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Fundamental of

PUMPS

Prepared By
A.Prasad roshan
prasadroshan1982@gmail.com
What
What is
is aa PUMP?
PUMP?

Pump is defined as a mechanical device that rotates or


reciprocates to move fluid from one place to another.
It converts Prime mover energy in to mechanical
energy , then mechanical energy into hydraulic
energy ( fluids at motion )
What
What is
is the
the purpose
purpose of
of aa pump?
pump?

1)
1) pump
pump is
is designed
designed toto transfer
transfer fluid
fluid from
from
one
one point
point to
to another.
another.

2)Pumps
2)Pumps transfer
transfer fluid
fluid from
from
low
low pressure
pressure areas
areas to to higher
higher pressure
pressure areas,
areas,

3)low
3)low elevations
elevations to
to higher
higher elevations,
elevations, and
and

4)from
4)from local
local locations
locations to
to distant
distant locations.
locations.
Kinetic energy:

Energy associated
with motion
• Positive displacement • Centrifugal pump
pump (Gear Pump): a (KINETIC Pump): no
specific amount of fluid specific amount of fluid
passes through the pump flow per rotation; flow
for each rotation depends on speed of
blades

6
Centrifugal pump or Constant head machine is
Adding energy to fluid is continuously

Positive displacement pump is


Adding energy to fluid is intermediately
What are Pumping Systems
• Main pump components
• Pumps a. Pump casing
b. Pump shaft
• Prime movers: electric
c. Impeller
motors, diesel engines, air d. Volute
system e. Stuffing box
f. Stuffing box gland
• Piping to carry fluid g. Packing
• Valves to control flow in h. Lantern Ring
system i. Impeller wearing ring
j. Pump casing wearing ring
• Other fittings, control,
instrumentation
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS CLASSIFICATION

According to types of flow


1)Radial flow
2)Axial flow
3)Mixed flow

According to suction type


1)Single suction
2)Double suction

According to number of Impellers


1)Single
2)Multiple

According to Impeller type


1)Open
2)Semi open
3)Closed
According to types of CASING
1)Volute
2)Vortex

According to priming
1)Non self Priming type
2)Self priming

According to case split


1)Horizontal (back pull out type)
2)vertical

According to bearing support


1)Over hung ( ie cantilever type)
2)Between bearing (ie simply supported)
According to horizontal shaft mounting
1)Foot mounted
2)Center line mounted

According to shaft to impeller


1)Direct motor shaft ( mono block)
2)Indivisible shaft (pump shaft + motor shaft)

According to suction/delivery nozzle orientation


1)End suction/top discharge
2)Top suction/top discharge
3)side suction/side discharge

According to pumped fluid sealing method


1)Gland packing
2)Mechanical seal
How do they work?

• Liquid forced into


impeller
• Vanes pass
kinetic energy to
liquid: liquid
rotates and
leaves impeller
• Volute casing
converts kinetic
energy into
pressure energy
WORKING PRINCIPLE of
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

1)CONVERTING PRIME MOVER


ENERGY INTO VELOCITY ENERGY by
means of shaft & impeller

2) CONVERTING VELOCITY ENERGY


INTO PRESSURE ENERGY by means
of volute casing.
Velocity and pressure changes
within a centrifugal pump.

velocity
pressure
Suction impeller
hose volute
Double suction axially split
Self Priming centrifugal
Pump
Three types Of priming methods

1.Exhaust Primer
 Venturi effect

2.Vacuum Primer
 From manifold in gas engines

3.Positive Displacement Primer


vertical mounted pump
Pump Standard
Volute = spiral
Converts the motion of spinning liquid into pressure
Forces liquid into the piping at high pressure
Simultaneous loads on
pump shaft Impeller Radial Thrust

Impeller Axial
Thrust

Hydraulic
Induced
Forces due
to
Seal or Recirculatio
Packing n&
Impeller Axial Cavitation
Thrust Radial Thrust
due to Hydraulic Imbalance Hydraulic
Imbalance
Single suction impeller
Centrifugal Pumps

• Open
• Semi-open
• Closed
- Single suction
- Double suction
• Non-clogging
• Axial flow
• Mixed flow
Radial flow
TYPES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS:
• Radial flow – centrifugal force
• Axial flow – forced by impeller vanes
• Mixed flow – both
SPECIFIC SPEED
Shaft sealing devices
MECHANICAL
MECHANICALSEAL
SEAL
Pumping liquid
MECHANICAL SEALS

CLASSIFICATION
By arrangement
1. Single seal
- Inside mounted / Outside mounted
2. Multiple design
- Double seal/ Tandem seal
By design
1. Unbalanced seal
2. Balanced seal
3. single spring
4. Multiple spring
5. Pusher seal
6. Non – pusher seal
Gasket

