Data for network management is collected through several mechanisms, including agents

installed on infrastructure, synthetic monitoring that simulates transactions, logs of activity,

sniffers and real user monitoring. In the past network management mainly consisted of
monitoring whether devices were up or down; today performance management has become
a crucial part of the IT team's role which brings about a host of challenges—especially for
global organizations.

4.3 Introduction to Database Management

Database Management System (DBMS)

 Collection of interrelated data
 Set of programs to access the data
 DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise
 DBMS provides an environment that it both convenient and efficient to use
Purpose of Database Systems
Database management systems were developed to handle the following difficulties of
typical file-processing systems supported by conventional operating systems.
 Data redundancy and inconsistency
 Difficulty in accessing data
 Data isolation – multiple files and formats
 Integrity problems
 Atomicity of updates
 Concurrent access by multiple users
 Security problems

Example of DBMS Software Packages:

Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle, Microsoft Access etc.,

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4.4 Summary:

This unit introduced the quality of service in telephony, network planning design and
management. This unit also introduced the concept of DBMS.

4.5 Keywords:

Quality of Service, network planning, DBMS.

4.6. Exercise:

1. Explain QoS in internet telephony.

2. Explain DBMS.
3. What are the factors considered in network planning design and
management?
4. Explain VOIP.

4.7 References:

1. Computer Networks by Forouzhan

2. Waman S.Jawadekar ,‖Management Information Systems‖,IIIrd Edition,
3. Gordon B.Davis & Margrethe H.Olson ― Management Information systems, 2nd edition
Tata MC- Graw HILL.
4. Management Inforamtion System by Effy Oz.

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 MODULE- 2

UNIT 5: Introduction to DBMS

Structure
5.0 Learning Objectives
5.1 Application of DBMS in management
5.2 DBMS Concepts
5.3 Steps in Designing DB
5.4 DB Objects
5.5 Normalization
5.6 DBMS
5.7 Data Model
5.8 Object Oriented data Model
5.9 Types of DB
5.10 Composite Information Systems
5.11 Summary
5.12 Keywords
5.13 Exercises
5.14 References

5.0 Learning Objectives

After studying this unit, you will be able to
 Know database and DBMS
 Key concepts of DBMS
 Data model and types
 Application of DBMS in Business

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5.1 Application of DBMS in management

Database Management System:

 Collection of interrelated Information
 Set of programs to access the data
 DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise
 DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient and efficient to use and
data is kept safely

Applications of DBMS in Business:

o Banking: all transactions
o Airlines: reservations, schedules
o Universities: registration, grades
o Sales: customers, products, purchases
o Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
o Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
Information management is the focus of all applications

5.2 DBMS Concepts

Data Base Management System
DBMS A data base management system is the software system that allows users to define,
create and maintain a data and provides controlled access to the data.
A database management system (DBMS) is basically a collection of programs that enables
users to store, modify, and extract information from a database as per the requirements.
DBMS is an intermediate layer between programs and the data. Programs access the
DBMS, which then accesses the data. There are different types of DBMS ranging from
small systems that run on personal computers to huge systems that run on mainframes.

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Components of the DBMS Environment
There are five major components in the DBMS environment
- Hardware
- Software
- Data
- Users
- Procedures
1) Hardware: The hardware is the actual computer system used for keeping and accessing
the database. Conventional DBMS hardware consists of secondary devices, usually hard
disks, on which the database physically resides, together with the associated input-output
devices controllers and so forth. Database run on range of machines, from Micro-computer
to large mainframes. Other hardware issues for a DBMS includes database machines, which
is hardware designed specially to support a database system.
2) Software: The software is the actual DBMS. Between the physical databases itself and
the users of the system of software, usually called the Database Management System or
DBMS. All requests from users for access to the database are handled by the DBMS. One
general function provided by the DBMS is thus the shielding of database from complex
hardware-level detail.
The DBMS allows the users to communicate with the database. In a sense, it is the mediator
between the database and the users. The DBMS controls the access and helps to maintain
the consistency of the data. Utilities are usually included as part of the DBMS. Some of the
most common utilities are writers, application development tools and other design aids.
3) Data: It is the most important component of DBMS environment from the end users
point of view. The database contains operational data and the meta-data, the ―data about
data‖.
The database should contain all the data needed by the organization. In of the major
features of databases is that the actual data are separated from the programs that use the
data. A database should always be designed, built and populated for a particular audience
and for a specific purpose.

