Consider the given problems:

1. Find the number of possible outcomes

when a spinner can land on either red,
blue, or green and you spin twice.
Answer: 9
Solution: R R BB GG
1 2
R1 G B R2 GB
R1 B BG G R2
Consider the given problems:
2. How many three-dish menus can be
selected from a set of 2 main courses,
3 appetizers and 2 desserts?
Answer: 12
Solution:
M1, A1, D1 M1, A3, D1 M2, A2, D1
M1, A1, D2 M1, A3, D2 M2, A2, D2
M1, A2, D1 M2, A1, D1 M2, A3, D1
M1, A2, D2 M2, A1, D2 M2, A3, D2
Consider the given problems:
3. A student is choosing between HUMMS and
STEM as his strand of study and intend to
enroll at UST, DLSU or ADMU. How many
ways can a course and a school be chosen?
Answer: 6
Solution:
HUMMS, UST STEM , UST
HUMMS, DLSU STEM, DLSU
HUMMS, ADMU STEM, ADMU
Consider the given problems:
4. Two-digit numbers can be formed
from the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
and 9
a) How many two-digit numbers can be
formed?
b) How many of these are even?
c) How many of these are odd?
d) How many are divisible by 3?
e) How many are less than 50?
Consider the given problems:
4. a) How many two-digit numbers can
be formed?
Answer: 90
Solution:
1st digit 2nd digit
9 options 10 options
(9)(10) = 90 two-digit numbers
Consider the given problems:
4. b) How many of these are even?
Solution: 45
Solution:
1st digit 2nd digit
9 options 5 options
(9)(5) = 45 two-digit even numbers
Consider the given problems:
4. c) How many of these are odd?
Answer: 45
Solution:
1st digit 2nd digit
9 options 5 options
(9)(5) = 45 two-digit odd numbers
Consider the given problems:
4. d) How many are divisible by 3?
Solution:
The most convenient way to
determine the number of two-digit
that are divisible by 3 is to list these
numbers.
There are 30 two-digit that are
divisible by 3.
Consider the given problems:
4. e) How many are less than 50?
Solution:
The second digit has no restriction.
1st digit 2nd digit
4 options 10 options
(4)(10) = 40 two-digit numbers
that are less than 50
Probability as a general concept can be
defined as the chance of an event
occurring.
Uses of Probability
• serving or playing games of chance,
such as card games, slot machines, or
lotteries.
• fields of insurance, investments, and
weather forecasting
• Politics, sports analysis and in various
other areas
ELEMENTS OF PROBABILITY
• A probability experiment or simply
experiment is a chance process that
leads to well-defined results called
outcomes.
• An outcome is the result of a single
trial of a probability experiment.
• A sample space is the set of all possible
outcomes in an experiment
• An event consists of a set of outcomes
of a probability experiment.
Sample Space
Some sample spaces for various
probability experiments are shown here.
Example 1: Rolling Dice

Sample Space for Rolling Two Dice

Example 2: Drawing a card

Sample Space for Drawing a Card

Working in pairs, answer the following
problems:
Represent the sample space using set
notation.
1. A sandwich shop has three types of
sandwiches: ham, bacon, and chicken. 3
{ham, bacon, and chicken}
2. A spinner can land on either red or
blue. You spin and then roll a die. 12
{(R, 1), (R, 2), (R, 3), (R, 4), (R, 5), (R, 6),
(B, 1), (B, 2), (B, 3), (B, 4), (B, 5), (B, 6)}
3. You tossed three fair coins. 8
{(T,T,T), (H,H,H), (T,T,H), (H,H,T),
(T,H,T), (H,T,H), (T,H,H), (H,T,T)}
4. There are two boys and a girl on a
trivia team. Two questions remain. One
team member is randomly picked to
answer the first question and a different
member is picked to answer the second
question. 6
{(B₁, B₂), (B₁, G), (B₂, B₁),
(B₂, G), (G, B₁), (G, B₂)}
5. When a button is pressed, a computer
program outputs a random odd number
greater than 1 and less than 9. You press
the button twice. 9
{(3, 3), (3, 5), (3, 7), (5, 3), (5, 5),
(5, 7), (7, 3), (7, 5), (7, 7)}
6. Created three-letter codes using the
letters B and C. 8
{BBB, BBC, BCB, BCC,
CBB, CBC, CCB, CCC}
7. You tossed a fair coin and rolled a six-sided
die. 12
{(T, 1), (T, 2), (T, 3), (T, 4), (T, 5), (T, 6),
(H, 1), (H, 2), (H, 3), (H, 4), (H, 5), (H, 6)}
8. The chess club must decide when to meet in
two days for a practice. The possible days are
Tuesday, Wednesday, or Thursday. 3
{(Tuesday, Wednesday),
(Tuesday, Thursday),
(Wednesday, Thursday)}