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Thermal Stresses in Chiral Elastic Beams

a
D. Ieşan
a
Department of Mathematics , “Al.I. Cuza” University, and “O. Mayer” Institute of
Mathematics, Romanian Academy , Iaşi, Romania
Published online: 08 Apr 2011.

To cite this article: D. Ieşan (2011) Thermal Stresses in Chiral Elastic Beams, Journal of Thermal Stresses, 34:5-6, 458-487,
DOI: 10.1080/01495739.2011.564003

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01495739.2011.564003

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 Journal of Thermal Stresses, 34: 458–487, 2011
Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 0149-5739 print/1521-074X online
DOI: 10.1080/01495739.2011.564003

THERMAL STRESSES IN CHIRAL ELASTIC BEAMS

D. Ieşan
Department of Mathematics, “Al.I. Cuza” University, and “O. Mayer”
Institute of Mathematics, Romanian Academy, Iaşi, Romania
Downloaded by [The University of Manchester Library] at 13:04 15 October 2014

The chiral effects cannot be described by means of the classical thermoelasticity. In the
context of the linear theory of Cosserat thermoelasticity we study the deformation
of a chiral beam subjected to a prescribed thermal field. This paper points out the
importance of the generalized plane strain problem in the analysis of thermal stresses
in chiral elastic beams. First, we investigate the effects of a thermal field which is
linear in the axial coordinate. It is shown that this temperature variation produces
extension, bending, torsion, flexure and a plane deformation. Then, we study the
deformation of the beam when the thermal field is a polynomial of degree m (m > 1)
in the axial coordinate. The solution is reduced to the solving of some two-dimensional
problems. The method is used to solve the problem of a circular cylinder subjected to
a temperature that is independent of the axial coordinate.

Keywords: Auxetic materials; Chiral materials; Cosserat continua; Mechanics of bone; Thermal
effects in beams; Thermal stresses in a tube

INTRODUCTION
The behavior of chiral materials is of interest for the investigation of auxetic
materials, carbon nanotubes, bones, honeycomb structures, as well as composites
with inclusions. It is known [1, 2] that the deformation of chiral elastic materials
cannot be described within classical elasticity. Recently, a number of authors have
studied the behavior of chiral materials by using the theory of Cosserat elasticity
(see, e.g., [3–12] and references therein). The Cosserat theory studies continua with
oriented particles, in which each material point has the six degrees of freedom of a
rigid body. For the historical development and the analysis of various results on the
subject see Truesdell and Toupin [13], Nowacki [14], Eringen [15], Dyszlewicz [16]
and Jasiuk and Ostoja-Starzewski [17].
This paper is concerned with the linear theory of Cosserat thermoelasticity.
We study the problem of equilibrium of a chiral cylinder subjected to a temperature
variation that is a polynomial in the axial coordinate. This paper is motivated by
the recent interest in the using of the chiral Cosserat elastic solid as a model of
carbon nanotubes (see, e.g., [12]), in mechanics of bone (see, e.g., [4]), and for auxetic

Received 28 December 2010; accepted 3 January 2011.

This paper represents an invited lecture at the 9th International Congress on Thermal Stresses,
Budapest, June 6–9, 2011.
Address correspondence to D. Ieşan, Department of Mathematics, Al.I. Cuza University, B.d.
Carol 1, No. 11, Iaşi 700506, Romania. E-mail: iesan@uaic.ro

458
 THERMAL STRESSES IN CHIRAL ELASTIC BEAMS 459

materials (see, e.g., [11]). A Cosserat material is called isotropic chiral if its symmetry
group equals the proper orthogonal group. We assume that the considered cylinder is
occupied by a homogenenous and isotropic chiral thermoelastic material. In the linear
theory, an isotropic chiral Cosserat elastic solid is characterized by nine constitutive
coefficients. The linear theory of chiral Cosserat thermoelastic bodies has been studied
in various works (see, e.g., Nowacki [14], Dyszlewicz [16], and references therein).
The present paper is structured as follows. First, we present the basic
equations of homogenenous and isotropic chiral Cosserat thermoelastic solids and
formulate the problem of thermal stresses in right cylinders. Then, we investigate
the generalized plane strain problem and introduce four special auxiliary plane
problems necessary to investigate the thermoelastic deformation of the beam. The
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problem of thermal stresses in a hollow cylinder is solved as an example of

generalized plane strain problem. In the following section we establish the solution
of the problem of thermal stresses in beams when the temperature distribution is
linear in the axial coordinate. We have introduced mechanical loads on the ends in
order to compare the effects of the temperature field with those produced by the
resultants of the tractions which act on the bases. It is shown that a thermal field
linear in the axial coordinate produces extension, bending, torsion and flexure. The
next section deals with the deformation of cylinders subjected to a temperature field
which is a polynomial of degree m
m > 1 in the axial coordinate. We present a
method to reduce the three-dimensional problem to the study of plane problems.
The results are used to study the deformation of a circular cylinder subjected to a
uniform temperature variation.
In the classical thermoelasticity the problem of thermal stresses in beams was
studied in various works (see, e.g., Boley and Weiner [18], Hetnarski [19], Hetnarski
and Eslami [20] and references therein).

