COMMUNITY BASED

ECO-TOURISM

Group: 06
Student ID:
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160116
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CONTENT

1. Chapter: 01- Attributes of Community Based Eco-tourism……………………………………………………………………………………….01

1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..02

1.2 Social…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….........02

1.2.1 Community Cohesion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....02

1.2.2 Community Interest…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….02
1.2.3 Community Awareness ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….02
1.2.4 Democratic Community ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….02
1.2.5 Community Owned …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….02

1.3 Cultural………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……….03

1.3.1 Cultural Diversity………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..03

1.3.2 Cultural Resources………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….03
1.3.3 Identity Preservation………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...….03

1.4 Biodiversity……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….03

1.4.1 Exploring Flora and Fauna…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….03

1.4.2 Wildlife Conservation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….03
1.4.3 Wildlife Safety ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….03

1.5 Environment ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….04

1.5.1 Natural Features ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….04

1.5.2 Environment Preservation …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….04
1.5.3 Natural Resources …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….04
1.5.4 Pro Environmental Behavior ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….04

1.6 Management ………………………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………………………………….04

1.6.1 Tourist Control ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………….04

1.6.2 Tour Operation …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….04
1.6.3 Community Consent ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….04
1.6.4 Community Participation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….04
1.6.5 Reciprocity …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….05
1.6.6 Institutional Framework ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….05
1.6.7 Institutional Linkage ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………….05
1.6.8 Resource Management ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….05
1.6.9 Integrated Management …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….05
1.6.10 Accessibility ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….05

1.7 Support …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………….05

1.7.1 Government Support ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….05

1.7.2 Financial Assistance ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….06
 1.7.3 Local Control………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….06
1.7.4 Local Ownership…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….06
1.7.5 Local Empowerment………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….06
1.7.6 Political Support……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….06

1.8 Integrated Attributes……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….07

1.8.1 Responsible Travel…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...07

1.8.2 Exploration …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….07
1.8.3 Environmental Enhancement ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….07
1.8.4 Collaboration ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….07
1.8.5 Community Agency ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….07
1.8.6 Participatory Planning ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….07
1.8.7 Tourism Products …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….07
1.8.8 Learning and Sharing ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….07
1.8.9 Eco-sensitivity ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….08
1.8.10 Sustainable Nature…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….08
1.8.11 Responsibility to Environment…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………….08
1.8.12 Expectation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….08
1.8.13 Enjoyment…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….08
1.8.14 Experience…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….08
1.8.15 Cultural Sustainability……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….08
1.8.16 Economical Sustainability……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….08
1.8.17 Image Building…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….08

1.9 References………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………….09

2. Chapter: 02- Attributes from Policies………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….11

2.1 Social………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….12

2.1.1 Community Driven Process………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….12

2.1.2 Community Participation………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………….12
2.1.3 Social Interaction………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………….12
2.1.4 Sense of Belonging & Ownership…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………….12
2.1.5 Public Interest………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….13
2.1.6 Social Development……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………….13
2.1.7 Social Cohesion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….13
2.1.8 Participatory Inhabitants…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………….13
2.1.9 Eradication of Poverty………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……….13
2.1.10 Involving Poor Members of a Community………………………………………………………………………………………………….………14
2.1.11 Well-being & Quality of Life …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14
2.1.12 Capacity Building ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………14
2.1.13 Training of Local …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…14
2.1.14 Promote Life Long Learning …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……15
2.1.15 Universal Literacy ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………15
 2.1.16 Civic Engagement ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………15
2.1.17 Food Security & Nutrition ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………15
2.1.18 Nuanced Understanding of the Local …………………………………………………………………………………………………………15
2.1.19 Free of Fear and Violence ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……16
2.1.20 Integrate Housing Activity………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………16
2.1.21 End Hunger………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………16
2.1.22 Reduce Migration to Larger Cities……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………16
2.1.23 Health Care………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………16
2.1.24 Political Participation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……17
2.1.25 Gender Responsive Planning …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……17
2.1.26 Equity ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……17
2.1.27 Needs …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…17
2.1.28 Balance Between Urban and Rural Area ………………………………………………………………………………………..……………17
2.1.29 Collaboration ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……17
2.1.30 Consideration of Disabled & Vulnerable Group People ……………………………………………..………………………………………18
2.1.31 Appropriate Regulatory Framework……………………………………………………………………………………………………………18
2.1.32 Encouraged Research on Housing………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………18

2.2 Cultural……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………19

2.2.1 Culture and History of Community…………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………19

2.2.2 Cultural and Natural Resources………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………19
2.2.3 Socio-cultural Expression…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………19
2.2.4 Diversity…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………19
2.2.5 Heritage Building…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………19
2.2.6 Recognizing and Leveraging Culture……………………………………………………………………………………………………………20

2.3 Economic…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………21

2.3.1 Productive Local Economy…………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………21

2.3.2 Emphasis on affordability………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………21
2.3.3 Financial Framework ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………21
2.3.4 Employment …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……21
2.3.5 Self-sufficient & Sustainable Development ……………………………………………………………………..………………………………22
2.3.6 Economic Support…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……22
2.3.7 Economize Housing Cost………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………22
2.3.8 Preventing Forced Eviction……………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………22

2.4 Natural Environment……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………23

2.4.1 Environmental Enhancement……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………23

2.4.2 Ensure Environmental Prevention………………………………………………………………………………………………………………23
2.4.3 Sustainable Consumption…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………23
2.4.4 Minimize Impact of Global Climate System……………………………………………………………………………………………………23
2.4.5 Conserve agricultural Land………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………23
2.4.6 Using Indigenous Resources……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………24
2.4.7 Emphasize Environmental Protection …………………………………………………………………………………………………………24
2.4.8 Climate Resilient Structure ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……24
 2.4.9 Expansion of the Green Belt …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..25
2.4.10 Water Management ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………25
2.4.11 Integrated Water Resource Planning …………………………………………………………………………………….…………25
2.4.12 Water & Sanitation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……26
2.4.13 Mitigating Climate Change ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………26
2.4.14 Waste management ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………26
2.4.15 Recycling and Reuse ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…27
2.4.16 Encourage Material Based on Agricultural Waste……………………………………………………..……………………………27
2.4.17 Substitute the Use of Scarce Resources…………………………………………………………………………………..…………27
2.4.18 Mobilization of Resources…………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………27
2.4.19 Energy Efficiency…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…28
2.4.20 Sustainable Management………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……28
2.4.21 Reduce Waste Generation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………28

2.5 Biodiversity………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………29

2.5.1 Biodiversity Preservation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………29

2.5.2 Biodiversity ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………29
2.5.3 Forest Mountain And Drylands ………………………………………………………………………………………………..………29
2.5.4 Protection of Flora and Fauna …………………………………………………………………………………………………………30
2.5.5 Conservation of Nature, Biodiversity and Ecosystem ………………………………………………………………………………30
2.5.6 Harmony with Nature ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………30
2.5.7 Transfer Marine Technology ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………30

2.6 Physical Element ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………31

2.6.1 Built Environment……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………31

2.6.2 Emphasize on Local Material and Technique……………………………………………………………..…………………………31
2.6.3 Indigenous Building Technique………………………………………………………………………………………………,,………31
2.6.4 Infrastructure………………………………………………………………………………………………………………,……………32
2.6.5 Encourage Infrastructure Construction Techniques…………………………………………………………………………………32
2.6.6 Locally Available Technologies…………………………………………………………………………………………...……………32
2.6.7 Site Selection……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……32
2.6.8 Making Revision Rules and Regulation………………………………………………………………………………………………32
2.6.9 Accessibility………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………33
2.6.10 Preserved Buildings and Monuments …………………………………………………………………………….…………………33
2.6.11 Holistic Policy Frameworks …………………………………………………………………………………………………..………33
2.6.12 Duty Free and Quota Free Market ……………………………………………………………………………………..……………34
2.6.13 Public Space Formulation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………34
2.6.14 Neighborhood Upgrading……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………34
2.6.15 Due Attention in Disaster and Fire Prone Areas……………………………………………………………………………………35
2.6.16 Disaster Risk Reduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………35
2.6.17 Safe & Sustainable Mobility System …………………………………………………………………………………………………35
2.6.18 Self-help Housing ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………36
2.6.19 Mixed Used Zoning ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……36
2.6.20 Shelter Management ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…36
2.6.21 Repair and Maintenance of Embankments and Polders ………………………………………..…………………………………37
2.6.22 Improvement of Sanitation and Drainage System ……………………………………………………………….…………………37
2.6.23 Inclusive Settlement ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………37
 2.6.24 Informal Settlement ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………38
2.6.25 Decentralization of City ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…38
2.6.26 Urban Rural Interaction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…38
2.6.27 Future Growth (Challenge & Opportunity) ……………………………………………………………………..……………………39
2.6.28 Increase Forest Based Materials………………………………………………………………………………………………..……39
2.6.29 Planned Expansion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……39
2.6.30 Spatial Integration………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………39

