Course No.

2004

2. General Piping System Requirements

 General Piping System Requirements

Piping - Definitions

h Pipes
h Flanges with gaskets and bolts and other pipe connections
h Expansion elements
h Valves, including hydraulic and pneumatic actuator, and
fittings
h Hangers and supports
h Flexible hoses
h Pump housing
Slide 2
 Pipe Manufacturing Process - Slitting

Slide 3
 Pipe Manufacturing Process - Forming

Slide 4
 Pipe Manufacturing Process - Welding

Slide 5
 Pipe Manufacturing Process - Sizing

Slide 6
 Pipe Manufacturing Process – Heat Treatment

Slide 7
 Pipe Manufacturing Process - Cutting

Slide 8
Pipe Manufacturing Process - Straightening

Slide 9
 Pipe Manufacturing Process – Hydrostatic Test

Slide 10
 Pipe Manufacturing Process - Inspection

Slide 11
 Pipe Manufacturing Process - Packing

Slide 12
 GENERAL PIPING
- STEEL PIPE STANDARD
PIPE
- STAINLESS STEEL PIPE
- COPPER PIPE

DETACHABLE - FLANGES
PIPE - PIPE COUPLINGS OTHER THAN
CONNECTON FLANGES

- GASKET
GASKET

- VALVES
VALVE

Slide 13
 PIPE

1. STEEL PIPE STANDARD

■ SGP (Steel Gas Pipe)

■ STPG (Steel Tubing Piping General)
■ STS (Steel Tubing Special)
■ STPY (Steel Tubing Piping Yosetsu)
■ STPT (Steel Tubing Piping High Temperature)

Slide 14
 SGP ( Steel Gas Pipe) (JIS)
• Carbon steel pipe for ordinary piping
• Used for the pipings for conveying system, water, oil, gas,
air, etc.
• SPP (KS)

Letter Chemical Tensile Elongation(%)

symbol of Division Composition (%) Strength
grade (kgf/mm²)
P S Longitudinal Transverse

Black Pipe
(without zinc
SGP coating) 0.040 0.040 30 kgf/mm² 30 min. 25min.
Galvanized Pipe max. max.
(with zinc
coating)

Slide 15
 STPG (Steel Tubing Piping General)

• Carbon steel pipe for pressure service.

• Used for pressure service at an approximate maximum temperature
of 350ºc
• SPPS (KS)

Letter Chemical Tensile Yield Point or Elongation(%)

symbol Composition (%) Strength Proof Stress
of grade (kgf/mm²) (kgf/mm²)
Longitu Transv
[N/mm²] [N/mm²]
C Si Mn P S dinal erse

STPG 0.25 0.35 0.30- 0.04 0.04 38[373] 22[216] 28 23

370 0.90
STPG 0.30 0.35 0.30- 0.04 0.04 42[412] 25[245] 24 19
410 0.10
Slide 16
 STS (Steel Tubing Special)
• Carbon steel pipe for pressure service.
• Used for high pressure service at an approximate maximum
temperature of 350ºc
• SPPH (KS)
Chemical Tensile Yield Point or Elongation(%)
Letter Composition (%) Strength Proof Stress
symbol (kgf/mm²) (kgf/mm²)
of grade [N/mm²] [N/mm²]
C Si Mn P S Longitu Transv
dinal erse
STS370 0.25 0.10- 0.30- 0.035 0.035 38[373] 22[216] 28 23
0.35 1.10
STS410 0.30 0.10- 0.30- 0.035 0.035 42[412] 25[245] 24 19
0.35 1.40
STS480 0.33 0.10- 0.30- 0.035 0.035 49[481] 28[275] 22 17
0.35 1.50

Slide 17
 STPY (Steel Tubing Piping Yosetsu)

• Electric arc welded carbon steel pipe

• Used for piping for stream, gas, water, air, etc. of
comparatively low working pressure
• SPW (KS)
Chemical Elongation(%)
Letter Composition (%) Tensile Strength Yield Point or Proof
symbol (kgf/mm²) [N/mm²] Stress (kgf/mm²)
of grade C P S [N/mm²] Transverse

STPY400 0.25 0.040 0.040 41[402] 23[226] 18

Slide 18
 STPT (Steel Tubing Piping High Temperature)

• Carbon steel pipe for high temperature service.