BASIC EQUATIONS
In this section we present the basic equations of the thermoelastostatics of
isotropic chiral Cosserat continua and the formulation of the problem. We consider
a body that in undeformed state occupies the regular region B of euclidean three-
dimensional space. We refer the deformation of the continuum to a fixed system
of rectangular cartesian axes Oxk 
k = 1 2 3. We designate by n the outward
unit normal of B Letters in boldface stand for tensors of an order p ≥ 1
and if v has the order p we write vijs (p subscripts) for the components of v
in the cartesian coordinate system. We shall employ the usual summation and
differentiation conventions: Greek subscripts are understood to range over the
integers
1 2 whereas Latin subscripts (unless otherwise specified) are understood
to range over the integers
1 2 3; summation over repeated subscripts is implied,
and subscripts preceded by a comma denote partial differentiation with respect
to the corresponding cartesian coordinate. We assume that B is occupied by a
homogeneous and isotropic chiral Cosserat thermoelastic solid. We denote by ui
the components of the displacement vector and by i the components of the
microrotation vector. The strain measures in the linear theory are defined by

eij = uji + jir r  ij = ji (1)

where ijk is the alternating symbol.

 460 D. IEŞAN

The constitutive equations of isotropic chiral thermoelastic materials are

[2, 14, 16]

tij = err
ij +
 + eij + eji + C1 ss
ij + C2 ji + C3 ij − bT
ij
(2)
mij = ss
ij + ji + ij + C1 err
ij + C2 eji + C3 eij − b0 T
ij

Here we used the notations: tij is the stress tensor, mij is the couple stress tensor,
ij
is the Kronecker delta, T is the temperature measured from the constant absolute
temperature of the reference state, and       Ck , b and b0 are constitutive
constants.
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In absence of body loads, the equations of equilibrium of Cosserat continua are

tjij = 0 mjij + irs trs = 0 (3)

The surface force and the surface moment acting at a regular point of B are
defined by

ti = tji nj  mi = mji nj

respectively.
We assume that the region B from here on refers to the interior of a right
cylinder of length h with the generic cross-section  and the lateral boundary 
The rectangular cartesian coordinate frame is supposed to be chosen in such a way
that the x3 -axis is parallel to the generators of B and that x1 x2 -plane contains one of
the terminal cross sections. We denote by 1 and 2 , respectively, the cross-sections
located at x3 = 0 and x3 = h We suppose that the section  is a regular region and
denote by L the boundary of 1 
The cylinder is supposed to be free of lateral loading so that we have the
conditions

ti n = 0 mi n = 0 on  (4)

We assume that T is a prescribed function. Let R =
R1  R2  R3  and M =

M1  M2  M3  be prescribed vectors representing the resultant force and the resultant
moment about O of the tractions acting on 1 . On 2 there are tractions applied so
as to satisfy the equilibrium conditions of the body. We have introduced mechanical
loads Ri and Mi in order to compare the effects of temperature field with those
produced by the resultants which act on the ends. For the end located at x3 = 0 we
have the conditions


t3 da = −R (5)
1



t33 da = −R3 
x t33 − 3 m3 da =  3 M
1 1

(6)

 3 x t3 + m33 da = −M3
1
 THERMAL STRESSES IN CHIRAL ELASTIC BEAMS 461

The problem consists in finding the functions ui and i of class C 2
B ∩ C 1
B which
satisfy the equations (1)–(3) on B the conditions (4) on the lateral surface, and the
conditions (5) and (6) on 1 , when the temperature field and the constants Rk  Mk 
      Ck  b and b0 are given.
In what follows we assume that the elastic potential is a positive definite
quadratic form. The restrictions imposed by this assumption on the constitutive
coefficients have been presented in [2, 16]. We note that the following inequalities

+ 2 +  > 0 2 +  > 0  > 0  + > 0

(7)
 − > 0
+ 2 + 
 + +  −
C1 + C2 + C3 2 > 0
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hold.

PRELIMINARIES
In this section we present some results concerning the generalized plane strain
problem associated to an elastic cylinder. First, we formulate the problem and
establish an existence result. We introduce four special generalized plane strain
problems that will be used in the next sections. Then, we present an example of
generalized plane strain related to the deformation of a hollow cylinder.