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4) Users: there are a number of users who can access or retrieve data on demand using the
application capacities. The users of a database system can be classified in the following
groups, depending on their degrees of expertise or the mode of their interactions with
DBMS.
The users can be:
• Naive Users
• Online Users
• Application Programmers
• Sophisticated users
• DBA
5) Procedures: Procedures refer to the instructions and rules that govern the design and use
of the database. The users of the system and the staff that manage the database require
documented procedures on how to use or run the system.
These may consist of instruction on how to:
- Log onto the DBMS
- Use a particular DBMS facility or application program
- Start and stop the DBMS
- Make backup copies of the database
- Handle hardware or software failures
- Change the structure of a table, reorganize the database across multiple disks, improve
performance, or archive data to secondary storage.

Three Level Architecture of DBMS

1) External Level: External Level is described by a schema i.e. it consists of definition of
logical records and relationship in the external view. It also contains the method of deriving
the objects in the external view from the objects in the conceptual view.
2) Conceptual Level: Conceptual Level represents the entire database. Conceptual schema
describes the records and relationship included in the Conceptual view. It also contains the
method of deriving the objects in the conceptual view from the objects in the internal view.

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3) Internal Level: Internal level indicates hoe the data will be stored and described the data
structures and access method to be used by the database. It contains the definition of stored
record and method of representing the data fields and access aid used.
A mapping between external and conceptual views gives the correspondence among the
records and relationship of the conceptual and external view. The external view is the
abstraction of conceptual view which in turns is the abstraction of internal view. It
describes the contents of the database as perceived by the user or application program of
that view.
A mapping between conceptual records from the physical database.
A major objective for three- level architecture is to provide data independence, which
means that upper levels are unaffected by changes in the lower levels.

1. Logical data independence: Logical data independence indicates that the conceptual
schema can be changed without affecting the existing schemas.

2. Physical data independence: Physical data independence indicates that physical storage
structures or devices could be changed without affecting conceptual schema.

Database Languages
 The data definition language (DDL) comprises those instructions used for creating,
removing and altering data structures for containing information.
 The data manipulation language (DML) comprises those instructions used for
retrieval, deletion, update & insertion of database contents
 The data control language (DCL) comprises those instructions used for specifying
access permissions on the database structures & contents

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5.3 Steps in Designing DB

Database Design
 1st Step: Requirements definition & analysis
 2nd Step: Conceptual design
 3rd Step: Logical design or data model mapping
 4th Step: Physical design

1) Requirements analysis
Database designers interview prospective database users to understand and document their
data requirements.
Two types of requirements
 Functional requirements
 Database requirements

2) Conceptual design
 Create conceptual schema using high level conceptual data model
 Conceptual schema is a description of the data requirements of the users and
includes entity types, relationships, and constraints.
 Conceptual schema does not include implementation details and can be used to
communicate with nontechnical users.
 It can be used to ensure that all users‘ data requirements are met and no conflict
exists

3) Logical design or data model mapping

● Conceptual schema is transformed from the high level data model into the
implementation data model.
● Actual implementation of the database using a commercial DBMS

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 4) Physical design
● Internal storage structures, access paths, and file organizations for the database
files are specified
● In parallel with all steps, application programs are designed and implemented as
database transactions corresponding to the high level transaction specifications.

5.4 DB Objects

A database object is any defined object in a database that is used to store or reference data.
Some examples of database objects are:-
1. Table: A table stores data about an entity (a person, place, or thing) and is the
basic element in any database. A table is made up or records, which in turn are
made up of fields. It is columnar in appearance, with each record in a separate
row of the table and each field in a separate column.
2. Form: A form provides a more convenient and attractive way to enter, display
and/or print the data in a table.
3. Query: A query answers a question about the database. The most common
type of query specifies a set of criteria, then searches the database to retrieve the
records that satisfy that criteria.
4. Report: A report presents the data in a table or query in attractive fashion on
the printed page.