• Mainly used for piping at a temperature over 350ºc
• SPHT (KS)
Chemical Tensile Yield Point Elongation(%)
Letter Composition (%) Strength or Proof
symbol (kgf/mm²) Stress
C Si Mn P S Longitu Transv
of grade [N/mm²] (kgf/mm²)
dinal erse
[N/mm²]

STPT370 0.25 0.10- 0.30- 0.035 0.035 38[373] 22[216] 28 23

0.35 0.90
STPT410 0.30 0.10- 0.30- 0.035 0.035 42[412] 25[245] 24 19
0.35 1.00
STPT480 0.33 0.10- 0.30- 0.035 0.035 49[481] 28[275] 22 17
0.35 1.00

Slide 19
 PIPE

2. STAINLESS STEEL PIPE

■ SUS - TP (Steel Use Stainless Tube Pipe)

■ SUS - TPY (Steel Use Stainless Tube Pipe Y)
■ SUS ERW (Stainless Steel Electric Resistance
Welding )

3. COPPER PIPE
4. AL-BRASS PIPE AND CU-NI PIPE

Slide 20
 Detachable Pipe Connections

• Flange connections

• Pipe couplings other than flanges

• Expansion bellows

Slide 21
 What is PN and DN?

• PN (Pressure nominal) is the rating designator followed

by a designation number, which indicates the
approximate pressure rating in bars.

• DN (Diameter nominal) is a dimensionless designator of

pipe size in the metric unit system, developed by the
International Standards Organization (ISO).
It indicates standard pipe size when followed by the
specific size designation number without a millimeter
symbol. For example, DN 50 is the equivalent
designation of NPS 2.

Slide 22
 FLANGE

• Connecting pipes and valves are used for the

arrangement of pipes for vapour, air, oil, water,
etc.

• Nominal Pressure (PN) is a figure relating to the

pressure rating of a fluid component for
continuous dynamic applications. It is rounded
to correspond to internationally standardised
ratings.

Slide 23
 Flange connections

• Flange connections
- Flanges with their pressure-temperature ratings in
accordance with a recognized national standard will be
normally be accepted
- Examples of accepted flange connections for steel piping
- Typical applications of these types of connections are
given in Table E1 depending upon the class of piping,
media, size, pressure and temperature.
- Other types of flange connections will be considered in
each particular case.

Slide 24
 Flange connections

Slide 25
 TYPES OF FLANGES

1. Slip-On flanges
2. Lap Joint
3. Welding neck flanges
4. Threaded (Screwed) flanges
5. Blind flanges
6. Socket welding flanges

Slide 26
 Slip-on Flanges
• The Slip-on flanges has a low hub because the pipe slips
into the flanges prior to welding. It is welded both inside
and out to provide sufficient strength and prevent
leakage. Slip-on flanges are all bored slightly larger than
the O.D. of the matching pipe They are preferred over
welding neck flanges by many users due to their lower
initial cost, but final installation cost is probably not
much less than that of the welding neck flange because
of the additional welding involved.
Pipe

Welding

Slide 27
Slip-on Flanges
 Lap Joint Flanges
• The lap joint flanges is practically identical to a slip-on
flange except it has a radius at the intersection of the
bore and flange face. This radius is necessary to have
the flange accommodate a lap joint stub end. Normally,
a lap joint flange and a lap joint stub end are mated
together in an assembly system.

Stub end
Slide 28
 Welding Neck Flanges

• The welding neck flange is normally referred to as the

"high hub“ flange. It is designed to transfer stresses to
the pipe, there by reducing high stress concentrations
at the base of the flange. The welding neck flange is
the best designed butt-welded flange of those currently
available because of its inherent structural value. It is
expensive because of the designed
Pipe

Welding

Slide 29
Welding Neck Flanges
 Threaded (Screwed) Flanges

• The threaded flange is similar to the slip-on flange, out

the bore is threaded. Its chief merit is that it can be
assembled without welding, explaining its use in low
pressure services at ordinary atmospheric temperatures
and in highly explosive areas where welding create a
hazard.

Slide 30
 Blind Flanges

• The blind flange is a flange without a bore. It is used to

close off the ends of a piping system and/or a pressure
vessel opening. It also permits easy access to the
interior of a line or vessel once it has been sealed and
must be reopened.