3. Chapter: 03- Case Study………………………………………………………………………………………………………,,……40

3.1 Community-based Ecotourism in Chi Phat………………………………………………………………………………………………41

3.2 Geographical Location of Chi Phat………………………………………………………………………………………………...………42

3.3 Climatic Condition of Chi Phat……………………………………………………………………………………………………...………43

3.3.1 Sun Path Study of Chi Phat…………………………………………………………………………………………………...………45

3.4 History of Chi Phat Community-based Ecotourism……………………………………………………..………………………………46

3.5 Attributes those made CBET of Chi Phat Successful…………………………………………………………………………..………47

3.6 Building Types…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………59

3.7 Structural and Spatial Detail ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…62

3.8 Livelihood ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………63

3.9 Biodiversity ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………64

1.Chapter: 01- Attributes of Community Based Eco-tourism
(From journal, thesis papers, articles, reports)

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1.1 Community based eco tourism:
Community-based ecotourism (CBET) has become a popular tool for biodiversity conservation, based on the principle that biodiversity must pay for itself by generating economic
benefits, particularly for local people. There are many examples of projects that produce revenues for local communities and improve local attitudes towards conservation, but the
contribution of CBET to conservation and local economic development is limited by factors such as the small areas and few people involved, limited earnings, weak linkages between
biodiversity gains and commercial success, and the competitive and specialized nature of the tourism industry. Many CBET projects cited as success stories actually involve little
change in existing local land and resource-use practices, provide only a modest supplement to local livelihoods, and remain dependent on external support for long periods, if not
indefinitely.
Investment in CBET might be justified in cases where such small changes and benefits can yield significant conservation and social benefits, although it must still be recognized as
requiring a long term funding commitment. Here, I aim to identify conditions under which CBET is, and is not, likely to be effective, efficient and sustainable compared with alternative
approaches for conserving biodiversity. I also highlight the need for better data and more rigorous analysis of both conservation and economic impactsa

1.2 Social
1.2.1 Community cohesion
Community is one of the biggest stake of community based ecotourism. There is various types of community all over the world who has their own identity. They attract tourist by their
own speciation. (Scheyvens, 1999).

1.2.2 Community interest

Community interest is very much essential in community based eco tourism . This makes good planning, implementation, management and monitoring problematic in the complex
tourism system.

1.2.3 Community Awareness

For community based eco tourism community awareness is an important thing. Community should have to aware about the tourism, its framework , communication skills and some
rules . Which help them to run the system properly. (Manyara & Jones, 2007).

1.2.4 Democratic Community

It is a form of society which favours equal rights, freedom of speech and a fair trial and tolerates the views of minorities. A healthy community requires responsible and active
inhabitant who value the system of government and work towards a shared vision of intestine life.

1.2.5 Community owned

Evidence has demonstrated that the most effective way to maximize such environmental and fiscal benefits is through projects which emphasize local community ownership and
control.(Manyara & Jones ,2007).

Cultural program
Community gathering

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1.3.Cultural
1.3.1 Cultural diversity
Cultural diversity is the quality of diverse or different cultures. The phrase cultural diversity can also refer to having different cultures respect each other's differences. The phrase
"cultural diversity" is also sometimes used to mean the variety of human society or cultures in a specific region, or in the world as a whole. For community based eco tourism cultural
diversity make the own identity of the community and this diversity attracts the tourist. (Okazaki, 2008)

1.3.2 Cultural Resources

Natural and cultural landscape values form a basis for ecotourism. These values are geographical position, microclimatic conditions, existence of water, natural beauties, existence of
natural vegetation, existence of wildlife, surface features, geomorphologic structure, local food, festivals and pageants, traditional agricultural structure, local handicrafts, regional dress
culture, historical events and people, heritage appeals, architectural variety, traditional music and folk dance, artistic activities and so on.(Gerry, 2001)

1.3.3 Identity preservation

At Wallace Rockhole, an Aboriginal town near Alice Springs, tourism has helped preserve the community culture identity by providing an outlet and market for their arts and jobs for
their youth. Tourism has been the catalyst for preservation of indigenous knowledge through bush and rock art tours. The number of tourists is limited and their behavior controlled
through the tour. Another benefits of community based tourism enterprises is the re-education of visitors in their attitudes towards Aboriginal groups. The town is a successful example
of a community operating with pride and moving towards self-sufficiency.

1.4 Biodiversity

1.4.1 Exploring flora and fauna

The term flora refers to the plant life that exists in a particular place at a particular time and fauna refers to animal life that exists in a particular place at a particular time. These flora
and fauna of a particular region can be the attraction of tourist and help to form an ecotourism.

1.4.2 Wild life conservation

Community-based ecotourism has become a popular tool for wildlife conservation, based on the principle that biodiversity must pay for itself by generating economic benefits,
particularly for local people. There are many examples of projects that produce revenues for local communities and improve local attitudes towards wildlife conservation. (Isaacs,
2000)

1.4.3 Wild life safety

Not only the conservation of wildlife is important but also the safety of them must be ensured. Hampering the safety of the wildlife ,ecotourism operation can not be done. (Blangy &
Mehta,2006). This attribute is also very important as well as maintaining the safety of the tourist.

Wild life Flora

Tourists

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1.5 Environment
1.5.1 Natural features
▪ Attractive scenery
▪ Flora
▪ Fauna
▪ Landscape
Natural features are the key attributes of ecology based tourism. Natural features like natural scenery, flora, fauna, landscape can promote community based ecotourism. (Tisdell, 1996).

1.5.2 Environment preservation

Environmental preservation is a key element in tourism development, maintaining essential ecological processes and helping to conserve natural heritage and biodiversity.

1.5.3 Natural recourses

This is also an attribute of community based ecotourism as natural resources of a region are blessings. Tourists must be attracted to explore the natural recourses of a particular region
thus creating community based ecotourism.

1.5.4 Pro Environmental behavior

Behavior that consciously seeks to minimize the negative impact of one’s actions on the natural and built world. Pro environment development is needed to conserve the environment
as well as forming a community based ecotourism.

1.6 Management

1.6.1 Tourist control

Sustainable tourism development indicates the travel and tourism designed to minimize the impacts of visitors and tourists on the places they visit, encourage protection of both cultural
and natural heritage.

1.6.2 Tour operation

Tour operation is a service‐based business in which it is difficult to standardize service quality – but, where an attempt is made, there does seem to be a significant reduction in human
error..

1.6.3 Community consent

Tourism is notorious for its potential to disrupt, disturb, or other wise do damage to natural habitats of local communities. so the particular community , are they prepared to accept the
tourist in their area.

1.6.4 Community participation

There are two reasons for community. First, the impacts of tourism are felt most keenly at the local destination area and, second, community residents are being recognized as an
essential ingredient in the ‘hospitality atmosphere’ of a destination

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1.6.5 Reciprocity
It means stronger relationships of trust, benefit sharing, common rules, shared norms , reciprocity between neighbors , and endorsement of environmental behaviors.

1.6.6 Institutional frame work & linkage

What kind of institution will provide the service and facilities and inter linkage among them .It can be governmental, non-governmental even indigenous institution.

1.6.7 Training of local people

Local people should must be trained to preserve their culture , their tradition ,their natural resources and also trained how to deal with foreign people and their behavior.

1.6.8 Resource management

We should learn how we will utilize the natural resources without disturbing and hampering it’s characteristics.

1.6.9 Integrated management

Whole management system will look after the local authority under a local leadership .

1.6.10 Accessibility
We have to ensure maximum access to communities tradition , culture & natural resources , without creating any kind of disturbance to its resources.

Tour operation Natural resources

Tourists and guide

c
c

1.7 Support
1.7.1 Government Support
Government participation is most visible in developing economies where tourism planning and promotion tend to be controlled directly by governments. Government agencies taking
greater interest, allocating funds and time to collaborative projects and playing a vital role in the planning, development and management of tourism initiatives. The factors that have
helped to change in governments’ approach include.
Governments are motivated to play an integral and collaborative role in tourism planning and management and the private sector requires government assistance to ensure the
sustainability of tourism. Sustainability issues affecting tourism on the agenda of governments as government agencies have control over a wide range of features that affect the
maximization of benefits tourism can deliver to communities (Simpson, 2008).

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1.7.2 Financial Assistance
Ecotourism is beginning to catch the eye of private investors to catch the eye of private investors and other funders who are interested in financing sustainable development, land
rehabilitation, wildlife reintroduction, and/or conservation research. Example from Africa show how ecotourism can synergistically build support for this goals.

