1.

Stages in construction
a) Identify setting out works involve in building construction, i.e, site
clearing, setting out and establish the building datum level.
 Site investigation
 The process of the collection of information, data, assessment, and reporting
which include works such as land surveying in determining the boundaries,
assessment and testing for sampling of media such as soil and water, and
availability of materials and basic supply to provide construction materials, road
and drainage system and more.
 Site clearing
 Involving the works to clear the construction area such as demolition of existing
buildings, grubbing out bushes and trees also removing top soil to reduce the
levels following the standard regulated in Building Regulation C1.
 Setting out
 To establish a base line from based on the drawings from which the whole of
the building can be set out.
 Marked each corner with a stout peg.
 They are marked clearly and must be check on the right angle with the correct
lengths.
 Establishing datum level
 All levels in a building must be taken from a fixed point called datum that was
determined after the setting out works done.
 Also being a references for the slopes; cut and fill works.

b) Explain various types, functions and factors of selections for piling.

Type Functions Factors of selection
1) Friction  Transferring applied load to the  For soil with the
piles surrounding soil through the skin characteristic of cohesion-
friction along the surface of the less and cohesive.
piles.
 Huge part of the applied load also
being catered by the pile toe.
(cohesion-less soil)
 Small part of the applied load being
catered by the pile toe. (cohesive
soil)
2) Driven-  Functioned with a basic function of  Suitable for construction with
timber piles that is to transmit foundation soft strata with no
piles loads through soil strata. obstruction.
 For low budget construction
project as it is easy to
handle.
3) Driven  Possessed little frictional bearing  Used where soft soils
pre-cast strength since the driving operation overlaying a firm strata.
concrete mould the cohesive soils around the 
timber shaft which reduces the positive
frictional resistance.