure from the
Tibetans. By the time of the An Lushan Rebellion in the 750s Preceded by Succeeded
by
they had become the primary local power in the Ordos
region in northern Shaanxi. The Tanguts sometimes fell Dingnan Mongol
under direct administration by the Tang dynasty. As a result, Jiedushi Empire
the Tanguts often cooperated with external powers such as Xiliangfu
the Uyghurs in opposing the Tang. The situation lasted until Guiyi Circuit
the 840s when the Tanguts rose in open revolt against the Gansu Uyghur
Kingdom
Tang, but the rebellion was suppressed. Eventually the Tang Liao dynasty
court was able to mollify the Tanguts by admonishing their Song dynasty
frontier generals and replacing them with more disciplined
ones.[13] Today part of China
Mongolia
In 881 the Tangut general Li Sigong was granted control of
the Dingnan Jiedushi, also known as Xiasui, in modern Yulin, Shaanxi for assisting the Tang in
suppressing the Huang Chao Rebellion (874–884). Li Sigong died in 886 and was succeeded by his
brother Li Sijian. After the fall of Tang in 907, the rulers of Dingnan were granted honorary titles by
the Later Liang. Li Sijian died in 908 and was succeeded by his son Li Yichang, who was murdered by
his officer Gao Zongyi in 909. Gao Zongyi was himself murdered by soldiers of Dingnan and was
replaced by a relative of Li Yichang, Li Renfu. Dingnan was attacked by Qi and Jin in 910, but was
able to repel the invaders with the aid of Later Liang. Li Renfu died in 933 and was succeeded by his
son Li Yichao. Under Li Yichao Dingnan successfully repelled an invasion by the Later Tang. Li
Yichao died in 935 and was succeeded by his brother Li Yixing.
In 944 Li Yixing attacked the Liao dynasty on behalf of the Later Jin. In 948 Li Yixing attacked a
neighboring circuit under encouragement from the rebel Li Shouzhen but retreated after Li Shouzhen
was defeated. Honorary titles were given out by the Later Han to appease local commanders,
including Li Yixing. In 960 Dingnan came under attack by Northern Han and successfully repelled
invading forces. In 962 Li Yixing offered tribute to the Song dynasty. Li Yixing died in 967 and was
succeeded by his son Li Kerui.
Li Kerui died in 978 and was succeeded by Li Jiyun, who died in 980 and was succeeded by Li Jipeng,
who died in 982 and was succeeded by Li Jiqian.
Li Jiqian rebelled against the Song dynasty in 984, after which Dingnan was recognized as the
independent state of Xia. Li Jiqian died in battle in 1004 and was succeeded by his son Li Deming.
Under Li Deming, the Xia state defeated the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom in 1028 and forced the ruler
of the Guiyi Circuit to surrender. Li Deming died in 1032 and was succeeded by his son Li Yuanhao.
In 1036 the Xia annexed the Guiyi and Ganzhou Uyghur states. In 1038 Li Yuanhao declared himself
the first emperor of the Great Xia with his capital at Xingqing in modern Yinchuan. What ensued was
a prolonged war with the Song dynasty which resulted in several victories. However the victories
came at a great cost and the Xia found itself short of manpower and supplies. In 1044 the Xia and
Song came to a truce with the Xia recognizing the Song ruler as emperor in return for annual gifts
from the Song as recognition of the Tangut state's power. Aside from founding the Western Xia, Li
Yuanhao also ordered the creation of a Tangut script as well as translations of Chinese classics into
Tangut.
Middle period
After Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia died in 1048, his son Li Liangzuo became Emperor Yizong of
Western Xia at the age of two and his mother became the regent. In 1049 the Liao dynasty launched
an invasion of Western Xia and vassalized it. Yizong died in 1067 and his son Li Bingchang became
Emperor Huizong of Western Xia at the age of six.
Huizong's mother became regent and she invaded Song territory. The invasion ended in failure, and
Huizong took back power from his mother. However he died soon after in 1086 and was succeeded by
his son Li Qianshun who became Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia at the age of two.
After Chongzong became emperor, his grandmother (Huizong's mother) became regent again and
launched invasions of the Liao dynasty and the Song dynasty. Both campaigns ended in defeat and
Chongzong took direct control of Western Xia. He ended wars with both Liao and Song and focused
on domestic reform.
In 1115, the Jürchen Jin dynasty defeated the Liao. The Liao emperor fled to Western Xia in 1123.
Chongzong submitted to the Jin demand for the Liao emperor and Western Xia became a vassal state
of Jin. After the Jin dynasty attacked the Song and took parts of the northern territories from them,
initiating the Southern Song period, Western Xia also attacked and took several thousands square
miles of land.
Chongzong died in 1139 and was succeeded by his son Li Renxiao who became Emperor Renzong of
Western Xia. Immediately following Renzong's coronation, many natural disasters occurred and
Renzong worked to stabilize the economy.
Destruction by the Mongols
Renzong died in 1193 and his son Li Chunyou became Emperor Huanzong of Western Xia.
In the late 1190s and early 1200s, Temujin, soon to be Genghis Khan, began consolidating his power
in Mongolia. Between the death of Tooril Khan, leader of the Keraites, until Temujin's Mongol
Empire in 1203, the Keraite leader Nilqa Senggum led a small band of followers into Western Xia.[14]
However, after his adherents took to plundering the locals, Nilqa Senggum was expelled from
Western Xia territory.[14]
Using his rival Nilga Senggum's temporary refuge in Western Xia as a pretext, Temujin launched a
raid against the Western Xia in 1205 in the Edsin region.[14][15][16] The Mongols plundered border
settlements and one local Western Xia noble accepted Mongol authority.[17] In 1206, Temujin was
formally proclaimed Genghis Khan, ruler of all Mongols, marking the official start of the Mongol
Empire. In the same year, Huanzong was killed in a coup by his cousin Li Anquan, who installed
