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Introduction to Counters and Types of Electronic

Counters
A counter is a device in computing and digital logic, that is used to
store and display the particular event so many times. The most
common type of a counter is a sequential digital logic circuit. This
circuit consists of one i/p line, namely clock and number of o/p lines.
The values of the o/p lines denote a number in the BCD or binary
number system.Generally, these circuits are designed with a flip-
flops which are connected in cascade.These devices are widely used
in digital circuits and are designed as separate ICs and also
combined as parts larger integrated circuits. This article discusses
about what is an electronic counter and its types. Please follow the
below link to know more about: Introduction to Counters – Types of
Counters.

Counters
Electronic Counter

An electronic counter is a one kind of device, used for several

functions. These counters are single or multi-function unit, that can
be used to specify the time or rate. Some type of electronic counters
is pre programmed, used to perform more than one function.
Additionally, single function electronic counters are either single
directional or bidirectional. As the name indicates, ingle directional
electronic counters count up or down, whereas bi-directional
electronic counter counts up and down. These counters are
described by its specifications like durable, rugged, compact design
and easy to use. Generally, these counters are more expensive and
may be difficult to install when compare with a mechanical counter.
 Electronic Counter

LDR based Electronic Counter Circuit

The entire circuit of electronic counter is separated into three main
parts such as i/p, display and decoder section or a driver. The input
of the circuit comprises of an LDR and square wave generator
circuit, which are built around the NE555 timer IC. A bulb is used as
a light source to focus on the light dependent resistor. The main
function of the LDR is that whenever the bulb focused on LDR, then
it gives trigger and generates a square wave. This signal is given as
an input signal to the counter circuit. So the objects to be counted
and that are set in a row to move one by one in between the bulb
and the light dependent resistor.
 LDR based Electronic
Counter Circuit

Types of Electronic Counters

Electronic counters can be implemented by using register type
circuits like flip-flops and these are classified into different types and
a few of them are discussed below.
 Synchronous counter
 Asynchronous Counter or Ripple Counter
 Up/Down Counter
 Decade Counter
 Ring counter
 Cascaded counter
 Johnson counter
 Modulus counter.
Asynchronous (Ripple) Counter

An asynchronous or ripple counter is a D-type FF, that includes J-

input fed from its own inverted o/p. This circuit is used to store one
bit, and counts from 0-1 before it overflows. Whenever the counter
increases for every CLK cycle and takes two CLK cycles to overflow.
So every cycle will change b/n a transition from 0-1 and 1-0. This
transition will make a new CLK with a 50% duty cycle at precisely
half the frequency of the i/p CLK. If this o/p is used as the CLK signal
for an equally arranged-FF, one will get another 1-bit counter that
calculates half as fast. Placing them together yields 2-bit counter:

Asynchronous
Counter
Synchronous Counter

In this type of counter, the inputs of the clocks for all the FFs are
connected together and that are activated by the i/p pulses. So, all
the FFs change states concurrently. The below circuit is a 4-bit
synchronous counter. The inputs J & K of Flip Flop are connected to
high. Flip Flop1 include inputs J and K, that are connected to the o/p
of Flip Flop0, and the inputs of Flip Flop2 are connected to the o/p of
an AND gate that is fed by the o/ps of FF0 & FF1. The simple way for
implementing the logic for each bit is to toggle when all of the LSBs
are in a logic high state. These counters can also be designed
hardware finite state machines, that are more complex, but allows
smoother and stable transitions.

Synchronous
Counter
Decade Counter

A decade counter is used to count decimal digits rather than binary

and it may have each or other binary codings. A normal 4-stage
counter can be easily changed to a decade counter by adding
a NAND gate as shown in the below figure. You can observe that Flip
Flop2 & Flip Flop4 provide the i/ps to the NAND gate. The o/ps of this
gate are connected to the CLR i/p of each of the Flip Flops. A decade
counter counts from 0-9 and then changes to 0. The o/p of the
counter can be set to ‘0’ by pulsing the reset line low. The count of
the counter increases on each CLK pulse until it reaches to 1001.
When it increases to 1010 both i/ps of the NAND gate go to high.
The result of the NAND gate output goes low, and changes the
counter to ‘0’. D going low can be a CARRY OUT signal, indicating
that there has been a count of ten.
 Decade Counter
Johnson Counter

A Johnson counter is an altered ring counter, where the o/p of the

last stage is reversed and fed back as i/p to the first stage. The
register cycles through an arrangement of bit pattern length is equal
to double the length of the shift register. The applications of these
counters involve similar to the decade counter, DAC, etc. They can
be easily designed using  JK-FF. It is also termed as a twisted ring
counter.

Johnson Counter

Thus, this is all about what is counter, electronic counter, circuit

diagram and its types. We hope that you have got a better
understanding of this concept.Furthermore, any queries regarding
this topic, please give your valuable suggestions by commenting in
the comment section below.Here is a question for you, what is the
function of counter?
Photo Credits:
  Counter daenotes
 Electronic Counter wordpress
 Asynchronous Counter wikimedia
 Johnson Counter expertsmind
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2 Comments

1. Koyo Electronics Says:
at
Thank you so much for giving us introduction of electronic counters.
REPLY
1. Tarun Agarwal Says:
at
Hi
Thanks for your compliment
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