Blind Flanges

Slide 31
 Socket Welding Flanges

• The socket welding flange is similar to a slip-on flange except it

has a bore and a counter bore dimension. The counter bore is
slightly larger than the O.D. of the matching pipe, allowing the pipe
to be inserted into the flange similar to a slip-on flange. The
diameter of the smaller bore is the same as the I.D. of the matching
pipe.
A restriction is built into the bottom of the bore which sets as a
shoulder for the pipe to rest on. This eliminates any restriction in
flow when using a socket welding flange.

Pipe

Welding

Slide 32
 TYPES OF FLANGE FACING

1. Flat Face
2. Male – Female
3. Raised Face
4. Tongue and Groove
5. Ring Joint
6. Groove to Flat

Slide 33
 Flange Facing Types

Unconfined Gasket Semi-Confined Gasket

• Mating faces of both flanges • Depth of female (recessed) face
are flat normally equal to or less than height of
• Gasket may be ring type, or full male (raised) face, to prevent metal-to-
face, which covers metal contact during gasket compression
the entire face both inside and • Recessed O.D. normally is not more
outside the bolts than 1/16“ larger than the O.D. of the
male face
• Joint must be pried apart for
disassembly
Slide 34
 Flange Facing Types
Unconfined Gasket
• Mating face is flat, but the area
inside the bolt holes is raised
1/16" or 1/4"
• Gasket is usually ring type,
entirely within bolts
• Flanges may be disassembled
easily without springing the
flange
Slide 35
Fully Confined Gasket
• Groove depth is equal to or less
than tongue height
• Groove usually not over 1/16"
wider than tongue
• Gasket dimensions will match
tongue dimensions
• Joint must be pried apart for
disassembly
 Flange Facing Types
Also Called "API Joint"
• Both flange faces have matching
flat-bottomed grooves with sides
tapered from the vertical at 23°
• Gasket seats on flat section of
flange between bore and ring joint
groove
• Garlock spiral wound gaskets can
replace solid metal ring gaskets
Slide 36
Fully Confined Gasket
• One flange face is flat, the other is
recessed
• For applications requiring accurate
control of gasket compression
• Only resilient gaskets are
recommended - spiral
wound, hollow metal O-ring, pressure-
actuated, and metal-jacketed gaskets
 Pipe couplings other than flanges

◊ Mechanical Joints
- Pipe unions
- Swage type
- Press type
- Bite type
- Flared type
- Dresser coupling
- Sleeve type coupling

Slide 37
 Pipe couplings other than flanges

• Mechanical Joints including pipe unions, compression couplings,

slip-on joints and similar joints shall be Type Approved for the
service conditions and the intended application.

• Examples of mechanical joints

Pipe Unions - Welded and Brazed type

Slide 38
 Pipe couplings other than flanges

• Examples of mechanical joints

Swage type Press type

Flared type
Slide 39
Bite type
 Pipe couplings other than flanges
• Examples of mechanical joints

Dresser coupling Sleeve type coupling

Slide 40
 Application of mechanical joints

Footnotes:
2) Not inside machinery spaces of category A or accommodation spaces. May be
accepted in other machinery spaces provided the joints are located in easily
visible and accessible positions.
3) Approved fire resistant types
5) In pump rooms and open decks - only approved fire resistant types
Slide 41
 Application of mechanical joints

Footnotes:
1) Inside machinery spaces of category A - only approved fire resistant types
3) Approved fire resistant types
4) Above free board deck only
Slide 42
 Application of mechanical joints

Abbreviations:
+ Application is allowed
– Application is not allowed

Footnotes:
2) Not inside machinery spaces of category A or accommodation spaces. May be
accepted in other machinery spaces provided the joints are located in easily
visible and accessible positions.
3) Approved fire resistant types

Slide 43
 Application of mechanical joints
depending upon the class of piping

Slide 44
Socket Welded Joints and Slip-on Sleeve Welded Joints

• Socket welded joints and slip-on sleeve welded joints

- used for class I and II pipes with O.D 88.9 mm and less.
- used for class III pipes.
- not be used in overboard pipes where substantial thickness
is required.

• Joint designs and socket dimensions in accordance with a

recognised national standard

• Socket welded joints and slip-on sleeve welded joints in

stainless steel pipes will be subject to the Society's
consideration in each case.

Slide 45
 Flexible hoses

hFlexible hoses
h Short length
h Approved type 4 times max. working pressure
h Bursting test & hydrostatic test
1.5 times working pressure
h Not used for
- Bilge systems
- Ballast systems
h Means are to be provided to isolate flexible hoses used in the
following systems:
- Fuel oil
- Lube oil
- Sea water cooling
- Compressed air
Slide 46
 GASKET

• Used for pipe flanges delivering fluids such as

steam, water and oil.