1.7.3 Local Control

Ecotourism does not simply imply the establishment of activities to attract visitors but also seeks to establishment of activities to attract visitors but also seek to establish a productive
base that allows local people to enjoy acceptable living standards. In many cases, the simple process of setting aside areas for visitation has created conflicts over resource ownership
because local people were evicted from their land or had limited access to the resources that enabled their survival. A mechanism to mitigate conflicts over the use of natural resources
and biodiversity conservation, with the integration of local people, is the so called community based ecotourism (CBET), a “practice of tourism where the local community has a
significant control over, and participation in its development and management, and a major percentage of the benefits stay within the community”

1.7.4 Local Ownership

Ecotourism impact on local communities focuses on one of the three key values of ecotourism – economic sustainability. In addition to its inherent social and environmental benefits, it
is the economic sustainability of ecotourism that is provided to local communities through local ownership, observing and maintaining traditional practices of developing goods and food,
and offering employment opportunities that provide lasting value. The local economic impact is calculated by tracing how both tourist goods and services such as food and loading and
how the tourism suppliers themselves obtain goods services.

1.7.5 Local Empowerment

Local peoples maximize their benefits, and have some control over ecotourism occurring in their regions, Akama has suggested that alternative ecotourism initiatives are needed which
aim to empower local people:

. . . the local community need to be empowered to decide what forms of tourism facilities and wildlife conservation programs they want to be developed in their respective communities,
and how the tourism costs and benefits are to be shared among different stakeholders (Akama, 1996, p. 573).

1.7.6 Political Support

If a community is to be politically empowered by ecotourism, their voices and their concerns should guide the development of any ecotourism project from the feasibility stage through to
its implementation. Diverse interest groups within a community, including women and youths, should also have representation on com- munity and broader decision-making bodies.
Akama 248 R. Scheyvens /Tourism Management 20 (1999) 245—249 argues that for local communities to be able to exert some control over ecotourism activities, however, power will
need to be decentralized from the national level to the community level (Akama, 1996). This could include involving grassroots organizations, local church groups, and indigenous
institutions in decision-making processes and on representative bodies such as national parks boards or regional tourism associations.

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1.8 Integrated Attributes
1.8.1 Responsible travel:
Ecotourism is responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well being of local people. (Wood, 2002) The tourists should not exploit the nature or
hunt any wildlife during their travel.

1.8.2 Exploration:
Eco tourism is a scope for exploring the nature. Various rare species of flora and fauna can be discovered. Eco-tourism is nature-based tourism that involves education and
interpretation of the natural environment and is managed to be ecologically sustainable. (Allcock et al., 1994)

1.8.3 Environmental enhancement:

The very nature of the Earthwatch experience requires the participants be "deep green" ecotourists committed to being environmentally responsible, not by merely minimizing their
impact on the environment, but by environmental enhancement of habitats and species. (Weiler & Richins, 1995) When eco-tourism initiates in an area, the community people become
more aware of their surrounding environment and they take care of the environment for its preservation and conservation. Besides they learn modern agriculture techniques from the
foreigners.
Weiler, B., & Richins, H. (1995). Extreme, extravagant and elite: a profile of ecotourists on Earthwatch expeditions. Tourism Recreation Research, 20(1), 29-36

1.8.4 Collaboration:
The people of the community should be collaborative with the stakeholders and the tourists.
NGO–Community Collaboration for Ecotourism: A Strategy for Sustainable Regional Development (Barkin & Pailies, 1999)

Meanwhile, the relationships they have developed with the tourists, the industry, and other organizations have led to opportunities to establish complementary small enterprises and
work in other lodges and other fields. (Stronza & Gordillo, 2008)

1.8.5 Community agency

One of the keys for success was the development of a strong community agency that led to high community participation and individual rather than the community ownership. (Sakata
& Prideaux, 2012)

1.8.6 Participatory planning

By accepting tourism as a community industry, by encouraging a participatory approach to tourism planning, and by introducing techniques such as scenarios in order to formulate
community goals and strategies for tourism, it is hoped that the tourism planning agenda can be legitimized. (Haywood, 1988)

1.8.7 Tourism Products

Tourism products bring economic sustainability to the people of the community. It includes local handicrafts, performing arts, facilitating transportation like boat or cart and even
attractive natural scenarios.
One area of support for CBT initiatives is assistance in the development of tourism products, which may involve various activities. (Forstner, 2004) Several NGOs assisted Namibian
communities in developing local tourism products by providing business advice, loans and training opportunities and promoting joint ventures with the private sector (Ashley, 1998).

1.8.8 Learning & Sharing

Ecotourism is travel to relatively undisturbed natural areas for study, enjoyment or volunteer assistance. It is travel that concerns itself with the flora, fauna, geology, and ecosystems of
an area as well as the people (caretakers) who live nearby, their needs, their culture and their relationship to the land. (Malek-Zadeh, 1996)

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1.8.9 Eco sensitivity
Inhabitants of a community becomes senstivite to the eco-system of the nature where eco-tourism is initiated.Residents showed a high degree of awareness and sensitivity regarding
environmental conservation issues in the area. (Pipinos & Fokiali, 2007)

1.8.10 Sustainable nature

Eco-tourism can be a tool for conservation of nature and make the natural environment sustainable. Tourism to such rare and valuable sites may be environmentally sustainable.
(Cater, 2006)

1.8.11 Responsibility to Environment

Ecotourism has been defined as environmentally responsible, enlightening travel and visitation to relatively undisturbed natural areas in order to enjoy and appreciate nature (and any
accompanying cultural features both past and present) that promotes conservation, has low visitor impact, and provides for beneficially active socioeconomic involvement of local
populations (Ceballos-Lascurain, 1996).

1.8.12 Expectation
Tourist perceptions of community visits; gifts and services that tourists would like; tourist expectations; suggestions on how visits could be improved; tourist definitions of ecotourism;
and quality-of-life questions directed at local people. (Malek-Zadeh, 1996)

1.8.13 Enjoyment
Ecotourism is travel to relatively undisturbed natural areas for study, enjoyment or volunteer assistance. (Malek-Zadeh, 1996)

1.8.14 Experience
Community people should try their best to give the tourists a good and memorable experience.Community-Based Ecotourism (CBE) might fit into a typical travel itinerary, just about
anywhere in the world. It should also provide insight into how such experiences can be designed to maximize community participation. (Malek-Zadeh, 1996)

1.8.15 Cultural Sustainability

Cultural diversity is regarded as a resource and pride in community based eco-tourism which ensures cultural sustainability.
The Thailand Community Based Tourism Institute defines CBT more rigorously as:
“tourism that takes environmental, social and cultural sustainability into account. It is managed and owned by the community, for the community, with the purpose of enabling visitors to
increase their awareness and learn about the community and local ways of life.” (Goodwin & Rosa Santilli, 2009)

1.8.16 Economical sustainability

Tourism and selling of tourism products bring economic sustainability to the people of the community.
In eco-tourism, experience and product management should follow principles and practices associated with ecological, socio-cultural and economic sustainability. (Blamey, 1997)

1.8.17 Image Building

When the tourismified definition of a community identity prevails, the group is frozen in an image of itself or museumized (MacCannell, 1984).
Salazar, N. B. (2012). Community-based cultural tourism: Issues, threats and opportunities. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(1), 9-22.

14
1.9 References

• Akama, J. (1996). Western environmental values and nature-based tourism in Kenya. tourism Management,17(8), 567—574

• Annals of Tourism Research , Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 448–468, 2008

• A Stronza , J Gordillo - Annals of tourism research, 2008 – Elsevier

• Barkin, D., & Pailles, C. (1999). NGO-Community Collaboration for Ecotourism: A strategy for sustainable regional development. Tourism Recreation Research, 24(2), 69-74
• Belsky, J. M. (1999). Misrepresenting Communities: The Politics of Community‐Based Rural Ecotourism in Gales Point Manatee, Belize 1. Rural Sociology, 64(4), 641-666.

• Blangy, S., & Mehta, H. (2006). Ecotourism and ecological restoration. Journal for Nature Conservation, 14(3-4), 233-236.
• Brennan, F., & Allen, G. (2001). Community-based ecotourism, social exclusion and the changing political economy of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Tourism and the less
developed world: Issues and case studies, 203-221.

• Cater, E. (2006), Ecotourism as a Western Construct, Journal of Ecotourism, 5:1-2, 23-39

• Ecotourism offers a substantial opportunity for environmental learning. (Kimmel, 2010)

• Forstner, K. (2004). Community ventures and access to markets: The role of intermediaries in marketing rural tourism products. Development Policy Review, 22(5), 497-514.
• Funnell, D. C., & Bynoe, P. E. (2007). Ecotourism and institutional structures: The case of North Rupununi, Guyana. Journal of Ecotourism, 6(3), 163-183

• Goodwin, H., & Santilli, R. (2009). Community-based tourism: A success. ICRT Occasional paper, 11(1), 37.