Generalized Plane Strain

Let us assume now that a body force f and a body couple g are prescribed
on B. Moreover, we consider that on the lateral boundary of the cylinder there are
prescribed the surface force t̃ and the moment m̃. We suppose that f g t̃ and m̃ are
independent of the axial coordinate.
We say that the cylinder B is in a state of generalized thermoelastic plane strain
if the displacement vector, the microrotation vector and the temperature field are
independent of the axial coordinate,

ui = ui
x1  x2  i = i
x1  x2  T = T
x1  x2 
x1  x2  ∈ 1  (8)

The preceding restrictions, in conjunction with the equations (1) and (2), imply
that eij  ij  tij and mij are all independent of x3 . It follows from (1) that the non-
zero strain measures are given by

ei = ui + ij j  e3 = 3   i = i  (9)

By using the constitutive equations (2), we obtain

t = e
 +
 + e + e  + C1 
 + C2   + C3  − bT

t3 =
 + e3 + e3 + C3 3
t3 =
 + e3 + e3 + C2 3  t33 = e + C1  − bT (10)
m = 
 +  +  + C1 e
 + C2 e + C3 e − b0 T

 462 D. IEŞAN

m3 = 3 + C2 e3 + C3 e3
m3 = 3 + C2 e3 + C3 e3  m33 =  + C1 e − b0 T

In this case the equations of equilibrium (3) become

t i + fi = 0 m i + irs trs + gi = 0 on 1 (11)

The conditions on the lateral boundary  can be written in the form

t i n = t̃i  m i n = m̃i on L (12)

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The generalized thermoelastic plane strain problem consists in finding of the

functions ui and i which satisfy the equations (9)–(11) on 1 , and the boundary
conditions (12) on L We note that t3i and m3i do not appear in the equations
(11) and the conditions (12). These functions can be calculated from (2) after the
displacement vector and the microrotation vector have been determined. Thus, we
can find the tractions over the bases which maintain the cylinder in equilibrium.
The equations of equilibrium (11) can be expressed in the form

 + u +
+ u   +  3 3 + C3 
+
C1 + C2    − bT + f = 0

 + u3 + 3   + C3 3 + f3 = 0
C3 u +
C1 + C2 u +  3 u3 +  (13)
+
 +  + 2
C3 − C2 3 3 − 2 − b0 T + g = 0
C3 u3 + 3 u + 3 + 2
C3 − C2 3  − 23 + g3 = 0

on 1 . In the case of achiral materials the basic equations and the boundary
conditions reduce to two uncoupled boundary value problems: one for the functions
u and 3 , and the other for the functions u3 and  [14, 16].
We now investigate the existence of solution to the boundary value problem
(13), (12). We note that existence theorems in the Cosserat elastostatics have
been established in various papers (see, e.g., [21–24]). The generalized plane strain
problem requires a particular investigation.
We introduce the six-dimensional vectors u and F defined by

u =
u1  u2  u3  1  2  3  F =
F1  F2  F3  G1  G2  G3  (14)

where

F = f − bT  F3 = f3  G = g − b0 T  G3 = g3 (15)

Then, the system (13) can be expressed in the form

Au = F on 1 (16)
 THERMAL STRESSES IN CHIRAL ELASTIC BEAMS 463

where Au is the six-dimensional vector with the following components

A u = −
 + u −
+ u   −  3 3 − C3  −
C1 + C2   

A3 u = −
 + u3 − 3   − C3 3
A3+ u = −C3 u −
C1 + C2 u −  3 u3 (17)
−
 +  − 2
C3 − C2 3 3 + 2
A6 u = −C3 u3 − 3 u − 3 − 2
C3 − C2 3  + 23

Let ers
u and i
u be the strain measures associated to the six-dimensional vector
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u. We introduce the notations

s
u = e
u

 +
 + e
u + e 
u + C1 
u

+ C2  
u + C3 
u
s3
u =
 + e3
u + e3
u + C3 3
u (18)

u = 
u
 + 
u + 
u + C1 e
u
 + C2 e
u + C3 e
u
3
u = 3
u + C2 e3
u + C3 e3
u

We denote

N
u =
si
u i
u (19)

where

si
u = s i
un  i
u =  i
un on L (20)

The boundary conditions (12) can be written in the form

N
u = P on L (21)

where

P =
P1  P2  P3  Q1  Q2  Q3  P = t̃ + bTn  P3 = t̃3 

(22)
Q = m̃ + b0 Tn  Q3 = m̃3 

Let W
u be the elastic potential corresponding to u. We have

2W
u = e
ue
u +
 + e
ue
u + e 
ue
u

+
 + e3
ue3
u + 2e3
ue3
u +
 + e3
ue3
u
+ 
u
u + 
u
u + 
u
u (23)
+ 3
u3
u + 2C1 
ue
u + 2C2 e
u 
u
+ 2C3 e
u
u + 2C3 e3
u3
u + 2C3 e3
ue3
u
 464 D. IEŞAN

With the help of divergence theorem we obtain

uAu da = − uN
uds + 2 W
uda (24)
1 L 1

If u and v are two six-dimensional vectors, then we denote by uv the scalar product
of vectors u and v. We suppose that W
u is a positive definite quadratic form in the
components ei
u e3
u and  i
u. It follows from (24) that the solution u0 of the
boundary value problem defined by the equation Au0 = 0 on 1 , and the conditions
N
u0  = 0 on L, satisfies the relations

ei
u0  = 0 e3
u0  = 0 i
u0  = 0 on 1

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It is a simple matter to see that

u0 =
u01  u02  u03  10  20  30  u01 = c1 − c4 x2

(25)
u02 = c2 + c4 x1  u03 = c3  0 = 0 30 = c4

where cj ,
j = 1 2 3 4, are arbitrary constants.