Stuffing box
Bolt for locking

Seal
follower

Secondary
Liquid
seal

Shaft

Spring Dynamic seal Static seal


Retainer
Gap in between seal faces, resulting leakage
Gasket

Stuffing box

Seal
follower
Secondary seal

Liquid

Shaft

Retainer Spring

Dynamic seal Static seal


Outside mounted mechanical seal

Secondary Seal Stuffing box


seal follower

Gasket

Static seal Liquid

Liquid

Shaft
Retainer
Spring Dynamic seal
Barrier fluid 1 bar more
than process

Gasket

Process liquid Liquid

Dynamic seal Secondary


seal
Static seal
MOC – MECHANICAL SEALS
Primary seal
1. Ceramic
2. Carbon
- Resin impregnated – corrosive applications
- Antimony impregnated – non-corrosive
3. Tungsten carbide
- Ni binder
- Co binder
4. Silicon carbide
Secondary seal
Elastomers - Nitrile , Neoprene , Butyl, Hypalon
Non –Elastomers - PTFE, Graf oil
Spring
SS 304, SS 316, Hastalloy, Monel, Alloy-20
PUMP TERMS

Pressure of atmosphere
Atmospheric pressure on earth

Absolute Pressure Sum of Available Pressure &


Atm-pressure

Full or partial elimination of


Vacuum
atmospheric pressure

Ratio weight of any liquid to


Specific gravity weight of water of same
volume.
Three important characteristics of pump systems.

1)Pressure is the driving force responsible for the


movement of the fluid.

2)Friction is the force that slows down fluid


particles.

3) Flow rate is the amount of volume that is


displaced per unit time.
What is friction in a pump system
Friction is always present, even in fluids, it is the force that
resists the movement of objects.
Friction depends on average velocity of the fluid within the pipe ,
viscosity & pipe surface roughness. An increase in any one of these
parameters will increase friction.
PUMP ENERGY = FRICTION ENERGY + ELEVATION
ENERGY
Pressure depends on the height of the liquid surface.
Many times both the suction and discharge piping
are the same size and the suction and discharge
tanks are atmospheric.

When this happens both the velocity head and


pressure head terms cancel
When the suction tank level is raised, the total suction
system head is increased.

From this the total system head decreases. This


means the pump TDH requirement also decreases.
When the suction tank level is lowered, the total suction system
head is decreased.

From this the total system head increases. This means the
pump TDH requirements will increase.
When the discharge tank level is raised, the total discharge
system head is increased.

From this the total system head is increased. This means the
pump TDH requirement increases.
When the friction losses increase on the suction, the
total suction system head is decreased.

From this the total system head is increased. This


means the pump TDH requirements increase
When the discharge tank level is lowered, the total
discharge system head is decreased.

From this the total system head is decreased.


This means the pump TDH requirements will
decrease.
When the friction losses decrease on the suction, the
total suction system head is increased.

From this the total system head decreases.

This means the pump TDH requirement decreases


When the friction losses decrease on the discharge,
the total discharge system head is decreased.

From this the total system head decreases. This


means the pump TDH requirement decreases.
When the friction losses increase on the discharge,
the total discharge system head is increased.

From this the total system head increases.


This means the pump TDH requirement increases.
When the pressure head increases on the discharge,
the total discharge system head is increased.

From this the total system head increases.


This means the pump TDH requirement increases.
When the pressure head increases on the suction,
the total suction system head is increased.

From this the total system head decreases.


This means the pump TDH requirement decreases
When the pressure head decreases on the discharge, the total discharge
system head is decreased.
From this the total system head decreases. This means the pump
TDH requirement decreases.
When the pressure head decreases
on the pump suction, the total suction
system head is decreased. From this the
total system head increases. This means
the pump TDH requirement increases
Centrifugal Pumps are "constant head machines"
It is not a constant pressure machine, since pressure is a function of
head and density. The head is constant, even if the density (and
therefore pressure) changes.
Pressure depends on the height of the liquid surface.
• Friction head
• Resistance to flow in pipe and fittings
• Depends on size, pipes, pipe fittings, flow
rate, nature of liquid
• Proportional to square of flow rate

Friction
head

Flow
A pump head-
capacity
performance
curve identifies

how a pump will


operate in a given
system.

It is the
pump’s fingerprint.
Head

0
25
50
75
100
125
150

0
High Temperature Rise

20
Low Flow Cavitation

40
60
Bearing & Seal Life Reduced

80
Impeller Damage
100 Suction Recirculation

Capacity Discharge Recirculation


120
140
BEP

High Flow Cavitation


160
Head & flow impact on pump
Pump hydraulic power can be calculated by the formula:

Q x Total Head, (hd – hs) x ρ x g


Hydraulic kW =
1000

Parameter Details Unit


Q Water flow rate m3/s
Total head Difference between discharge head, hd & suction head, hs m
ρ Density of water or fluid being pumped Kg/m3
g Acceleration due to gravity m2/s

Hydraulic power
Pump efficiency, ηPump =
Pump shaft power

Pump shaft power = Hydraulic power x η Motor


35

Affinity Laws
Affinity Laws are the performance of Centrifugal
Pumps based on change in Speed, Power, Flow,
Head, Impeller Diameter.