• Haywood, K. M. (1988). Responsible and responsive tourism planning in the community. Tourism management, 9(2), 105-118.

• Isaacs, J. C. (2000). The limited potential of ecotourism to contribute to wildlife conservation. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 28(1), 61-69.

• Kimmel, J. R. (1999). Ecotourism as environmental learning. The Journal of Environmental Education, 30(2), 40-44.
• Kiss, A. (2004). Is community-based ecotourism a good use of biodiversity conservation funds?. Trends in ecology & evolution, 19(5), 232-237.
• Kontogeorgopoulos, N. (2005). Community-based ecotourism in Phuket and Ao Phangnga, Thailand: Partial victories and bittersweet remedies. Journal of sustainable tourism,
13(1), 4-23.
• Manyara, G., & Jones, E. (2007). Community-based tourism enterprises development in Kenya: An exploration of their potential as avenues of poverty reduction. Journal of
sustainable tourism, 15(6), 628-644.

• Manyara, G., & Jones, E. (2007). Community-based tourism enterprises development in Kenya: An exploration of their potential as avenues of poverty reduction. Journal of
sustainable tourism, 15(6), 628-644.

• Okazaki, E. (2008). A community-based tourism model: Its conception and use. Journal of sustainable tourism, 16(5), 511-529.
• Ogutu, Z. A. (2002). The impact of ecotourism on livelihood and natural resource management in Eselenkei, Amboseli ecosystem, Kenya. Land Degradation &
Development, 13(3), 251-256
• Pipinos, G. & Fokiali, P. Environ Dev Sustain (2009)
• Sakata, H., & Prideaux, B. (2013). An alternative approach to community-based ecotourism: A bottom-up locally initiated non-monetised project in Papua New Guinea. Journal of
Sustainable Tourism, 21(6), 880-899.

15
• Salafsky, N., & Wollenberg, E. (2000). Linking livelihoods and conservation: a conceptual framework and scale for assessing the integration of human needs and biodiversity. World
development, 28(8), 1421-1438.
• Scheyvens, R. (1999). Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities. Tourism management, 20(2), 245-249.
• Sirakaya, E., Sasidharan, V., & Sönmez, S. (1999). Redefining ecotourism: The need for a supply-side view. Journal of Travel Research, 38(2), 168-172
• Stronza, A., & Gordillo, J. (2008). Community views of ecotourism. Annals of tourism research, 35(2), 448-468.
• Tisdell, C. (1996). Ecotourism, economics, and the environment: observations from China. Journal of Travel Research, 34(4), 11-19.
• Weaver, D. B., & Lawton, L. J. (2007). Twenty years on: The state of contemporary ecotourism research. Tourism management, 28(5), 1168-1179.
• Wurzinger, S., & Johansson, M. (2006). Environmental concern and knowledge of ecotourism among three groups of Swedish tourists. Journal of Travel Research, 45(2), 217-226.
• Wood, M. (2002). Ecotourism: Principles, practices and policies for sustainability. UNEP.

16
2.Chapter: 02- Attributes from Policies

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2.1 Social
2.1.1 Community Driven Process
Community based eco-tourism and its planning should be a community driven process. Community people should hold the authority for the conduction of tourism.

2.1.2 Community Participation

Provide opportunity for community participation and recognize people’s initiative in the design, installation and the upkeep of services within the framework of the development programs.

Community participation
Social Interaction

2.1.3 Social Interaction

The inhabitants of a community is to be conscious about their social responsibilities. People should be collaborative with other people of the community and interact with people of
other societies too.

2.1.4 Sense Of Belonging & Ownership

Every members of the community is to posses a sense of belongingness. So that they think that they belongs to a community and abide by its norms and customs and a sense of
ownership should grow inside them as a part of the community.

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2.1.5 Public Interest:
The people of the community should prioritize the collectively defined public interest. They should compromise their individual interest in terms of greater benefit of the community
people.

2.1.6 Social Development (G-1,2,3,4,5)

When government and NGO works together for local people then social development gradually happen . In community based eco tourism NGO and government parallel works
together for the social development of a community . Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision – making at all levels significantly reduce all forms of
violence and related death rates everywhere. End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children.

2.1.7 Social Cohesion

Good relation should prevail among all the families and people of the community. They should stand beside others at the time of their need and celebrate social festivals together. They
are to live in harmony and be collaborative to others.

2.1.8 Participatory Inhabitants

The inhabitants of a community must be eager and willful in terms of cooperation and participation in planning and tour operation. They should collaborate with the government and
other stakeholders and be interactive with the tourist.

2.1.9 Eradication Of Poverty

Community based eco-tourism can play important role in eradication of poverty. Tourism facilitates employment opportunity in the community which helps in the enhancement of the
economic status.

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2.1.10 Involving poor members of a
community
• Ensure basic need of lower class people.(3.2-e.8)
• Give priority to both local and lower class people. (5.3.12)
• We should serve facilities according to their income range. (4.12)
• We also give priority to women & elderly people of a particular community. (5.11)
• Create some reliable income source & facilities in rural area for them. (4.13)

Reliable income source Create elder

Friendly environment
2.1.11 Well-being & Quality Of Life
The well being of the people of a community is to be ensured that everyone is living together in peace and harmony. Besides the quality of life can be enhanced by providing necessary
services like adequate fresh water, hygienic households, proper sanitation, renewable energy etc.

2.1.12 Capacity Building:

Capacity building approach suggest for becoming self sufficient. It infers a household to become self-sufficient by producing its food and economy through agriculture, farming etc.
Similarly a community can become self sufficient through capacity building.

2.1.13 Training Of Local

The people of the community should be trained how to host the tourists, how to interact with them by teaching international languages or conduct the overall tour operation etc.

Training Of Local people

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2.1.14 Promote Life Long Learning(G-4)
Ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills, needed to promote sustainable development including, among others, through education for sustainable development and
sustainable lifestyles, human right, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture contribution
of development.

2.1.15 Universal Literacy (G-4)

In community based eco tourism the local people should have to know how to communicate with the tourist . So they should have to know the minimum institutional knowledge .

2.1.16 Civic Engagement

The people of the community should be aware of their rights and responsibilities. They are to be interactive with all levels of government.

2.1.17 Food Security & Nutrition

People are considered food secure when they have availability and adequate access at all times to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life.

Food marketing chain

2.1.18 Nuanced Understanding Of The Local
Nuanced understanding of the local conditions of poverty and of low-income settlements will be essential.

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2.1.19 Free Of Fear And Violence (G-16)
In community based eco tourism local people can freely participate with the tourism business. And it should be ensure that they don’t face any kind of fear and
violence from outside.

Unity

2.1.20 Nuanced Understanding Of The Local

Nuanced understanding of the local conditions of poverty and of low-income settlements will be essential.

2.1.21 Integrate Housing Activity

Take steps to integrate housing activity, income generation and employment. The loan for housing development will be integrated with loans for income generation activities
through self employment for the low income groups, so that they can generate income to repay the loans taken for housing.

2.1.22 End Hunger (G-2)

By community based eco tourism local people can find a income source . That’s why they can remove the poverty and they will able to end hunger.

2.1.23 Reduce migration to the larger cities

Develop economically buoyant and socially attractive secondary and intermediate towns by strengthening their linkages with contiguous rural areas and market centers as
part of the integrated and planned development of the region and to reduce migration to the larger cities.

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2.1.24 Health Care (G-3)
In community based eco tourism there should have to include health care facility . Therefore it is a rural place so people and tourist need a good health care facility .

Health care facility

2.1.25 Political Participation

Leadership quality should grow among the people of the community. Representatives should come up from a community who will interact with governments and other
stakeholders.

2.1.26 Gender Responsive Planning

To make the planning successful, the skill and strength of the either gender is to be taken into account. The appropriate task is to given to the specific gender group. This will
bring an optimum outcome.

2.1.27 Equity
Providing equal access for all, to economic and productive resources, physical and social infrastructures. Equity is achieved by ensuring that everyone is enjoying the basic
needs and demand by providing all the people their specific deficits. There should be no discrimination.

2.1.28 Needs
The basic needs of the people living in a community is to be ensured like food, clothing, shelter, medical treatment, education etc. Besides to get a livable community the necessary
services is to be provided like supply of fresh water, energy, accessibility, transportation etc.

2.1.29 Balance Between Urban And Rural Area

People living in the rural areas have the right to enjoy the services provided in the urban area like electricity, pure water supply etc. But balance is to be maintained to preserve the
attributes of rural area, so that urban sprawl do not occur.

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2.1.30 Collaboration
For making community based eco-tourism successful collaboration of the community people with the stakeholders and tourists is required.