Let us consider the equations (16) with the boundary condition

N
u = 0 on L (26)

We assume that F is a C  vector field, and that 1 is C  -smooth [25]. Following

Fichera [25, p. 91] we consider first the equation
Au + q0 u = F (27)

on 1 , where q0 is any positive constant. To establish an existence result for the

boundary value problem (26), (27) we have to prove that



uAu + q0 u2 da ≥ c0 u21  c0 > 0
c0 = const. (28)
1

for any u ∈ H1
1 . Here, H1
1  is the Hilbert function space obtained by the
functional completion of C 1
1  with respect to the scalar product



u v1 =
ui vi + i i + ui vi + i i da
1

where u =
ui  i , v =
vi  i  and u21 =
u u1 . Since the elastic potential is a
positive definite quadratic form, there exists a positive constant c such that
2W
u ≥ cei
uei
u + e3
ue3
u + j
uj
u (29)

It follows from (24), (26) and (29) that

uAu + q0 u2 da = 2W
u + q0 u2 da
1 1


≥ b1 ei
uei
u + e3
ue3
u + j
uj
u + u2 da (30)
1
 THERMAL STRESSES IN CHIRAL ELASTIC BEAMS 465

where b1 is a positive constant. Let us prove that

ei
uei
u + e3
ue3
u + j
uj
u + u2 da ≥ b2 u21 (31)
1

b2 > 0, b2 = const. We introduce the notations

1 1

u =
u + u   r3 =
u21 − u12 
2  2

Following [23], we can write

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e
u = 
u +  3
r3 − 3 

   
1 1 1 1
e13
u = u31 + u + 2  e31
u = u31 − u + 2
2 2 31 2 2 31
    (32)
1 1 1 1
e23
u = u32 + u − 1  e32
u = u32 − u − 1
2 2 32 2 2 32
 2  2
1 1 1 1
e13 + e31 =
u31  + 2
2 2 2
u + 2  e23 + e32 =
u32  + 2
2 2 2
u − 1
2 2 31 2 2 32

In view of (32) we get

ei
uei
u + e3
ue3
u + j
uj
u

1
≥ 
u
u + j j + u3 u3  (33)
2 

Using the second Korn’s inequality [25, p. 92] we obtain


u
u + u u da ≥ b3
u u + u u da (34)
1 1

where b3 is a positive constant. From (33) and (34) we deduce the inequality (31). By
(30) and (31) we conclude that the inequality (28) holds. The considered differential
system is formally self-adjoint so that a C  solution of the equation

Au + q0 u − u = F (35)

with the boundary condition (26) exists if and only if

Fv da = 0
1

where v is any C  solution of the boundary value problem (35), (26) with F = 0 (cf.
Fichera [25]). In the case  = q0 the only C  solution of the homogeneous system is
the vector u0 =
u0i  i0  where u0i and i0 are given by (25). Thus, we have
 466 D. IEŞAN

Theorem 1. The boundary value problem (16), (26) has solutions belonging to
C 
1  if and only if



Fk da = 0
x1 F2 − x2 F1 + G3 da = 0 (36)
1 1

It is a simple matter to see that in the case of the boundary value problem (16)
and (21), the conditions (36) are replaced by





fk da + t̃k ds = 0
 3 x f + g3 da +
 3 x t̃ + m̃3 ds = 0 (37)
1 L 1 L
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The above result is valid under more general hypotheses on F P and 1 , provided
less regularity properties are requested to the solution [25].
In the next section we will have occasion to use four isothermal generalized
plane strain problems, P
k ,
k = 1 2 3 4. The problem P
1 corresponds to the
body loads

1
1
fi =
1i  gi =
C1 + C3 − C2 
1i (38)

and to the boundary data

1
1
t̃
1 = − x1 n  t̃3 = C2 n2  m̃
1
 = −C1 x1 n  m̃3 = n2 (39)

In the problem P
2 the body loads and the boundary data are

2
2
fi =
2i  gi =
C1 + C3 − C2 
2i

2
2 (40)
t̃
2 = − x2 n  t̃3 = −C2 n1  m̃
2
 = −C1 x2 n  m̃3 = − n1

The problem P
3 corresponds to the following loading

3
3
3
3
3
fi = 0 gi = 0 t̃
3 = − n  t̃3 = 0 m̃ = −C1 n  m̃3 = 0 (41)

We denote by P
4 the problem characterized by the following body loads and
boundary tractions