• FLOW CHANGES DIRECTLY AS A CHANGE IN SPEED OR


DIAMETER

• HEAD CHANGES AS THE SQUARE OF A CHANGE IN SPEED OR


DIAMETER

• HORSEPOWER CHANGES AS THE CUBE OF A CHANGE IN SPEED OR


DIAMETER
NPSH = NOT PUMPING SO HOT?
Pump pressure profile showing point of lowest pressure (NPSHR).
Multiple-Pump Operation

• To install a pumping station that can be


effectively operated over a large range of
fluctuations in both discharge and pressure
head, it may be advantageous to install several
identical pumps at the station.

Pumps in Parallel Pumps in Series


SHAFT RUN OUT
AXIAL PLAY CHECKING
Ways to control flow of centrifugal
pumps

• Discharge throttle valves


• Bypass valves
• Impeller trimming
• Speed control
• Multiple pump arrangements
Before Impeller trimming
After Impeller Trimming
Understanding Alignment
Method of alignment

a)Feeler gauge
b)Straight edge method
c)Rim & face method
d)Reverse indicator method
e)Laser method
Face-rim Three Dial Indicator Method
ALIGNMENT
Angular Mis-alignment

Centrifugal Pumps
Parallel or Offset Misalignment

Centrifugal Pumps
Positive displacement

Fixed displacement, fluid is


captured in cavities within
the pump and mechanical
energy moves it from the
inlet to discharge
Positive displacement pumps strengths
• Low flow
• High pressure
• High viscosity
• Self priming
• Metering
• High energy
efficiency
Positive displacement pump concerns
• Not for water thin fluids
• Relief valves required
• Solids can be a problem
• Flow limited by size and speed
• Pulsating flow
• More complicated machine
• May require speed reducers
• Higher initial cost
• Higher repair costs
Positive displacement pumps:

External
Reciprocating gear pump
piston

Double Sliding
screw vane
pump

Three-lobe
pump (left) Flexible
Double tube
circumferential squeegee
piston (centre) (peristaltic)
Positive Displacement Pumps
• For each pump revolution
• Fixed amount of liquid taken from one end
• Positively discharged at other end
• If pipe blocked
• Pressure rises
• Can damage pump
• Used for pumping fluids other than water
As the teeth come out of mesh, liquid flows into the
pump and is carried between the teeth and the casing
to the discharge side of the pump
The teeth come back into mesh and the liquid is
forced out the discharge port
R O T A R Y P U M P S

G E A R P U M P S

L O B E P U M P S

S C R E W P U M P S

C A M P U M P S

V A N E P U M P S
Meshing gears separate creating vacuum
Atmospheric pressure forces liquid inward to fill
the vacuum
Liquid is delivered in
large volumes with less
number of pulses than in
gear pump
Not dependent on
discharge pressure
R O T A R Y P U M P S

 Screw pumps carry fluid in the spaces


G E A R P U M P S
between the screw threads.
L O B E P U M P S
 The fluid is displaced axially as the screws
S C R E W P U M P S
mesh.
C A M P U M P S

V A N E P U M P S
R O T A R Y P U M P S
Fluid is carried between the rotor
G E A R P U M P S
teeth and the pumping chamber
L O B E P U M P S
The rotor surfaces create continuous
sealing
S C R E W P U M P S

C A M P U M P S
Rotors include bi-wing, tri-lobe, and
V A N E P U M P S
multi-lobe configurations
Function of positive displacement pump
Reciprocating pumps.
• In the reciprocating pump a piston sucks the
fluid into a cylinder then pushes it up causing
the water to rise.
P O S IT IV E D IS P L A C E M E N T P U M P S
• Two valves and one stuffing
R E C IP R O C A T IN G P U M P S box
• A rotating mechanism for the
P IS T O N P U M P S
reciprocating piston
PLUNG ER PUM PS • Uses suction to raise liquid into
D IA P H R A G M P U M P S the chamber.
PERISTALTIC PUMP
• Flexible tube subjected to transitional
squeeze
• Continuous repetition of squeeze cycle
• Handles sensitive & delicate fluid
Diaphragm, an elastic substance, usually rubber
Used for low pressure application like removing water
from trenches
314
317
Internal Gear
Pump

318
• A typical screw pump

319
Thanks

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