5.5 Normalization

Database normalization is the process of organizing fields and tables of a relational

database to minimize redundancy. The guidelines to normalize are called Normal Forms.
The different types of normal forms are as follows:
First Normal Form (1NF)
First normal form (1NF) sets the very basic rules for an organized database:

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  Eliminate duplicative columns from the same table.
 Create separate tables for each group of related data and identify each row with a
unique column or set of columns (the primary key).
Second Normal Form (2NF)
 Second normal form (2NF) further addresses the concept of removing duplicative
data:
 Meet all the requirements of the first normal form.
 Remove subsets of data that apply to multiple rows of a table and place them in
separate tables.
 Create relationships between these new tables and their predecessors through the
use of foreign keys.
Third Normal Form (3NF)
Third normal form (3NF) goes one large step further:
 Meet all the requirements of the second normal form.
 Remove columns that are not dependent upon the primary key.
Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF or 3.5NF)
The Boyce-Codd Normal Form, also referred to as the "third and half (3.5) normal form",
adds one more requirement:
 Meet all the requirements of the third normal form.
 Every determinant must be a candidate key.

5.6 DBMS

• Database Management System

– Software interface between users and databases
– Controls creation, maintenance, and use of the database

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 Fig: DBMS Software
Functionalities of DBMS
A DBMS is a general purpose software system facilitating each of the following:
 Defining a database
Specifying data types, structures, and constraints of the data to be stored in the database.
 Constructing the database
The process of storing the data on some storage medium (e.g., magnetic disk) that is
controlled by the DBMS
 Manipulating the database
Querying the database to retrieve specific data, updating the database to reflect changes in
the mini-world, and generating reports
 Sharing a database
Allowing multiple users and programs to access the database "simultaneously"
 Maintaining the database
Allowing the system to evolve as requirements change over time
 System protection
Preventing database from becoming corrupted when hardware or software failures occur

 Security protection
Preventing unauthorized or malicious access to database.

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5.7 Data Model
A data model is a collection of concepts for describing data.
A schema is a description of a particular collection of data, using the given data model.
The relational model of data is the most widely used model today.
Main concept: relation, basically a table with rows and columns.
Every relation has a schema, which describes the columns, or fields.

A database model is a type of data model that determines the logical structure of a
database and fundamentally determines in which manner data can be stored, organized, and
manipulated. The most popular example of a database model is the relational model, which
uses a table-based format.
Common logical data models for databases include:
 Hierarchical database model
 Network model
 Relational model
 Entity–relationship model
 Object Oriented model

5.8 Object oriented data Model

Object-oriented database management systems (OODBMSs) combine database capabilities

with object-oriented programming language capabilities. OODBMSs allow object-oriented
programmers to develop the product, store them as objects, and replicate or modify existing
objects to make new objects within the OODBMS. Because the database is integrated with
the programming language, the programmer can maintain consistency within one
environment, in that both the OODBMS and the programming language will use the same
model of representation. Relational DBMS projects, by way of contrast, maintain a clearer
division between the database model and the application.

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As the usage of web-based technology increases with the implementation of Intranets and
extranets, companies have a vested interest in OODBMSs to display their complex data.
Using a DBMS that has been specifically designed to store data as objects gives an
advantage to those companies that are geared towards multimedia presentation or
organizations that utilize computer-aided design (CAD).
Some object-oriented databases are designed to work well with object-oriented
programming languages such as Delphi, Ruby, Python, Perl, Java, C#, Visual Basic, .NET,
C++, Objective-C and Smalltalk; others have their own programming languages.
OODBMSs use exactly the same model as object-oriented programming languages.

Fig: Object Oriented data model

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5.9 Types of DB

Types of Databases
• Operational Database
– Supports business processes and operations
– Also called subject-area databases, transaction databases, and production
databases
Examples are customer databases, personnel databases, inventory databases, and other
databases containing data generated by business operations.

• Distributed Database
– Replicated and distributed copies or parts of databases on network servers at
a variety of sites.
– Done to improve database performance and security
Distributed databases may be copies of operational or any other type of database.

• External Database
– Available for a fee from commercial sources or with or without charge on
the Internet or World Wide Web

• Hypermedia Database
– Hyperlinked pages of multimedia

5.10 Composite Information Systems

One important category of strategic applications involves inter-corporate linkage or intra-

corporate integration. Applications in this category require multiple systems to work

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