Collaboration

2.1.31 Consideration of Disabled & Vulnerable group people.

2.1.32 Appropriate Regulatory Framework

To make community based eco-tourism successful, an appropriated regulatory framework is required formed by the collaboration of community people and all stakeholders like
government, NGOs etc.

2.1.33 Encouraged Research On Housing

Universities, research institutes and centers will be encouraged to conduct research on housing issues of the community people.

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2.2 Cultural
2.2.1 Culture And History Of Community
Housing policies promote and protect the cultural and historical typology of communities. Historical and cultural preservation metrics align across all government jurisdictions.

Cultural co-existence

2.2.2 Cultural & natural resources

• Give respect every religion & cultural tradition.(3.2-c).ensure their community privacy.
• Protect the natural resources & traditional resources of a particular area. (4.18),(4.20)

2.2.3 Culture & Creative Industry (Performing Arts)

Cultural products such as handicrafts and artisan products as well as performing arts like traditional dance, song, drama etc. can bring economic solvency in community
based tourism.

2.2.4 Socio-cultural Expression

Every community has its own socio-cultural expression which is expressed by their norms, customs, traditions, habits, heritage etc. This gives the people their own identity. They
should be aware of it and preserve their identity.

2.2.5 Diversity
Diversity exists among societies or communities due to their individual socio-cultural expression. Even diversity exist in between the people of the community where people with
different religion, cast, race, color etc. live together in peace and harmony.

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2.2.6 Heritage building
• Preservation of heritage building of a particular area.(3.2-e.5).We should preserve their characteristics.

Heritage building preservation

2.2.7 Recognizing And Leveraging Culture

Every community should respect the cultures and customs of other communities. The cultural diversity of a community can be regarded as opportunity for tourism in community based
tourism.

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2.3 Economic
2.3.1 Productive Local Economy
Every community should have economy of its own based on their local resources and skills. In community based eco-tourism local economy can be more productive by selling tourism
products, handicrafts, performing arts, facilitating transportation through boat or cart etc.

2.3.2 Emphasis On Affordability

Greater emphasis will be laid on affordability, personal savings, self-help and cost recovery. Efforts would be made to affordability of the disadvantaged and low-income groups, through
provision of credit for income groups, through provision of credit for income generation and enhancement, housing loans specially low interest, access to space for running workshop or
business and such other facilities.

2.3.3 Financial Framework

A transparent framework is required for the management of funds and donations provided by government, NGOs, different stakeholders and community.

Earning

Spending
Saving
Investing
2.3.4 Employment(G-8)
Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation including through a
focus on higher-value added and labor-intensive section.

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2.3.5 Self sufficient & sustainable development
The development should be like every one can afford it & can create fund by them self to run the process properly . We
have try to make them self sufficient by creating sufficient Economic sector in their community . Thus they can fulfil their
own demand by their own product .(4.11)

Achieve sustainability in site

2.3.6 Economic support

• Govt. should give subsidy for land so every class of people can afford it. (4.06)
• Home loan should be provide by NGO & govt. bank and the process should be easy.(5.4)

Different class of people

2.3.7 Economize Housing Costs
Austerity will be maintained I building houses and efforts will be made to economize housing costs, discourage extravagant construction, facilitate incremental house building, ensure
wider application of low cost technology and optimum use of resources at the individual and national levels both in public and private sectors.

2.3.8 Preventing Forced Eviction

People should be given security of tenure of land. They should not be evicted from their settlement by the government without important reason. For a critical situation the evicted people
should be given adequate time beforehand and should be compensated rightfully. They should be given the security to tenure.

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2.4 Natural Environment

2.4.1 Environmental Enhancement

Through community based eco-tourism environmental enhancement can be gained. People of the community become more aware about their surrounding environment and they take
care of it. Again tourist enlighten the people with the knowledge of scientific preservation of nature and scientific agricultural methods.

2.4.2 Ensure Environmental Preservation

Provide assured access of rural households to traditional materials but maintain a check on indiscriminate exploitation of forest resources so as to ensure environmental preservation.

2.4.3 Sustainable Consumption

We have to use our resources in such a way that we get the maximum and optimum outcome of it as well as it remains adequate for the use of our future generation. It suggests use of
renewable and recyclable resources.

2.4.4 Minimize Impact Of Global Climate System(G-13)

Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate related hazards and natural disasters in all countries. Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and
planning. Improve education awareness – raising human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, impact reduction and early warning.

2.4.5 Conserve Agricultural Land

Making suitable laws to restrict scattered spreading of homesteads in rural areas and to conserve agricultural lad, minimize wastage of land for housing purpose and facilitate supply of
essential services.

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2.4.6 Using Indigenous Resources
Promotion of small scale building materials production units will help creation of jobs for women, for Which skill development programs will be initiated. Step will be taken to economies
the use of scarce building materials and to promote low-cost environmentally-sound technology and the use of indigenous resources, including mud, Wherever appropriate.

2.4.7 Emphasize Environmental Protection

Emphasize environmental protection in terms of the basic norms and services for settlements, neighborhood planning and open space, control of population, and removal, disposal and
utilization of liquid and solid wastes. Special emphasis will be given to tree plantation in all projects and the construction and conservation of lakes, ponds, beels and haors.

2.4.8 Climate resilient structure

Climate change may impact upon the regions in Bangladesh in different ways. Affected regions are likely to include the coastal zone, river chars, hilly areas and inland wetland areas. To
protect the living beings of these regions, necessary measures need to adapt. The traditional approach of building homes on raised mounds or heighted plinth can be a measure to
protect homes from flood water. Moreover, repair and maintenance of existing flood embankments and polders can protect flood prone areas from damages.

Climate resilient structure

Flooded area

Low heighted plinth

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2.4.9 Expansion of the ‘green belt’
The importance of thick belts of mangroves in reducing the destructive capacity of storm surges, was demonstrated during disasters. An expansion of the green belt
would afford extra protection and increase livelihood opportunities for the people.

2.4.10 Water management

Conservation of water, rain water harvesting, surface water purification, ground water technologies are very important to manage drinking water. Rain water harvesting should be
practiced in every houses to supply and conserve drinking water. In the coastal belts, salinity levels are likely to increase significantly. So water management is a must to provide safe
and pure drinking water among the people.

Rain water reserve

Rain water harvesting

2.4.11 Integrated Water Resource Planning

It encompasses the planning of undisturbed natural circulation of water through canals and rivers. Proper storm water drainage system. It is also concerned about the aquatic eco-
system.

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2.4.12 Water & sanitation
• Ensure the access to pure drinking water and good sanitation. (5.9.7)
• Waste management process must be stablished in community.

Hygiene sanitation
Drinking Water

2.4.13 Mitigating Climate Change

Climate change mitigation consists of actions to limit the magnitude or rate of long term global warming and its related effects. It involves reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases.
Mitigation may also be achieved by increasing the capacity of carbon sinks through reforestation.

2.4.14 Waste management

The regular waste produced by communities should be disposed in specific places where the environmental impacts are low. Then those are to be sorted and recyclable residues are to
be recycled and rest can be used for producing energy through combustion or in a more eco-friendly way.

Solid waste

Gray water
Fertilizer filter

Seed
Food

Waste management system

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2.4.15 Recycling And Reuse(G-13)
improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and
substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally

2.4.16 Encourage Material Based On Agricultural Waste

Encourage the development, manufacture and use of materials based on industrial and agricultural wastes, those based on local resources and alternate/appropriate technologies by
public and private construction agencies.

Agricultural Waste

Building materials

2.4.17 Substitute The use Of Scarce Resources

Incentives will be given to promote the manufacture of new building materials and components out of industrial wastes and agricultural wastes and those which substitute the use of
scarce resources like wood and energy-intensive materials like cement and steel.

2.4.18 Mobilization Of Resources(G-12)

Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and Sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems Prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of
all kinds, in particular form land based activity. Sustainable manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystem to avoid significant adverse impact, including by strengthen their
resilience and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans

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2.4.19 Energy Efficiency
Include the development of energy-efficient housing and technologies that can reduce both the cost of living and the environmental impact.

Renewable Energy

2.4.20 Sustainable Management(G-6,13)

Sustainable management by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials having the proportion of untreated wastewater and
sustainable increasing recycling and safe reuse globally.

2.4.21 Reduce Waste Generation(G-13)

Achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes Throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce
their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse Impacts on human health and the environment. Substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction,
recycling and reuse

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2.5 Biodiversity

2.5.1 Biodiversity preservation

Bangladesh is geologically one of the least explored country. Climate change has negative impact on ecosystem and biodiversity. That means pro active behavior towards
biodiversity is important to preserve the ecosystem. The changes of livelihood patterns also can took place due to ecological and biodiversity changes.

2.5.2 Biodiversity(G-13)
Integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning development process poverty reduction strategies and accounts. Mobilize and significantly increase financial
resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystem.