1. Flat Nom-Metallie and Metal Clad or Jacketed

Gaskets
2. Spiral Wound Gaskets
3. Flat Metal Gaskets
4. Ring Joint
5. Oval Ring Joint
Slide 47
 GASKET

Slide 48
 TYPES & TYPE SYMBOLS OF GASKET

• Basic form (A)

- Plate form gasket body alone which has
been made from endless strip of
corrugated thin metal sheet and
overlapped asbestos paper by spot
welding at several points of the metal
sheet at both its initial end and terminal.

• With inner ring (B)

- Basic form equipped with an inner ring.

Slide 49
 TYPES & TYPE SYMBOLS OF GASKET

• With outer ring (C)

- Basic from equipped with an
outer ring.

• With inner and outer rings (D)

- Basic form equipped with both

an inner ring and an outer ring.

Slide 50
Slide 51
 VALVE

• A valve is a device attached to a pipe or a

tube which controls the flow of air or
liquid through the pipe or tube.

• Valves are provided in a piping system to

regulate or stop the liquid flow.

• Various types exist with their associate

particular function or adventages.
Slide 52
 Marking on valve body

DIN : DN100 : ND
PN16 : PN
→ : Flow direction
GS-C25N : Body material

DIN : German Institute for Standardization

Slide 53
 Marking on valve body

JIS : 10K-65 : PN-DN

→ : Flow direction
FC : Body material

JIS : Japanese Industrial Standards

Slide 54
 Marking on valve body

ASTM: 4 : DN (Inch)
AIL : Maker’s name
WCB : Body material
150 : Class #

ASTM : American Society for Testing and Materials

Slide 55
 STRUCTURE OF VALVE
NAME PLATE
HAND WHEEL
YOKE SLEEVE
BONNET

STEM PACKING
PACKING RING

DISC NUT
BODY

DISC

BODY SEAT RING

Slide 56
 GLOBE /ANGLE VALVE
- A glove valve has a somewhat spherical body enclosing the valve seat and
valve disc.
- The valve disc and seat are a prefect match and may be flat or, more
commonly, mitred.
- Glove valves exist in a right-angled form where the inlet and exit flanges are
at 90º to each other.

STRAIGHT ANGLE
Slide 57
 GATE VALVE
- A gate valve should be
fully open or closed. (it is
not suitable for flow
control)
- When open it provides a
clear full-bore internal
passage for the liquid since
the valve or gate is raised
clear.
- The gate may be parallel or
wedge-shaped in section
fitting against a matching
seat.
Slide 58
 BUTTERFLY VALVE

• A butterfly valve is a type of flow control

device, typically used to regulate a fluid flowing
through a section of pipe.

• The plate has a rod through it connected to a

handle on the outside of the valve. Rotating the
handle turns the plate either parallel or
perpendicular to the flow.

Slide 59
 BUTTERFLY VALVE

Lug Type Flange Type Wafer Type

Slide 60
 BUTTERFLY VALVE

- Eccentric Type
- Concentric Type
- Double eccentric Type

Eccentric Type Concentric Type

Slide 61
 BUTTERFLY VALVE

Double-eccentric type

Slide 62
 BALL VALVE (2-WAY)

• which is good for on/off control.

CLOSE OPEN

Slide 63
 BALL VALVE (3-WAY)

L-Type T-Type
Slide 64
 NIDDLE VALVE

• A good general purpose needle

valve for fine shots and small beads of
medium viscosity materials.
• The valve is available with stainless
steel wetted chambers suitable for UV
cure dispensing, plastic chambers for
anaerobic dispensing and aluminum
as a standard configuration for
dispensing silicones, grease and
lubricants.

Slide 65
 CHECK VALVE
• Chest valve or Non-return
valve, allows the fluid to pass
in one direction only.
• Protection of any item of
equipment that can be
affected by reverse flow, such
as flow meters, strainers and
control valves.
• Prevention of flooding,
reverse flow on system
shutdown an flow under
gravity.
Slide 66 Check valve
 CHECK VALVE

Folding-disc
check valve

Swing check valve

Slide 67
 STORM VALVE

• Scuppers and sanitary discharges as closing appliances.

