CHE135  PLANT SAFETY AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

By: MUHAMMAD IMRAN ISMAIL

PENSYARAH, FAK. KEJ. KIMIA
L 1.0 CHE 135
Lecture 2.2
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 Outlines of
Presentation

L2.2
Effects of Toxic
1. Acute vs Chronic (Duration of Exposure)
2. Local vs Systemic (Location of the effect)
3. Reversible vs Irreversible

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.

The student should be able to:

 Explain effects of toxic.

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EFFECTS OF TOXIC
1. Acute vs Chronic
(Duration of Exposure)

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 1. Acute / Chronic

Acute exposure Chronic Exposure

• Normally lower dose
– High Dosage (e.g. due • Continued or repeated
exposure for a prolonged
to accidental release
period, usually years.
– The effect is • The effect only
noticed/detected following
immediate long exposure
• Sometimes, the worker could
not recall the exposure.

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Acute Effects & Exposures
• Acute Effect
– an adverse effect with symptoms of high
severity coming quickly to a crisis.
• Acute occupational exposures are
often
– Accidental exposures
– Examples of acutely toxic chemicals are
hydrogen cyanide and ammonia.
• Health effect is usually short-lived
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 Acute Effects & Exposures (con’t)

• Acute Exposures characteristic:

i. Highly concentrated substance (a spill or damage)

ii. Sudden
iii. Severe
iv. of short duration/involve just one incident
v. Cause immediate health problems

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 CHRONIC EFFECTS & EXPOSURES
• Chronic Effect
 an adverse effect with
symptoms that develop slowly
over a long period of time as a
result of frequent exposure.
 Carcinogens as well as many
metals and their derivatives
exhibit chronic toxicity.

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Chronic Exposures characteristics:
i. Usually develop slowly
ii. Limited concentrations of toxic substance
iii. Continued or repeated exposure for a prolonged period, usually
years.
iv. Progressive accumulation of toxic substances
v. Level of exposure is often low, the worker is usually unaware of
the exposures as they occur.
vi. The effect is the result of long-term exposure and are of long
duration.
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EFFECTS OF TOXIC
2. local vs systemic
(Location of the effect)

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 2. Local/Systemic

Local
– Damage to the part of the body that comes
in contact with the substance.
Systemic
– Chemical is absorbed by the body and
attacks a target organ.

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13

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EFFECTS OF TOXIC
3. Reversible vs Irreversible

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 3. Reversible/Irreversible
Largely determined by
– Tissue involved, length of exposure and magnitude
of toxic insult.
Reversible - rapidly regenerating tissue.
Eg: Liver, intestinal mucosa, blood cells

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 Small vs. Large Quantities
Many chemicals essential for health in small quantities
are highly toxic in larger quantities

Example: SMALL amounts of zinc, iron, manganese,

copper, molybdenum, selenium, chromium, nickel, tin,
potassium, and many others are essential for life.

However, severe acute and chronic toxicity may result

from an uptake of LARGE amounts of these minerals.

Example: NICKEL and CHROMIUM in some of their forms

are considered “carcinogens.”
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