4
4
fi = 0 g
4 = −x  g3 = 0

4
4 (42)
t̃
4 = −C1 n  t̃3 = −3 x n  m̃
4
 = −n  m̃3 = C2 3 x n

We note that the necessary and sufficient conditions (37) for the existence of
the solution are satisfied for each boundary value problem P
k ,
k = 1 2 3 4. We

k
k
k
k
k
k
denote by ui , i  eij  ij , tij and mij the displacements, microrotations, strain
measures, stress tensor and couple stress tensor in the problem P
k , respectively.
Clearly, the problems P
k are characterized by the geometrical equations

k
k
k
k
k
k
k
ei = ui + ij j  e3 = 3    i = i (43)
 THERMAL STRESSES IN CHIRAL ELASTIC BEAMS 467

the constitutive equations

k
k
k
k
k
t = e

k

 +
 + e + e  + C1 

k

 + C2   + C3 

k
k
k
k
t3 =
 + e3 + e3 + C3 3

k
k
k
k
k
t3 =
 + e3 + e3 + C2 3  t33 = e

k
+ C1 

k
(44)
m
k
 =
k

 +
k
 +
k
 +
k
C1 e
 +
k
C2 e +
k
C3 e

k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
m3 = 3 + C2 e3 + C3 e3  m3 = 3 + C2 e3 + C3 e3

k
m33 = 

k
+ C1 e

k
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and the equations of equilibrium

k
k
k
k
t i + fi = 0 m i + irs trs
k + gi =0 (45)

on 1 , and the following boundary conditions

k
k
k
k
t i n = t̃i  m i n = m̃i on L (46)

k
k
k
k

k = 1 2 3 4. Here, fi  gi  t̃i and m̃i are defined by (38)–(42).

Thermal Stresses in a Tube

In the remainder of this section we present an example of generalized plane
strain related to the deformation of a tube. We investigate the behaviour of a chiral
tube subjected to internal and external temperatures. In the case of achiral materials
this problem has been investigated in various papers (see, e.g., [18, 27] and the
references therein). We assume that the cylinder B is defined by B = 
x1  x2  x3  
a21 < x12 + x22 < a22 , 0 < x3 < h, where a1 and a2 are positive constants. Let r =

x12 + x22 1/2 . We suppose that the body is in equilibrium in the absence of body
loads and heat sources. The inner surface of the tube is maintained at the constant
temperature T1∗ , and the outer surface is subjected to the constant temperature T2∗ .
We assume that the lateral surface of the cylinder is free of surface forces and
moments. In this case we have the conditions

t i n = 0 m i n = 0 T = T1∗ on r = a1
(47)
t i n = 0 m i n = 0 T = T2∗ on r = a2

where T1∗ and T2∗ are prescribed constants. The heat equation becomes [16]

T = 0 on 1 (48)

where 1 is bounded by two concentric circles of radius a1 and a2 (a1 < a2 ). The
function T which satisfies the equation (48) and the conditions from (47) is given by

T = A1 + A2 ln r (49)
 468 D. IEŞAN

where

A1 =
T2∗ − T1∗ ln
a2 /a1 −1  A2 =
T1∗ ln a2 − T2∗ ln a1 ln
a2 /a1 −1

We note that the external data satisfy the conditions under which a generalized
thermoelastic plane strain is possible. In this case in the equations (13) we must take
fj = 0 gj = 0 and T = A2 x r −1  We seek the solution of these equations in the
form

u = x U
r u3 = 0  = x V
r 3 = 0 (50)

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where U and V are unknown functions. From (50) we obtain

u =
 U + x x r −1 U   u  = 2U + rU 
(51)
u   = u = x
U  + 3r −1 U  

where U  = dU/dr. Then, the equations (13) reduce to

+ 2 + 
U  + 3r −1 U   +
C1 + C2 + C3 
V  + 3r −1 V   = bA2 r −2

(52)

C1 + C2 + C3 
U  + 3r −1 U   +
 + + 
V  + 3r −1 V  − s2 V = b0 A2 r −2

where

s2 = 2/
 + +  (53)

We introduce the functions  and  by

U = 1 ln r +  V = 2 r −2 +  (54)

where
 
bA2 1 b
C1 + C2 + C3 
1 =  2 = − b 0 A2 (55)
2
+ 2 +  2 + 2 + 

It follows from (52), (54) and (55) that the functions  and  satisfy the equations

+ 2 + 
 + 3r −1   +
C1 + C2 + C3 
  + 3r −1    = 0

(56)

C1 + C2 + C3 
 + 3r −1   +
 + + 
  + 3r −1   − s2  = 0

From (56) we find that  satisfies the equation

  + 3r −1   − q 2  = 0 (57)

where we have used the notations

q 2 = 2
+ 2 + d−1  d =
+ 2 + 
 + +  −
C1 + C2 + C3 2 (58)

 THERMAL STRESSES IN CHIRAL ELASTIC BEAMS 469

The relations (7), (53) and (54) imply that q 2 > 0, s2 > 0 and d > 0. If we denote
Z = r , then from (57) we find that the function Z satisfies the equation
 