• Set in the annulus between the drill pipe and the well casing, the
actuator being designed to close the valve upon initial axial
movement of the upper portion of the drill pipe
• Become disengaged from the lower portion of the set drill pipe
allowing the remaining surface suspended drill pipe and
actuator to be retrieved as in the case of a floating drill ship or
set aside for reconnection and reopening of the storm valve after
a storm has passed.
Slide 68
 STORM VALVE

Vertical Type Angle Type

Slide 69
 QUICK CLOSING VALVE
• Oil tank suction valves are
arranged for rapid closing
from a remote point by the
use of quick-closing valves.

Slide 70
 HOSE VALVE

• Hose valves have heavy rough brass body with machined brass
vandal-resistant lock shield bonnet and are furnished with a
removable wheel handle.
• Hose valve covering helps prevent damage to delicate tank or
vessel linings, machines, floors, and protects the valve.
• Innovative ball-and-seat design provides a tight shut-off to
minimize leakage.

ANGLE V/V

Slide 71
 HOSE VALVE

Slide 72
 COCK

• Colloquial term for a small valve.

Slide 73
 DIAPHRAGM VALVE

• Diaphragm valve
• Diaphragm valves are used with
low viscosity fluids and are
available in several configurations
for UV cure dispensing, anaerobic
dispensing, cyanoacrylate
dispensing, solvent dispensing
and volatile liquid dispensing.
• Diaphragm valves offer the
highest temperature/pressure
ratings.

Slide 74
 DIAPHRAGM VALVE

Open Closed

Slide 75
 RELIEF VALVE
Safety valves and pressure-relief valves are
automatic pressure-relieving devices used for
overpressure protection of piping and equipment.
Safety valves are generally used in gas or vapor
service because their opening and reseating
characteristics are commensurate with the
properties and potential hazards of compressible
fluids. The valves protect the system by releasing
excess pressure.
Pressure-relief valves are used primarily in
liquid service.
These valves function in a way similar to safety-
relief valves, except that as liquids do not expand,
there is no additional lifting force on the disc and,
therefore, the valve lift is proportional to the
system pressure. Also, the valves reseat when
the pressure is reduced below the set pressure.
Slide 76
 RELIEF VALVE

Slide 77
 REGULATING VALVE

Pressure Regulating Valve • This valve is provided with a

piston chamber at its actuator
section. The inlet pressure is
conducted to the lower side of
the piston.
• The object of this valve is inlet
pressure regulation involving
control of the inlet pressure of
the valve.
• This valve is used as a back
pressure valve.

Slide 78
 THERMOSTATIC VALVE

By-pass Outlet

(Source: atom controls)

Slide 79 Inlet
 THERMOSTATIC VALVE

Slide 80
 General Piping System Requirements

h Classes of piping systems ;

Classes of piping systems
Class I1) Class II1) Class III1)
Piping system for
p (bar) t (°C) p (bar) t (°C) p (bar) t (°C)
Steam, thermal oil > 16 or > 300 ≤ 16 and ≤ 300 ≤7 and ≤ 170
FO, LO, flammable HO > 16 or > 150 ≤ 16 and ≤ 150 ≤7 and ≤ 60
Other media 2) > 40 or > 300 ≤ 40 and ≤ 300 ≤ 16 and ≤ 200
p = Design pressure, as defined in Sec.6 A 303.
t = Design temperature, as defined in Sec.6 A 304.

1) For class II and III piping both specified conditions are to be met, for class I piping one condition only is
sufficient.
2) Cargo oil, pipes on oil carriers and open ended pipes (drains, overflows, vents, boiler escape pipes etc.)
independently of the pressure and temperature, are pertaining to class III.
Note:
Cargo piping for chemicals or liquefied gases are not covered by the table. Requirements for theses piping
systems are given in Pt.5 Ch.4 and Pt.5 Ch.5.