2.5.3 Forest Mountain And Drylands(G-13)

Ensure the conservation restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystem and services in particular forest, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with
obligations, under agreements. Promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forest halt deforestation, restore degraded forest and substantially increase
afforestation and reforestation globally.

35
2.5.4 Protected Of Flora And Fauna(G-15)
Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products.

2.5.5 Conservation Of Nature, Bio-diversity And Eco-system

Reduction of environmental pollution and preserving the habitats of animals, birds fishes and aquatic animals. Mass plantation, use of non toxic chemical etc. helps in conserving the
nature. Besides the eco-systems of all the environment from underwater, forest, urban and rural are to kept unharmed.

2.5.6 Harmony With Nature(G-15)

Ensures that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature .

2.5.7 Transfer Marine Technology (G-14)

Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology. in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine
biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries

36
2.6 Physical Element
2.6.1 Built environment
• Ensure the maximum utilization of a land without hampering the built environment . (5.1.6)and ensure not to feel any kind of water body & river.(5.1.13)
• We should not excess land acquire for any kind of govt. project. (5.1.3)

Maintaining built environment

2.6.2 Emphasize On Local Material and Techniques
Make effective implementation of the housing programs, promote use of local developed materials and construction techniques and increase production of forest-based building
materials such as timber, bamboo or grass. Attempts will be made to develop alternative and durable materials based on locally available raw material.

2.6.3 Indigenous building technique

• Improve the indigenous building technique & should promote it. (5.2.5),(4.18)
• Use indigenous material & easily accessible material in construction. (4.18)
such as bamboo , wood , brick , concrete etc.

Indigenous technique Popular technique

37
2.6.4 Infrastructure
• Create focus on infrastructure development & should follow BNBC . (5.2)(5.5.6)
• Area which is infrastructurally developed housing should be proposed there.(5.1.1)
• We should avoid fertile agricultural land for infrastructure development.(5.1.12)

Infrastructure development

2.6.5 Encourage Infrastructure Construction Technologies

Encourage the use of infrastructure construction technologies which are cost effective, incrementally upgradable and Environmentally appropriate.

Indigenous technique

2.6.6 Locally Available Technologies

promoting locally available and environmentally sound construction technologies to encourage energy saving methods and protect human health. The private sector is strongly
encouraged to promote the use of locally available materials to enhance access to housing.

2.6.7 Site Selection

Community settlement should not be situated at polluted sites or proximity to pollution sources that threaten right to health of the inhabitants. Also a site vulnerable to disaster should not
be selected for habitation.

2.6.8 Making Revision Rules And Regulation

Making revision of land use plan, planning and building regulation ad infrastructure standards by the Government and authorities to help reduce the cost of housing, enable efficient use
of land and facilitate housing activity.

38
2.6.9 Accessibility
• Every kind of community facility should be nearby. (5.5.2)
• Ensure evacuation in disaster affected area in list amount of time. (5.10.3)
• Ensure universal accessibility & emergency accessibility in all kind of infrastructure. (5.9.4)

universal design means creating spaces that meet the needs of all people, young and
old, able and disabled. From the arrangement of the rooms to the choice of colors, many
details go into the creation of accessible spaces. Architecture tends to focus on
accessibility for people with disabilities, but Universal Design is the philosophy behind
accessibility. (G-9)

Universal accessibility Emergency accessibility

2.6.10 Preserved Buildings And Monuments

Give priority to the preservation of buildings and monuments, structures of
architectural value, and the preservation of special natural features.
Preservation of heritage building of a particular area.(3.2-e.5).

Preservation of heritage buildings

2.6.11 Holistic Policy Frameworks
Broader territorial approach: Regional, metropolitan and municipal planning ensures housing access to jobs and other services – adequate education, health care, and transport for all
neighborhoods.

Rural settlement Developed City area

39
2.6.12 Duty Free And Quota Free Market (G-8)
Realize timely implementation of duty free and quota free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World Trade Organization decisions,
including by ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access.

Duty free market

2.6.13 Public Space Formation

To promote public spaces as drivers of economic development, leveraging their potential to generate increased property value, and to facilitate business and livelihood opportunities
both in formal and informal sectors.

2.6.14 Neighbourhood Upgrading

support neighbourhood upgrading programs and incremental housing in informal settlements.

40
 Neighbourhood Upgrading

2.6.15 Due Attention In Disaster And Fire Prone Areas

Due attention would be given to construction, protection, replacement and rehabilitation of shelter in disaster affected and fire prone areas.

2.6.16 Disaster Risk Reduction

Disaster risk can be reduced by proper planning and zoning. Awareness among the people and pre disaster management can reduce the impact to a great extent. Besides, proper
infrastructural development and preventive measures through sustainable development will reduce disaster risk.

2.6.17 Safe & Sustainable Mobility System:

Fast and reliable transportation with minimum risk of undesirable incidences which has low carbon footprint and use renewable energy. Minimum circulation of the people of a community
is desirable.

41
2.6.18 Self-help Housing
The local people should be provided with such designs that they are able to construct by their own. This makes them skillful and a resilient outcome is obtained.

2.6.19 Mixed Use Zoning

The expansion of mixed use zoning entails the adoption of standards for blending residential, commercial, cultural, institutions and industrial uses. The implementation of mixed use
zoning is highly encouraged because it has a number of benefits including increased density, more compact development, the promotion of a sense of place and community, and the
creation of greater connectivity between neighbourhood and communities

2.6.20 Shelter management

Most of the cyclone shelters of Bangladesh require urgent repair and maintenance. People refuge to go to cyclone shelter during cyclone as those are not safe for them because of the
poor condition of the structures. So, Cyclone shelters along the entire coastal belt must be made fully functional and operation so that people can use those for multipurpose usage like
social gathering space, market, school in normal period as well as a usable shelter during disaster period.

Multipurpose usage
cyclone shelter
Cyclone shelters

Community

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2.6.21 Repair and maintenance of embankments and polders
Embankments have provides security from flooding. So it is very important to rehabilitate existing river flood embankments so that they are fully functional and able to provide the level of
security for which these were constructed. Like embankments, polders need urgent repair to protect the livelihoods and the people against high cyclone storm surges and future
projected sea level rises.

2.6.22 Improvement of sanitation and drainage system

Sanitation can be affected by poor drainage and flooding in many parts of the country. Proper sanitation value chain need to follow for the improvement of sanitation system. Heavy
rainfall can be the cause of water logging if the drainage system is not maintained. Proper drainage and sewer system is needed to prevent water logging.

2.6.23 Inclusive Settlement

Inclusive settlement is where the components must be integrated thematically and territorially if security, resilience, sustainability, efficacy and efficiency are to be achieved. It is gained
by moving in more holistic, integral modes with relation to such critical areas as socio-spatial segregation and poverty, processes of environmental degradation, the interconnectivity of
systems, governance and the need for cross territorial integration.

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2.6.24 informal settlement

• Enforce the law to stop the new growing informal settlement. (5.9.3)and existing informal settlement NGO and other authority should work for betterment.

Work for betterment Of informal settlement

2.6.25 De-centralization of city

• We should promote the city de-centralized process by ensuring Infrastructure development in rural area. (5.2.2)
• New housing can be proposed beside bypass road side or in more rural area.

Development in rural area

2.6.26 Urban-rural Interaction

Communities living the territorial rural areas should be connected to the urban through transport and technology. This enhances accessibility, productivity and socio-economic
development of the community. But it never infers any urban sprawl and rural areas transforming urban.

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2.6.27 Future Growth (Challenge & Opportunity)
Inhabitants and stakeholders should think regarding a sustainable future for every community. Besides, the challenges for expansion in size and population of a community in the future
are to be addressed like food security, shelter etc. On the other hand the future growth of a community can be taken as an opportunity for the future like skilled man power, productive
economy etc.

2.6.28 Increase Forest Based Material

Regeneration of forest based building material would be planned and environmental conservation given due consideration.

2.6.29 Planned Expansion

The expansion of the community in the future in terms of size, population etc. should be planned. There should be adequate food and shelter facility for the future expansion. Proper
zoning and integrated approach should be made for infrastructural development.

2.6.30 Spatial Integration

The urban, sub-urban and rural areas within a territory should be integrated for enhanced productivity and development.

Spatial Integration
45
 3.Chapter: 03- Case Study
(Community based eco tourism in Chi-Phat, Combodia)

46
3. 1 Community-based Ecotourism in Chi Phat:
Chi Phat commune is located in the Southern Cardamom Protected Forest of Koh Kong province in southwestern
Cambodia. Chi Phat is mainland South East Asia`s largest remaining tract of rain forest situated directly in the heart
of the Cardamom Mountains. With mountains, mangroves and low land swamps on the one hand and many cultural
artifacts such as burial jars and wooden coffins on the other hand, Chi Phat and its surrounding area has a variety of
attractions to offer both to local and international tourists. Tourists can a walk through the forest trials and meet warm
and friendly village people.