 1  1
Z + Z − 2 +q Z =0 2
r r

We shall denote by In and Kn the modified Bessel functions of order n. The function
Z has the form

Z = L1 I1
qr + L2 K1
qr
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where L are arbitrary constants. We find that the general solution of the equation
(57) is given by

 = r −1 L1 I1
qr + L2 K1
qr (59)

The equations (56) imply that  satisfies the equation

 2  2 
d −1 d d −1 d
+ 3r + 3r −q  =0
2
(60)
dr 2 dr dr 2 dr

It is a simple matter to see that the general solution of this equation is

 = B1 + B2 r −2 + r −1 N1 I1
qr + N2 K1
qr (61)

where B and N are arbitrary constants. We introduce the notation

 =
C1 + C2 + C3 
+ 2 + −1 (62)

The functions  and  given by (61) and (62) satisfy the system (56) only if

N = −L (63)

Thus, from (61) we get

 = B1 + B2 r −2 − r −1 L1 I1
qr + L2 K1
qr (64)

Let us impose the remaining boundary conditions from (47). Since we have
n = x /a2 on the circle r = a2 , and n = −x /a1 on the circle r = a1 , the mechanical
conditions from (47) can be expressed as

t i x = 0 m i x = 0 for r = a1 and r = a2 (65)

From (9) and (51) we find that

e = e  = u  e3 = −e3 = 3 x V
e33 = 0 33 = 2V + rV    =   =
 V + x x r −1 V  (66)
3 = 0 3j = 0
 470 D. IEŞAN

With the help of (66) and (10) we obtain

t =
2U + rU  
 +
2 + 
U
 + x x r −1 U  
+ C1
2V + rV  
 +
C2 + C3 
V
 + x x r −1 V   − bT

t3 = −t3 = 3 x V (67)
 −1 
m = 
2V + rV 
 +
+ 
V
 + x x r V 
+ C1
2U + rU   +
C2 + C3 
U
 + x x r −1 U   − b0 T

m3 = −m3 =
C3 − C2 3 x V
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By (67), we get

t x = x 
2 + 2 + U +
+ 2 + rU  +

+
2C1 + C2 + C3 V +
C1 + C2 + C3 rV  − bT
m x = x 
2 + + V +
 + + rV  (68)

+
2C1 + C2 + C3 U +
C1 + C2 + C3 rU − b0 T
t3 x = 0 m3 x = 0

Thus, the boundary conditions (65) reduce to

2 + 2 + U
a1  +
+ 2 + a1 U 
a1  +
2C1 + C2 + C3 V
a1 

+
C1 + C2 + C3 a1 V 
a1  = bT1 

2 + + V
a1  +
 + + a1 V 
a1  +
2C1 + C2 + C3 U
a1 
+
C1 + C2 + C3 U
a1  +
C1 + C2 + C3 a1 U 
a1  = b0 T1  (69)

2 + 2 + U
a2  +
+ 2 + a2 U 
a2 
+
2C1 + C2 + C3 V
a2  +
C1 + C2 + C3 a2 V 
a2  = bT2 

2 + + V
a2  +
 + + a2 V 
a2  +
+
2C1 + C2 + C3 U
a2  +
C1 + C2 + C3 a2 U 
a2  = b0 T2

Let us introduce the notations


r = bT
r − 
2 + 2 +  ln r + + 2 + 1 +
C2 + C3 r −2

r = b0 T
r − 
2C1 + C2 + C3  ln r + C1 + C2 + C3 1 +
+ 2 r −2
!1
r =
C1 −  r −1 I1
qr + C1 + C2 + C3 − 
+ 2 + I1
qr (70)
−1
!2
r =
C1 −  r K1
qr + C1 + C2 + C3 − 
+ 2 + K1
qr
M10
r =
 − C1 r −1 I1
qr +  + +  − 
C1 + C2 + C3 I1
qr
M20
r =
 − C1 r −1 K1
qr +  + +  − 
C1 + C2 + C3 K1
qr
 THERMAL STRESSES IN CHIRAL ELASTIC BEAMS 471

By using (54), (59), (64) and (70), we can express the conditions (65) in terms of the
constants B and L . We obtain

2 + 2 + B1 −
2 + a−2
1 B2 + b11 L1 + b12 L2 = S1

2C1 + C2 + C3 B1 −
C2 + C3 a−2

1 B2 + b21 L1 + b22 L2 = W1
(71)

2 + 2 + B1 −
2 + a−2
2 B2 + b31 L1 + b32 L2 = S2

2C1 + C2 + C3 B1 −
C2 + C3 a−2

2 B2 + b41 L1 + b42 L2 = W2

where
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b11 = !1
a1  b12 = !2
a1  b21 = M10
a1  b22 = M20
a1 
b31 = !1
a2  b32 = !2
a2  b41 = M10
a2  b42 = M20
a2  (72)
S = 
a  W =
a 