Slide 81
 General Piping System Requirements

h Grey cast iron;

Not to be used for:

q Piping of Class I & II
q Sea valves and distance pieces
q Valves on collision bulkhead
q Valves on the external wall of fuel tanks
q Valves for fluids with temp. in excess of 120°C

Slide 82
 General Piping System Requirements

h Plastic pipes;

h Approved type and tested to an approved specification.

h Not normally used in E/R piping system

Sometimes used for ballast systems within

tanks and some pipes in tankers

Slide 83
 General Piping System Requirements

h Plastic pipes

h Special precautions for installations

- Installation procedures
- Joining by qualified personnel
- Supports
- Expansion

h Hydrostatic test after installation onboard

Test pressure(Ph) = 1.5 x max. working pressure
min. 6 bar
min. duration 1 hour
Slide 84
 General Piping System Requirements
Table A2 Material certificate
Class of Nominal Design Type of documentation
Component Material piping diameter temperature NV Works Test
system (mm) (°C) certificate certificate report
I > 50 x
1)
Pipes II, III > 50 x
I, II, III ≤ 50 x
> 400 x
Flanges and bolts
≤ 400 x
> 100 > 400 x
Steel I
≤ 100 > 400 x
Bodies of valves and fittings 1), Steel or > 100 ≤ 400 x
I, II
source materials of steel nodular ≤ 100 ≤ 400 x
expansion bellow, other pressure cast iron III x
containing components not Cast iron III x
considered as pressure vessels > 50 x
Copper I, II
≤ 50 x
alloys
III x
I x
Pump housings
II, III x
1)
Pipes and bodies of valves fitted on ship’s side and bottom and bodies of valves fitted on collision bulkhead are
to be provided with documentation as required for Class II piping systems.
Slide 85
 General Piping System Requirements

Material Certificates

hDet Norske Veritas’ Certificate

A document signed by a Surveyor of the Society which contains the

results of all the required tests and certifies that the tests have been
carried out by the manufacturer in the presence of the Surveyor
according to the Rules or according to special agreement on samples
taken from the delivered products themselves.

Slide 86
 General Piping System Requirements

Material Certificates

hWorks’ Certificate

A document made out by the manufacturer which contains the

results of all the required tests and certificates that the tests have
been carried out by the manufacturer on samples taken from the
delivered products themselves.

Slide 87
 General Piping System Requirements

Material Certificates

hTest Report

A document made out by the manufacturer which contains the results

of control tests on current production, carried out on products having
the same method of manufacture as the consignment, but not
necessarily from the delivered products themselves.

Slide 88
 General Piping System Requirements
Table A2 Minimum wall thickness for steel pipes
External diameter Pipes in general Air, overflow and Bilge, ballast and Bilge, air, overflow and sounding pipes through
D(mm) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) sounding pipes for general sea-water ballast or fuel oil tanks, ballast lines through fuel oil
structural tanks pipes tanks and fuel oil lines through ballast tanks 1) 2)
1) 2) 3) 5) 8) 9) 1) 3) 4) 5) 7) 8) 3) 4) 5) 7) 8) 9)
10.2 – 1.2 1.6
13.5 – 17.2 1.8
20 2
21.3 –25 2 3.2
26.9 – 33.7 2 3.2
38 – 44.5 2 4.5 3.6 6.3
48.3 2.3 4.5 3.6 6.3
51 – 63.5 2.3 4.5 4 6.3
70 2.6 4.5 4 6.3
76.1 –82.5 2.6 4.5 4.5 6.3
88.9 – 108 2.9 4.5 4.5 7.1
114.3 – 127 3.2 4.5 4.5 8
133 – 139.7 3.6 4.5 4.5 8
152.4 – 168.3 4 4.5 4.5 8.8
177.8 4.5 5 5 8.8
193.7 4.5 5.4 5.4 8.8
219.1 4.5 5.9 5.9 8.8
244.5 – 273 5 6.3 6.3 8.8
298.5 – 368 5.6 6.3 6.3 8.8
406 - 457 6.3 6.3 6.3 8.8
1) For pipes efficiently protected against corrosion, the thickness may be reduced by 20% of the required wall thickness but not more than 1 mm.
2) For sounding pipes, except those for cargo tanks with cargo having a flash point less than 60°C, th e minimum wall thickness is intended to apply to
the part outside the tank.
3) For threaded pipes, where allowed, the minimum wall thickness is to be measured at the bottom of the thread.
4) The minimum wall thickness for bilge lines and ballast lines through deep tanks and for cargo lines is subject to special consideration.
5) For larger diameters the minimum wall thickness is subject to special consideration.
6) The wall thickness of pipes within cargo oil and ballast tanks in systems for remote control of valves is to be no less than 4mm.
7) For inlets and sanitary discharges, see Pt.3 Ch.1 Sec.11 K200 or Pt.3 Ch.2 Sec11 K200.
8) For stainless steel pipes, the minimum wall thickness will be specially considered, but it is in general not to be less than given in Table A3.
9) For air pipes on exposed decks, see Pt.3 Ch.1 Sec11 I300 or Pt.3 Ch.2 Sec.11 I300.
Slide 89
 General Piping System Requirements
hAdditional pipe wall thickness
Air pipes above deck
External diameter Wall thickness
Hull distance pieces :
in mm in mm
External diameter Wall thickness < 80 6.0
in mm in mm > 165 8.5
< 80 7.0
= 180 10.0 Scupper and sanitary discharge pipes
> 220 12.5 inboard of closable valve