There is a lot of fascinating

nature at Chi Phat, including
mountains, waterfalls,
rivers, evergreen forests,
low land swamps and
Malaluka swamps. There is
a good network of forest
trails at Chi Phat, tourists
get the chance to watch
quite a huge diversity of
wildlife and birds. In addition
to that, tourists can also visit
a beautiful village. Activities
which can be done at Chi
Phat go from single and
multi day mountain biking
and trekking and traditional
boat trips, to forest camping,
wildlife and birdwatching
and village explorations.

There are four villages in the commune,

namely Chi Phat, Tuek Laak, Cheam Sla,
and Sam Lort. According to Commune
Database (CDB) online, there were about
549 households in the commune in 2010.
Households headed by woman were 203
households. The total population in the
commune was 2,444 persons. Chi Phat
village was the most populated (806
persons), followed by Sam Lort village (754
persons), Tuek Laak village (447 persons),
and Cheam Sla (437 persons). Rice farming
was the main occupation of 69% of the total
households, while cultivating crops and
vegetable, fishing, and raising livestock
were the main occupations for 13% of them.
Households that still collected nontimber
forest products (NTFP) were 4.1% of them.
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3.2 Geographical Location of Chi Phat:

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3.3 Climatic Condition of Chi Phat:

On average, the temperatures are always high.

1. The months April, May, June, July, August and November

have a high chance of precipitation.
2. Chi Phat has dry periods in January and February.
3. On average, the warmest month is April.
The monthly mean minimum and maximum temperatures over the year in Chi Phat:
4. On average, the coolest month is December.
5. October is the wettest month. This month should be avoided
if you are not a big fan of rain.

Average monthly hours of sunshine over the year:

Average monthly precipitation over the year (rainfall, snow):

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Average monthly rainy days over the year:

Average humidity over the year:

Average wind speed over the year:

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3.3.1 Sun Path Study of Chi Phat:

23st March 23st September

51
21st June 21st December
3.4 History of Chi Phat Community-Based Ecotourism
A decade ago, Chi Phat rainforest was facing the destruction. Forest fires were uncontainable, while wildlife was being poached for the commercial trade to Thailand, Vietnam, and
Phnom Penh. At that time, Wildlife Alliance named Chi Phat commune the “Circle of Death” because of its extreme condition of natural resource depletion. Wildlife Alliance arrived and
started working in the Cardamoms in 2002 to cope with forest fires, forestland encroaching, slash and burn cultivation and wildlife poaching. In 2003, Wildlife Alliance found that 280
households were destroying natural resources to make a living because they were impoverished and did not have any livelihood assets (Gauntlett, 2013). After comprehensive
discussion and participatory planning with the local people and authorities, Chi Phat Community-Based Ecotourism was initiated in 2007 and has been supported so far by Wildlife
Alliance.

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3.5 ATTRIBUTES those made the CBET of Chi Phat Successful:

Natural recourses Management Appropriate Regulatory Framework

The two CBETs of Yeak Laom and Chi Phat are very different in terms of geographical location, maturity stage, and management and operation structures. (Seyhah, 2017)

Productive Local Economy Self sufficient & sustainable development End Hunger

Holistic Policy Frameworks Inclusive Settlement Capacity Building

Rice cultivation in Chi Phat commune was wet rice cultivation. Chi Phat commune had a rice cultivation area of 416 ha, but only 46% of the area was cultivated. There was no irrigation
system in the commune, so rice cultivation was rain fed. The average productivity was low, only 1 ton/ha. The total rice production was 190 tons in 2010. Rice production per capita was
272 kg/person. There were only 4 small-scale rice mills.

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 Natural resources Landscape Biodiversity

Forest, Mountain And Dry lands

Cardamom Landscape in southwestern Cambodia is the most significant forest watershed in Cambodia, providing precipitation for the whole area with 3,500 to 4,500 mm of rain
annually feeding 22 rivers and 3,145 villages. Cardamom Mountain Range is the second largest forest in Southeast Asia, one of only seven remaining elephant corridors in Asia and the
only habitat in the world for Siamese crocodiles and Royal turtles. It is also one of the world’ s 32 biodiversity hotspots, an important archeological corridor and the largest carbon sink in
Cambodia (Gauntlett, 2013). Southern Cardamom Protected Forest is one of the conservation areas in the Cardamom Landscape. One of the advantage of the community is it is located
in the heart of the Cardamom Mountains which is claimed as one of the last elephant corridors and large predator ranges in South East Asia (Asker et al., 2010). It is the home of
Cambodia's 2,300 plant species, more than half of Cambodia’s 200 bird species, and 14 globally threatened mammal species (Wildlife Alliance, 2015; Asker et al., 2010). It covers an
area of 144,275 ha which are the habitat of globally endangered wildlife including the Asian elephant, Indochinese tiger, Pileated gibbon and other species of birds ( Daltry & Momberg ,
2000; Wild Aid , 2003; cited in Sun, 2014).

Conservation Of Nature, Bio-diversity And Eco-system Protection Of Flora And Fauna

Since 2002, Wildlife Alliance18, together with the governmental forest administration, has worked to conserve the natural resources and develop the communities in the area. It works to
provide direct protection to forests and wildlife in the Southeast Asia tropical belt. Its mission is to eradicate deforestation, wildlife extinction, climate change and poverty with cooperation
from local communities and authorities.

Wildlife Alliance named Chi Phat commune the “Circle of Death” because of its extreme condition of natural resource depletion. Wildlife Alliance arrived and started working in the
Cardamoms in 2002 to cope with forest fires, forestland encroaching, slash and burn cultivation and wildlife poaching. In 2003, Wildlife Alliance found that 280 households were
destroying natural resources to make a living because they were impoverished and did not have any livelihood assets.

The CBET member were mostly from the 280 households who were hunters, wildlife traders, farmer clearing forest and loggers . Wildlife Alliance tried to include them in the membership
of CBET so that they stopped the livelihood activities that harm the natural resources.

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 Participatory planning
Support

After comprehensive discussion and participatory planning with the local people and authorities, Chi Phat Community-Based Ecotourism was initiated in 2007 and has been supported so far by Wildlife
Alliance.

Local Empowerment Local Control Integrated management

Community Driven Process Local Ownership

Appreciative Participatory Planning Action (APPA)19 method of the Mountain Institute has been used to empower the community to own, manage and run Chi Phat CBET. In this theme
discussions encompassed management structure, leadership, role and responsibilities of leaders. The public sector considers the management of the community important, in particular
with regards to the operational aspect.

Chi Phat can be success in case Chi Phat is able to self-manage and self-operate without any support of funds from partners or organization. The incomes can pay off the expenses.
The other point is that Chi Phat has sufficient characteristics – documents necessary for CBO, including planning, transparent expense reports.

Moreover, as a successful community, they should maintain quality assurance on all products and services to ensure best standard practices of all their services including
accommodation, food hygiene, and guides with knowledge and good communication skills. Furthermore, it should have good management with working groups who have the required
skills and a clear set of duties/responsibilities.

55
 Training Of Local Universal Literacy Promote Life Long Learning

Wildlife Alliance also provided ongoing training for the CBET members about hospitality, Eco guiding , computers, English and accounting. Communication among the Chi Phat
community and the management committee members has developed, an improvement in speaking English, better living conditions for the locals and a good benefit system. Tourism is a
service industry, therefore it is crucial that newly recruited guides or working groups should be provided training. The job requires good facilitation and communication skills. No proper
trainings to new members of CBET including cooks and guides. This will lead to the conflict as there are no appropriate training and to strengthen their skills and experience. Even
though new guides who are young and can speak better English, they do not really understand how to arrange the trip and guide people. Training to strengthen skills and experiences
are crucial in order to build the capacity of the local people, especially the direct service providers, such as, guides and cooks. Chi Phat CBET had to provide its members a series of
capacity building training sessions, such as, eco-guiding, cooking, hospitality, first-aid, booking, biking and bike repair. In addition other training included sanitation and waste
management, tourism knowledge.