It follows from
711 and
713 that B1 and B2 can be expressed as

B1 =
2 + d0−1
S2 a−2 −2

1 − S1 a2 − "1 L 
(73)
B2 =
2 + 2 + d0−1
S2 − S1 − "2 L 

where

d0 =
2 + 2 + 
2 + 
a−2 −2
1 − a2  "1 = b3 a−2 −2
1 − b1 a2  "2 = b3 − b1

The remaining equations from (71) lead to the following equations for L1 and L2 ,

A L =  (74)

Here, we have used the notations

A1 = b2 d0 +
C2 + C3 
2 + 2 + a−2

1 "2 −
2C1 + C2 + C3 
2 + "1

A2 = b4 d0 +
C2 + C3 
2 + 2 + a−2

2 "2 −
2C1 + C2 + C3 
2 + "1

1 = d0 W1 +
2C1 + C2 + C3 
2 + 
S1 a−2 −2

2 − S 2 a1  (75)
+
C2 + C3 
2 + 2 + a−2
1
S2 − S1 

2 = d0 W2 +
2C1 + C2 + C3 
2 + 
S1 a−2 −2

2 − S 2 a1 

+
C2 + C3 
2 + 2 + a−2

2
S2 − S1 

The constants L are given by (74), and the constants B can be calculated from (73).
The solution of the problem is given by (50) where the functions U and V are defined
in (54), (59) and (64). We note that the achiral materials are characterized by Ck = 0
and b0 = 0 It follows from (55), (62), (70) and (72) that for these materials we have

2 = 0  = 0
r = 0 W = 0 !
r = 0 b3 = b1 = 0 (76)

 472 D. IEŞAN

In the case of achiral materials the function  from (70) takes the form,

∗
r = bT
r − 
2 + 2 +  ln r + + 2 + 1 (77)

In view of (76) and (77), the solution of the system (71) for achiral materials is
given by

B1∗ =
2 + d0−1
S2∗ a−2 ∗ −2

1 − S 1 a2 
(78)
B2∗ =
2 + 2 + d0−1
S2∗ − S1∗  L∗1 = 0 L∗2 = 0
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where S∗ = ∗
a  It follows from (76), (78), (54), (59) and (64) that in this case
we get

U = 1 ln r + B1∗ + B2∗ r −2  V = 0 (79)

so that the microrotation vector vanishes. The salient feature of the solution (50)
is that, in absence of body and surface moments, the thermal field (49) produces
a microrotation of the material particles. The radial displacement u∗ for an achiral
tube is given by

u∗ = 1 r ln r + B1∗ r + B2∗ r −1

From (50) we find that in the case of a chiral tube the radial displacement is

u = 1 r ln r + B1 r + B2 r −1 − L1 I1
qr − L2 K1
qr

For achiral materials the radial stress has the form

"∗ =
2 + 2 + B1∗ −
2 + B2∗ r −2

The radial stress in a tube made of a chiral material is

" =
2 + 2 + B1 −
2 + B2 r −2 + L1 !1
r + L2 !2
r − 
r

where B and L are given by (73) and (74), and ! and  are defined in (70). The
radial displacement and the radial stress are modified from the values predicted by
the theory of achiral materials.

EFFECTS OF A THERMAL FIELD THAT IS LINEAR IN THE

AXIAL COORDINATE
In this section we study the problem of deformation of a chiral cylinder
subjected to a temperature distribution that is linear in the axial coordinate, namely

T = T0
x1  x2  + x3 T1
x1  x2 
x1  x2  ∈ 1 (80)

 THERMAL STRESSES IN CHIRAL ELASTIC BEAMS 473

where T0 and T1 are prescribed functions. In this case we seek the solution of the
problem in the form

1 1 1
u = − a x32 − b x33 + 3 
a4 x3 + b4 x32 x
2 6 2
4
+
ak + bk x3 u
k
 + w
x1  x2  + x3 v
x1  x2 
k=1

1
u3 =
a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 x3 +
b1 x1 + b2 x2 + b3 x32
2
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 4

k
+
ak + bk x3 u3 + w3
x1  x2  + x3 v3
x1  x2  (81)
k=1

1 4
 = 3 
a x3 + b x32  +
ak + bk x3 
k + 
x1  x2  + x3 
x1  x2 
2 k=1

1 4

k
3 = a4 x3 + b4 x32 +
ak + bk x3 3 + 3
x1  x2  + x3 3
x1  x2 
2 k=1

k
k
where ui and i are the solutions of the problems P
k , defined by (43)–(46),
vi  i  wi and i are unknown functions, and ak and bk ,
k = 1 2 3 4, are unknown
constants.
We denote by ij and ij the strain measures in the generalized plane strain
problem corresponding to the displacements wi and microrotations i . Thus,

i = wi + ij j  3 = 3    i = i (82)

We introduce the notations

" = 
 +
 +  +   + C1 
 + C2   + C3  − bT0

"3 =
 + 3 + 3 + C3 3  "3 =
 + 3 + 3 + C2 3
"33 =  + C1  − bT0  33 =  + C1  − b0 T0 (83)
 = 
 +   +  + C1 
 + C2   + C3  − b0 T0

