BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Name: Sri Rahayu Talibana

Class : B, 2019

NIM : 321419042

Grammar is a language structure that is used to form a perfect sentence. Grammar has several part of
speech is :

1. Noun

noun is a word used to name people, things, animals, places and abstract concept. the example of noun
is book, pen, chair, door, and ect. There are several noun functions in sentences, is namely as subject of
verb, subject / object complement, direct / indirect object, object of preposition. there are several types
of nouns, are :

 Countable and Uncountable Noun

Countable noun is a countable noun, otherwise uncountable noun cannot be counted.
-countable noun :
 singular : book, tomato, man.
 Plural : books, tomatoes, men.
-Uncountable noun : wind, cheese, sugar.
 Proper and Common Noun
Proper noun is a specific noun classification which uses capital letters in the initial letters
(Jakarta, Gramedia), while common nouns in general (city, shop).
 Collective Noun
Collective noun for declaring a group or group name (class, deer).

2. Pronoun

Pronoun is a word used to replace noun (noun) which can be a person, thing, animal, place, or abstract
concept. The nouns that are one of the eight parts of speech can be divided into :

 Personal Pronoun
Personal pronoun is a pronoun used specifically for people, animals, things or things. This
pronoun depends on the role (subject, object, possessive), number, person, and gender of the
noun replaced.
 Demonstrative Pronoun
 Demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun that uses the parameter number (number) and distance
(distance). The pronouns that are replaced are generally in the form of objects, but can also be
people or things.
 Singular : that, this
 Plural : those, these
 Interrogative Pronoun
Interrogative pronoun is a pronoun used to make questions. These English pronouns include
 who (ever)
 what (ever)
 which (ever)
 whose
 whom
 Relative Pronoun
Relative pronoun is a pronoun to form a relative clause (adjective clause). In relative clause, the
relative pronoun can function as a subject, direct object, or possessive. These pronouns include:
 who (ever)
 whom (ever)
 whose
 which (ever)
 that

 Indefinite Pronoun
Indefinite pronoun is a pronoun for people, things, or things in general (not specific). These
pronouns are singular, plural, or one of the two.
Singular :
 anybody/anyone (siapapun)
 everybody/everyone (semua orang, setiap orang)
 somebody, someone, one (seseorang)
 nobody (tak seorangpun)
 anything (apapun)
 everything (segalanya)
 something (sesuatu)
 nothing (tak satupun)
 another (tambahan, yang lain)

Plural :
 both (dua-duanya
 Several (beberapa)
 many (banyak)
 few (sedikit)
 fewer (lebih sedikit)
  ones
Singular / Plural :
 all (semua, seluruh, satu hal)
 none (tak seorangpun, tidak ada)
 some (beberapa)
 any (~jumlah tidak tentu atau tak terbatas)
 more (lebih)
 most (mayoritas)
 Reflexive Pronoun
Reflexive Pronoun is a pronoun used to state that the subject of a sentence receives an action
from a verb (reciprocal action).
-Singular : myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself
-Plural : yourselves, ourselves, themselves

3. Adjective

Adjective is a word used to explain noun (noun) or pronoun (pronoun) which can be a person (person),
place (place), animal (animal), object or abstract concept (thing). adjective is divided into several types,
is :

 Descriptive adjective (descriptive adjective)

Descriptive adjective is an adjective which explains the state, action, or number of nouns.
 Adjective of number / quantity (adjectives of numbers and numbers)
This Adjective of number / quantity explains the amount of an object; how much or how often.
This adjective is generally placed before a noun, for example one girl, some sugar, much rice,
every day, each person
 Demonstrative adjective (pointer adjective)
This adjective functions as a noun pointer so that it is always followed by the relevant noun, for
example this man, these girls, that wire.
 Interrogative adjective
Interrogative adjective is an adjective that uses question words such as what and which.