himself as Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia. In 1207, Genghis led another raid into Western Xia,
invading the Ordos Loop and sacking Wulahai, the main garrison along the Yellow River, before
withdrawing in 1208.[16][18]
In 1209 Genghis undertook a larger campaign to secure the submission of Western Xia. After
defeating a force led by Gao Lianghui outside Wulahai, Genghis captured the city and pushed up
along the Yellow River, defeated several cities, and besieged the capital, Yinchuan, which held a well-
fortified garrison of 150,000.[19] The Mongols attempted to flood the city by diverting the Yellow
River, but the dike they built to accomplish this broke and flooded the Mongol camp.[14]
Nevertheless, Xiangzong agreed to submit to Mongol rule, and demonstrated his loyalty by giving a
daughter, Chaka, in marriage to Genghis and paying a tribute of camels, falcons, and textiles.[20]
After their defeat in 1210, Western Xia attacked the Jin dynasty in response to their refusal to aid
them against the Mongols.[21] The following year, the Mongols joined Western Xia and began a 23-
year-long campaign against Jin. In the same year Xiangzong's nephew Li Zunxu seized power in a
coup and became Emperor Shenzong of Western Xia. Xiangzong died a month later.
In 1219, Genghis Khan launched his invasion of Khwarezmia and Eastern Iran and requested military
aid from Western Xia. However, the emperor and his military commander Asha refused to take part
in the campaign, stating that if Genghis had too few troops to attack Khwarazm, then he had no claim
to supreme power.[22][23] Infuriated, Genghis swore vengeance and left to invade Khwarazm while
Western Xia attempted to create alliances with the Jin and Song against the Mongols.[24]
After defeating Khwarazm in 1221, Genghis prepared his armies to punish Western Xia for their
betrayal. Meanwhile, Shenzong abdicated in 1223 in favor of his son Li Dewang, who became
Emperor Xianzong of Western Xia. In 1225, Genghis attacked with a force of approximately
180,000.[25] After taking Khara-Khoto, the Mongols began a steady advance southward. Asha,
commander of the Western Xia troops, could not afford to meet the Mongols as it would involve an
exhausting westward march from the capital Yinchuan through 500 kilometers of desert, and so the
Mongols steadily advanced from city to city.[26] Enraged by Western Xia's fierce resistance, Genghis
ordered his generals to systematically destroy cities and garrisons as they went.[22][24][27] Genghis
divided his army and sent general Subutai to take care of the westernmost cities, while the main force
under Genghis moved east into the heart of the Western Xia and took Gan Prefecture, which was
spared destruction upon its capture due to it being the hometown of Genghis's commander
Chagaan.[28]
In August 1226, Mongol troops approached Wuwei, the second-largest city of the Western Xia
empire, which surrendered without resistance in order to escape destruction.[29] At this point,
Emperor Xianzong died, leaving his relative Emperor Mozhu of Western Xia to deal with the Mongol
invasion.[30] In Autumn 1226, Genghis took Liang Prefecture, crossed the Helan Mountains, and in
November lay siege to Lingwu, a mere 30 kilometers from Yinchuan.[30][31] Here, at the Battle of the
Yellow River, the Mongols destroyed a force of 300,000 Western Xia that launched a counter-attack
against them.[30][32]
Genghis reached Yinchuan in 1227, laid siege to the city, and launched several offensives into Jin to
prevent them from sending reinforcements to Western Xia, with one force reaching as a far as
Kaifeng, the Jin capital.[33] Yinchuan lay besieged for about six months, after which Genghis opened
up peace negotiations while secretly intending to kill the emperor.[34] During the peace negotiations,
Genghis continued his military operations around the Liupan mountains near Guyuan, rejected a
peace offer from the Jin, and prepared to invade them near their border with the Song.[35][36]
However, in August 1227, Genghis died of a historically uncertain cause, and, in order not to
jeopardize the ongoing campaign, his death was kept a secret.[37][38] In September 1227, Emperor
Mozhu surrendered to the Mongols and was promptly executed.[36][39] The Mongols then pillaged
Yinchuan, slaughtered the city's population, plundered the imperial tombs west of the city, and
completed the effective annihilation of the Western Xia state.[24][36][40][41]
The destruction of Western Xia during the second campaign was near total. According to John Man,
Western Xia is little known to anyone other than experts in the field precisely because of Genghis
Khan's policy calling for their complete eradication. He states that "There is a case to be made that
this was the first ever recorded example of attempted genocide. It was certainly very successful
ethnocide."[42] However, some members of the Western Xia royal clan emigrated to western Sichuan,
northern Tibet, even possibly Northeast India, in some instances becoming local rulers.[43] A small
Western Xia state was established in Tibet along the upper reaches of the Yalong River while other
Western Xia populations settled in what are now the modern provinces of Henan and Hebei.[44] In
China, remnants of the Western Xia persisted into the middle of the Ming dynasty.[45][46]
Culture
The kingdom developed a Tangut script to write its own Tangut language, a now extinct Tibeto-
Burman language.[6][47]
The economy of the kingdom mainly consisted of agriculture, pastoralism, and trade (especially with
Central Asia).[48][49]
Tibetans, Uyghurs, Han Chinese, and Tanguts served as officials in Western Xia.[50]
The practice of Tantric Buddhism in Western Xia led to the spread of some sexually related customs.
Before they could marry men of their own ethnicity when they reached 30 years old, Uighur women
in Shaanxi in the 12th century had children after having relations with multiple Han Chinese men,
with her desirability as a wife enhancing if she had been with a large number of men.[51][52][53]
Rulers
Temple Posthumous Reign