Financial Assistance Support Infrastructure

Waste Management

Wildlife Alliance also invested in infrastructure for attracting tourists, which

include 200 km of forest trails and five night camps, 20 mountain bikes, eight
kayaks, 13 guesthouses and 11 homestays, Visitor Center with a restaurant
(Figure 4.7), a tourism booking office, an exhibition room and meeting room,
retrofitting of one large boat, six medium boats and 15 rowing boats, retrofitting
of the main road and establishment of a waste management service. In addition
to the infrastructure construction, Wildlife Alliance technically and financially
supported the local people in operating the CBET by employing two staff
working to coach the community and to start-up the financial assistance for the Solid waste
CBET management committee

Gray water
Fertilizer filter

Seed 56
Food
 Appropriate Regulatory Framework

Organization structure of Chi Phat CBET

Local Empowerment Employment Political Participation

Community agency Appropriate Regulatory Framework Sense Of Belonging & Ownership

Chi Phat CBET has a management committee with a mandate of three years. The management committee was elected by the local people. At the time of the survey for this study, it
consisted of eleven members who had the following position: chief, deputy chief, secretary, chief accountant, deputy accountant, guide and motor taxi team leader, mountain bike
mechanic, cooking team leader, boat team leader, ranger team leader and storekeeper. The management committee manages the following sections of CBET: accommodation and
transportation, tour, food and beverage, booking and invoicing and storekeeping.

CBET fund managed by the CBET committee.

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 Conservation Of Nature, Bio-diversity And Eco-system Well-being & Quality Of Life Cultural Sustainability

Eradication Of Poverty Productive Local Economy Integrated management

Local Empowerment Learning & Sharing Collaboration:
Exploration: Expectation Enjoyment
Tourism Products Experience

Chi Phat CBET’s objectives are to conserve natural resources, to preserve local culture, to improve local communities’ livelihoods, to promote exchange between tourists’ culture and
local culture and to empower local communities to manage the CBET independently. The tourist attractions of Chi Phat CBET include wildlife, forests, bat caves, ancient burial sites,
waterfalls and local Cambodian livelihoods. The primary tourism services are trekking, mountain biking, boating and kayaking, and so on. Chi Phat is believed to have contributed
significant economic affluence to its members. This factor mainly covered variables, such as, income generation to members of the community, employment opportunities for the locals –
young people and women, money reserved in the CBET funds, a fair benefit sharing system to its members, and the local people are given opportunity to become members of the
project. Community members look deeply into how the benefits are shared among members and how employment opportunities are given to the young people and women, and the
number of tourists that have arrived in Chi Phat. Whereas, members from the public sector look at how much of the CBET funds can be saved from tourism income and how it is going to
be used, and whether the community has got external funding from any organizations. The public sector look at the bigger picture – external image of the community and its economic
sustainability.

Economical sustainability Eradication Of Poverty End Hunger

Two hundreds and forty-five of the 280 households who previously destroyed the forests and hunted wild animals were benefited from Chi Phat CBET. A hundred households of them received direct
income20 from the CBET; 20 households of them gained indirect incomes from the CBET; 75 households of them produced vegetables, fruit and livestock; and 50 households of them were employed in
the reforestation nursery21

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 Institutional frame work Training Of Local Collaboration
Tour operation
Tourist control Participatory planning
Employment

A CBET member had to provide about 20% to 30% of his or her income earned from providing service to tourists to Chi Phat CBET. Additionally a CBET member had to participate CBET meetings and
other non-remunerative activities. According to the CBET chief, meetings were conducted monthly for the CBET members in order to discuss issues regarding the CBET operation and the like. All the
CBET members were involved in remunerative activities of the CBET such as homestays, guesthouses, motorbike taxi services, restaurants and guides to tourists, on a rotational basis. For example, the
CBET management committee created a schedule listing all homestay owners in numerical order.

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 Participatory Inhabitants

Non-member residents were not allowed to serve tourists who booked their vacation with Chi Phat CBET. However, there were non-members of the CBET operating guesthouses and
homestays independently. They did not have the obligation to pay a proportion of their income to Chi Phat CBET. These residents did not want to join the CBET because they did not
wish to be controlled by Chi Phat CBET. Local farmers can sell their crops to the CBET members and Chi Phat CBET. Therefore the income earned in this way were indirect income
from CBET.

Economical sustainability Employment Food & Beverage

Quality of Service Infrastructure

Chi Phat CBET was trying to create more employment and income-earning opportunities for local people by attracting more tourists and was planning to build a new restaurant and other
new services.

Services and infrastructure need to be strengthened and the momentum already seen in the community should be maintained. Services should be checked regularly through visitor
feedback, then the community should improve its service quality using the suggested feedback as a guide. Overall, hospitality needs to improve; the NGO officers advised that the
community should consider improving existing services before creating new products.

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 Community consent Support

Most residents are likely to have positive perceived impacts of and strong support for CBET. Only a small percentage of the residents have negative perceived impacts of and slightly oppose CBET.

Involving neglected members of a community

A stakeholder of Chi Phat explained that, before joining the community, the livelihood was hard for him. After the community created, both his wife and his children hag job. He thought
that his living was a lot better than before. Overall, in reality people said it was impossible for him but actually his life has completely changed. he was a drunken man before but now
people trust him. Nobody could predict how he changed himself. He reduced drinking and worked hard – life has changed.

No Discrimination Gender Responsive Planning

Female residents are very likely to be the Regular Beneficiary Supporters of Chi Phat CBET. CBET of Chi Phat provides equal opportunities for both men, women and young people who
just finish secondary school or high school. They can apply for work.

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 Accessibility

Before CBET, most of the roads of Chi Phat was bumpy and muddy. But now, not only that the road was retrofitted (by CBET project), the amount of rubbish is reduced. The road
condition is good and there are even bridges too. There are more road to other places that couldn’t be accessed before. Chi Phat CBET also provided drainage.

62
 Tourists Safety issues

The private sector strongly emphasized the need for improvement and enhancement of safety issues, especially amongst the guides. In the case of an emergency, there needs to be
equipment such as an I-com (a handheld transceiver), or HT - Walkie-talkies, and ambulances. Furthermore, there needs to be a comfortable area for visitors to wait for first aid
assistance to arrive.

Collaboration and partnership

This is another important factor contributing to the success of the Chi Phat community. The collaboration and support of stakeholders, such as, from the non-profit organizations, the
local authority, the private sector and the community. They emphasized the collaboration of the public sector, who provide strong support to the community in matters such as legal
support, the recognition of importance of Chi Phat from government high ranking officers, promotion, and documentation in regards to standard criteria, as well as monitoring and
evaluation.

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 Well-being & Quality Of Life

Chi Phat is believed to have contributed significant economic affluence to its members. This factor mainly covered variables, such as, income generation to members of the community,
employment opportunities for the locals – young people and women, money reserved in the CBET funds, a fair benefit sharing system to its members, and the local people are given
opportunity to become members of the project. Community members look deeply into how the benefits are shared among members and how employment opportunities are given to the
young people and women, and the number of tourists that have arrived in Chi Phat. Whereas, members from the public sector look at how much of the CBET funds can be saved from
tourism income and how it is going to be used, and whether the community has got external funding from any organizations. The public sector look at the bigger picture – external image
of the community and its economic sustainability.

Community interest Awareness of locals

Chi Phat communes can be considered as tourism-hungry communities from the viewpoint of attitude toward tourism. Residents’ positive attitude is an evidence that tourism is
appropriate for the local community.

The public sector, the development organization and the community members have frequently mentioned this attribute during interviews. It is believed that the local people are now more
knowledgeable of entrepreneurial and business skills related to tourism. Hiwasaki (2006), concluded that increasing awareness and building capacity among members of the community
is crucial and it leads to the success of the community. Hence, this supports that awareness of the people in Chi Phat, those who have received training and participated in the project,
can be indicators to evaluate success. They now have a strong awareness of the environment and conservation issues, the danger of illegal activities, and waste management issues.
The people get along well with each other and are active participants and strong members of the community. An example of this can be seen through the creation of self rangers and the
green ambassador who try to raise awareness of waste management issues, reforestation and other issues. This could well be regarded as development of a successful community.

A sense of belongings

A sense of belonging appeared in the discussions with members of the public sector, they considered it as an attribute that encourages or influences the success of the Chi Phat
community. The local people understand the benefits of tourism and decided to change their perceptions to protect their community. They are proud to be residents of this community
and happily talk about it with outsiders. They consider themselves a model community and therefore it has increased their confidence when participating in the national or sub-regional
meetings or discussions. Through tourism, community members now have a high sense of belonging, are proud of themselves, and live happily and in harmony. More importantly, the
project itself helps to increase a collectivism attitude among the members. The local people consider the collective benefits (to members of the community) important. Evidence to
support this statement is the show of solidarity by its members who gave thumbprints on a petition against the mining exploration companies because they want ecotourism in Chi Phat.

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3.6 Building type:

Residential building

Ground floor open for only family use Plinth level is quite higher then ground level

Mixed use type building

Ground floor used as market place and upper floor Used as residential purposes.

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Bungalow type building

Build with indigenous building material

Camp & recreational type building structure

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Guest house

hotel and it’s environment

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3.7 Structural and spatial detail

Section

Elevation

Construction technique 68
3.8 Life style & livelihood

69
3.9 Biodiversity

Pileated gibbon Indonesian tiger Heron birds

Elephant
Parrot birds Bear

70