4. Verb

Verb (English verb) is a word that functions to show the action of the subject, to indicate an event or
situation. there are several kinds of verbs :

 Transitive and Intransitive Verb

 Transitive verb is a verb followed by a direct object that accepts an action from the subject,
while intransitive verb is not because the action performed by the subject does not involve
direct objects.
-Example of transitive verb : bring, buy, hit, send, want.
-example of intransitive verb : arrive, come, listen, sneeze, work.
 Regular and Irregular Verb
Regular verb is a verb whose majority form is past tense (verb-2) and past participle (verb-3) is
obtained by adding suffix -ed or -d to the base form (the basic form of the verb). Unlike the
regular verb, the forms of past tense and past participle irregular verb are more varied.
- example of reguler verb : arrive, help live, put, walk.
- example of irregular verb : came, meet, run, sing, taste.
 Action and Stative Verb
An action verb is a verb to declare that a subject is carrying out an action or to state that
something happened, while the stative verb is not to express an action but rather to express an
unchanging or unchanging condition.
- example of action verb : eat, listen, play, study, walk.
- example of sative verb : have, love, perefer, seem, awe.

5. Adverbs

Adverb is an adverb that serves to provide an explanation of Verb (verb) or action activities carried out
by the subject of the sentence. Adverb always gives verb description and sometimes adjective
(adjective). There are several types of adverbs are :

 Adverb of Time
Adverb of time is an adverb to state when an event or event occurred. the example :
 two days ago (dua hari lalu),
 already (sudah)
 before dawn (sebelum fajar)
 early (awal; sebelum waktunya)
 finally (akhirnya; setelah waktu yang lama)
 last year (tahun lalu)
 Adverb of Manner
Adverb of manner is an adverb to state the way an activity is carried out or an event occurs.
Example Adverb (ial) of Manner :
 automatically
 carefully (carefully)
 clearly
 correctly
 fast
 fluently (smoothly)
  hard (out loud)
 quickly
 slowly (slowly)
 successfully (with success)
 suddenly
 well
 in a friendly way (in a friendly way)
 like a child (like a child)
 Adverb of Degree
Adverb of degree to express to what extent (level or degree) an activity or event. Example of an
Adverb of Degree :
 completely
 enough
 entirely
 extremely
 hardly
 Adverb of Frequency
Adverb of frequency is an adverb stating how often an activity is carried out or an event occurs.
Examples of Adverb (ial) of Frequency:
 always, constantly (always / 100%)
 usually, normally
 often
 sometimes (sometimes / 50%)
 occasionally, infrequently, seldom (once in a while / 10-25%)
 rarely, hardly ever (rarely / 1-10%)
 never
 Adverb of Modality (Harapan)
Adverb of modality merupakan kata keterangan untuk menyatakan tingkat keyakinan atau
harapan. Contoh Adverb of Modality :
 hopefully (mudah-mudahan)
 likely (sangat mungkin)
 maybe (barangkali/mungkin)
 perhaps (barangkali/mungkin)
 possibly (barangkali/mungkin)
 probably (barangkali/mungkin)

6. Preposition
Preposition is a word whose function is to show the relationship between the object and other parts of
the sentence. This English preposition together with its object explains verb (verb), noun (noun), or
adjective (adjective).

The object of preposition can be noun, noun phrase, pronoun, or gerund (verb + -ing).

A preposition can only consist of one word (one word preposition), or combined with other parts of
speech (complex prepositions).

 One-word preposition : at, in, of, on, under, with.

 Complez preposition : along with, because of, by means of, next of.

there are several types of preposition, are :

 Preposition of Time
Preposition of time is a preposition used to indicate time. Example Preposition of Time:
 after
 at
 before
 by
 during
 for
 Preposition of Place
Preposition of place is an English preposition used to indicate a place or position. Example
Preposition of Place:
 aboard
 above
 against
 along
 alongside
 amid (st)
 among
 around
 at
 Preposition of Movement
Preposition of movement is a preposition used to show movement. Example Preposition of
Movement:
 around (around)
 away from
 by / past
 down
 inside (have border presses (containers, walls, etc.))
 into (in), in the direction
 off