Personal Name
Name Name Dates
Jǐngzōng 景宗 Wǔlièdì 武烈帝 Lǐ Yuánhào 李元昊 1038–1048
Zhāoyīngdì 昭英
Yìzōng 毅宗 Lǐ Liàngzuò 李諒祚 1048–1067
帝
Kāngjìngdì 康靖 Lǐ Bǐngcháng 李秉
Huìzōng 惠宗 1067–1086
帝常[54][55]
Chóngzōng Shèngwéndì 聖 Lǐ Qiánshùn 李乾

1086–1139
崇宗文帝順[56][57] 450 years after the destruction of
Shèngdédì 聖德 the Tangut empire, the "Kingdom of
Rénzōng 仁宗 Lǐ Rénxiào 李仁孝[58] 1139–1193
Tenduc or Tangut" was still shown
帝
on some European maps as China's
Huánzōng 桓 Zhāojiǎndì 昭簡 northwestern neighbor
Lǐ Chúnyòu 李純佑 1193–1206
宗帝
Xiāngzōng 襄
Jìngmùdì 敬慕帝 Lǐ Ānquán 李安全 1206–1211
宗
Shénzōng 神 Yīngwéndì 英文
Lǐ Zūnxū 李遵頊 1211–1223
宗帝
Xiànzōng 獻 Lǐ Déwàng 李德
none 1223–1226
宗旺[59][60][61]
Mòdì 末帝 none Lǐ Xiàn 李晛 1226–1227
Gallery
A clay head of the A winged kalavinka A painting of the Tomb No. 3 of the
Buddha, Western made of grey Buddhist manjusri, Western Xia
Xia dynasty, 12th pottery, Western Xia from the Yulin imperial tombs in
century dynasty Caves of Gansu, Ningxia
China, from the
Tangut-led Western
Xia dynasty
Tangut officials Tangut printing block Tangut movable

type print
See also
Tangut people
Tangutology
List of Tangut books
Eastern Xia
History of China
Ethnic groups in Chinese history
Khara-Khoto
One Hundred and Eight Stupas
Hongfo Pagoda
References
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宁夏新闻网 (Ningxia News Web): 西夏研究 (Xixia Research) (https://web.archive.org/web/201205
02015301/http://www.nxnet.cn/xixia/index.htm).
宁夏新闻网 (Ningxia News Web): 文化频道 (https://web.archive.org/web/20130722011536/http://w
ww.nxnews.net/wh/xxyc/index.shtml).
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4/22/2020 Western Xia - Wikipedia

Destruction by the Mongols

Temple Posthumous Reign

Jǐngzōng 景宗 Wǔlièdì 武烈帝 Lǐ Yuánhào 李元昊 1038–1048

Chóngzōng Shèngwéndì 聖 Lǐ Qiánshùn 李乾

Mòdì 末帝 none Lǐ Xiàn 李晛 1226–1227

Tangut officials Tangut printing block Tangut movable

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