Scrubber distance piece 15mm or shell plate External diameter Wall thickness
thickness, whichever is higher in mm in mm
< 155 4.5
> 230 6.0

For intermediate external diameter the wall thickness is

obtained by linear interpolation
Slide 90
 General Piping System Requirements

Table A3 Minimum wall thickness for stainless steel pipes

External Diameter D(mm) Minimum wall thickness (mm)
10.2 to 17.2 1.0
21.3 to 48.3 1.6
60.3 to 88.9 2.0 Table A1 Minimum wall thickness for pipes of
114.3 to 168.3 2.3 copper and copper alloy
219.1 2.6
Minimum wall thickness (mm)
273 2.9 External Diameter D(mm)
Copper Copper alloy
323.9 to 406.4 3.6 D ≤ 10 1 0.8
over 406.4 4.0 10 < D ≤ 20 1.2 1
Note: 20 < D ≤ 44,5 1.5 1.2
The external diameters and thickness have been selected from 44,5 < D ≤ 76,1 2 1.5
ISO-Standard 1127. For pipes covered by other standards,
76,1 < D ≤ 108 2.5 2
thickness slightly less may be accepted.
108 < D ≤ 159 3 2.5
159 < D ≤ 267 3.5 3
267 < D ≤ 470 4 3.5
470 < D ≤ 508 4.5 4

Slide 91
 General Piping System Requirements

hValves

q Recognised standard

q Manufacturers hydrostatic test (1.5 × max. working pressure)

q DNV product certificate

DN > 100 mm & PN > 16 bar
Shipside valve with DN > 100 mm regardless of pressure rating

q DNV material certificate

DN > 100 mm
t > 400°C
Slide 92
 Non-destructive testing

• Butt welded joints:

For class I pipes with O.D > 76.1 mm, 100% RT (radiographic
testing) is required.
For class II pipes with O.D > 101.6 mm and
For class I pipes with O.D ≤ 76.1 mm, as least 10% random RT is
required
* More stringent requirements may be applied at the surveyors
discretion depending on the kind of materials, welding procedure
and controls during the fabrication

Slide 93
 Nondestructive test

• Visual Inspection (VI)

• Dye Penetration Test (PT), Liquid Penetrating Test
• Magnetic Particle Inspection (MT)
• Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
• Radiographic Testing (RT)

Slide 94
 Visual Inspection (VI)
Method: The test object is subjected to examination by the
experienced eye of an inspector assisted by viewing aids and
measuring gauge.
Application/advantage:
Application/advantage The method may be used on all objects-cast,
rolled and welded. Visual inspection before, during and after welding
may be detect an aid in the elimination of discontinuities that might
become defects in the final welding

Slide 95
 Dye Penetration Test (PT)

Method
The surface to be examined is covered with
liquid that penetrates surface open cracks.
The liquid in cracks bleeds out to stain
powder coating to the surface after removal
of excess liquid film from the surface of the
test object.

Application/advantage
PT is sensitive method to detect defects
like cracks and pores that are open to the
surface of the material. PT may be used on
both ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic
material.

Slide 96
 Dye Penetration Test (PT)

Method
The surface to be examined is covered with
liquid that penetrates surface open cracks.
The liquid in cracks bleeds out to stain
powder coating to the surface after removal
of excess liquid film from the surface of the
test object.

Application/advantage
PT is sensitive method to detect defects
like cracks and pores that are open to the
surface of the material. PT may be used on
both ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic
material.

Slide 97
 Magnetic Test (MT)
Method
When an object is magnetized, iron
powder applied to the surface will
accumulate over regions where the
magnetic field is disturbed as a result
of surface flaws.

Application/advantage
The MT is applicable only to
ferromagnetic materials. It is for
example not applicable to stainless
weld deposit on ferromagnetic base
material. Trained operators are
necessary to avoid misinterpretations.

Slide 98
 Magnetic Test (MT)

Magnetic particle wet fluorescent Magnetic particle wet fluorescent

indication of a crack in a bearing. indication of a crack at a sharp
radius.

From www.ndt-ed.org

Slide 99
 Ultrasonic Test (UT)
Method: Ultrasonic pulses are directed into
a test object. Echoes and reflections indicate
presence, absence, and location of flaws,
interfaces, and/or defects

Application/advantages:
Application/advantages Ultrasonic testing
is a sensitive NDT-method, which can be
used on metals or non-metals. Best results
are obtained when the sound beam is
perpendicular to the defect.
Defects may be detected
At depths ranging from
5 mm to 10 mm in steel.

Slide 100
 Radiographic Test (RT)
Method Radiographic image is produced by the passage of
Method:
X-rays or gamma rays through the best object onto a film.
Application/advantage Radiographic test can be used on
Application/advantage:
all metals to detect defects with an appreciable dimension
parallel to the radiation beam, on or below the surface of the
object. Radiographic testing can be used on material thickness
up to 100 mm Fe or more.

Slide 101
 Non-destructive testing

• Fillet welds:
For fillet welds of flange type connections in class I pipes with
OD > 76.1 mm,
mm 100% MT (magnetic particle testing) is required.
For class II pipes with an OD > 101.6 mm and
For class I pipes with and OD ≤ 76.1 mm, random MT at the
discretion of the surveyor is required.

• In additional welded joints in pipes for thermal oil shall be subject

to at least 10% random RT.
RT

Slide 102
 Non-destructive testing of heating coils
Joint types

Material in Butt welds 1) Sleeve or lap welded or brazed joints

coils
Erection Shop Shop welded or
Election joint
welds welds brazed joints

Mild steel 10% 5% 10% 5%

Stainless steel 10% 5% 10% 5%

Cu-Ni or
10% 5% Spot-check NDT. Steam testing onboard 2)
Al-brass

1) If automatic welding is used, the percentage may be reduced at the surveyors

discretion
2) Experience shows that pressure tests do not always reveal leaks in joint
because a capillary gap can be temporarily sealed by flux residues. A
recommended part of the precedure for testing a heating coil system should
Slide 103 therefore be to apply a steam test, which will dissolve flux residues and reveal

leaks.
 Non-destructive testing

• An approved UT (ultrasonic testing) procedure may be accepted, at the

discretion of the Societies, in lieu of radiographic testing when the
conditions are such that a comparable level of weld quality is assured
• For non-magnetic materials dye-penetration testing (PT) shall be used in
lieu of magnetic particle examination
• Non-destructive testing shall be performed by operators certified in
accordance with a recognised scheme, using suitable equipment and
procedures. The radiographs shall be marked in such way that their
position on the pipe line may easily be located.

Slide 104
 Non-destructive testing

• The radiographs shall be judged according to ISO 5817 "Arc-welded

joints in steel - Guidance on quality levels for imperfections", and are at
least to meet the requirements for quality level B for welds in class I
piping and for quality level C otherwise.
• The results from surface examination (e.g. MT, PT) shall satisfy the
requirements of level B of ISO 5817.
• The repair of defects revealed during non-destructive testing shall be
carried out according to agreement with the surveyor. All such weld
repairs shall be examined using the relevant testing method.

Slide 105
 General Piping System Requirements
hShop Testing:
Class Hydrostatic test pressure
I 1.5 × Design pressure In presence
of DNV
II 1.5 × Design pressure Surveyor
III Not applicable

hTesting after assembly onboard:

Piping system
Fuel oil piping
Heating coils in tanks
Bilge and fire pipes
Class III Pipelines for steam,
compressed air and feed water
Hydraulic piping
Piping systems made from non-
Slidemetallic
106 material (plastic)
Test Pressure
1.5 maximum working pressure,
minimum 4 bar.
1.5 maximum working pressure. The test
pressure need not exceed the working
pressure by more than 70 bar.
1.5 maximum working pressure. Minimum
6 bar. Minimum duration 1 hour.
 General Piping System Requirements

h Functional testing ;

All piping systems are to be

1. Properly flushed
2. Checked for leakage
3. Functional tested under working conditions

To the satisfaction of the attending surveyor

Slide 107
 General Piping System Requirement

The general piping system requirements can be

found in DNV rules for ships Pt.4 Ch.6.

Slide 108