3 = 3 + C2 3 + C3 3  3 = 3 + C2 3 + C3 3

Clearly, "ij and ij are the stress and couple stress tensors associated to the
thermoelastic generalized plane strain characterized by the displacements wi , the
microrotations i , and the temperature variation T0 .
Let us consider now a generalized thermoelastic plane strain in which the
components of the displacement vector are the functions vi , the components of
the microrotation vector are the functions i and the temperature field is T1 .
We denote

i = vi + ij j  3 = 3    i = i (84)

 474 D. IEŞAN

The stress tensor and the couple stress tensor corresponding to the strain measures
ij and i , and to the thermal field T1 are given by

 = 
 +
 +  +   + C1 
 + C2  + C3  − bT1

3 =
 + 3 + 3 + C3 3  3 =
 + 3 + 3 + C2 3

33 =  + C1  − bT1  33 =   + C1  − b0 T1 (85)

 =  
 +  +  + C1 
 + C2   + C3  − b0 T1

3 =  3 + C2 3 + C3 3  3 = 3 + C2 3 + C3 3
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It follows from (1), (81), (82) and (84) that


4

k
ei =
ak + bk x3 ei + i + x3 i
k=1


4

k 
4
e3 =
ak + bk x3 e3 + 3 + x3 3 + 3 
a4 + b4 x3 x + v + bk u
k

k=1 k=1


4

k
e33 = a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 +
b1 x1 + b2 x2 + b3 x3 + v3 + bk u3 (86)
k=1


4

k
i =
ak + bk x3 i + i + x3 i
k=1


4 
4

k
3 = 3
a + b x3  +  + bk 
k  33 = a4 + b4 x3 + bk  3 +  3
k=1 k=1

k
k
where eij and ij are given by (43). In view of (86) the constitutive equations (2)
lead to

t = a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 +
b1 x1 + b2 x2 + b3 x3 


4

k
+ C1

a4 + b4 x3  +
ak + bk x3 t
k=1


4

k
k
+ " + x3  +
  v3 + C1 3 + bk
u3 + C1 3  (87)
k=1

4

k
t3 = 3 
a4 + b4 x3 x + C2 3
a + b x3  +
ak + bk x3 t3
k=1


4
+ "3 + x3 3 + v + C2  +  + C2  
bk
u
k
k

k=1


4

k
t3 =
 + 3 
a4 + b4 x3 x + C3 3
a + b x3  +
ak + bk x3 t3
k=1


4
+ "3 + x3 3 +
 + v + C3  + bk 
 + u
k
 + C3  

k

k=1
 THERMAL STRESSES IN CHIRAL ELASTIC BEAMS 475

t33 =
+ 2 + a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 +
b1 x1 + b2 x2 + b3 x3 


4

k
+
C1 + C2 + C3 
a4 + b4 x3  +
ak + bk x3 t33 + "33 + x3 33
k=1

+
+ 2 + v3 +
C1 + C2 + C3 3


4

k
k
+ bk 
+ 2 + u3 +
C1 + C2 + C3 3 
k=1

m = 
a4 + b4 x3 
 + C1
 a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 +
b1 x1 + b2 x2 + b3 x3 
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4

k
+
ak + bk x3 m +  + x3  +
3 + C1 v3 

k=1


4

k
k
+
 bk
3 + C1 u3 
k=1


4

k
m3 = 3
a + b x3  + C2 3  x
a4 + b4 x3  +
ak + bk x3 m3
k=1


4
+ 3 + x3 3 +  + C2 v +  + C 2 u 
bk

k
k

k=1


4

k
m3 = 3
a + b x3  + C3 3  x
a4 + b4 x3  +
ak + bk x3 m3
k=1


4
+ 3 + x3 3 +  + C3 v +  + C 3 u 
bk

k
k

k=1

m33 =
C1 + C2 + C3 a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 +
b1 x1 + b2 x2 + b3 x3 


4

k
+
 + + 
a4 + b4 x3  +
ak + bk x3 m33
k=1

+ 33 + x3 33 +
C1 + C2 + C3 v3 +
 + + 3


4

k
k
+ bk 
 + + 3 +
C1 + C2 + C3 u3 
k=1

k
k
where tij and mij are defined in (44). We introduce the notations

F =
 + 3 b4 x + C3 3 b + v3 + C1 3 + 3


4

k
k
k
+ bk
t3 + u3 + C1 3 
k=1

F3 =
+ 2 + 
b1 x1 + b2 x2 + b3  +
C1 + C2 + C3 b4


4

k
+ v + C2  + 33 + bk
t33 + u
k
 + C2  

k

k=1
 476 D. IEŞAN

G = 3 + C1 v3 + 3 + 3  b − C3 b4 x − v −
C3 − C2   (88)


3

k
k
k
+ bk m3 + 3 + C1 u3 + 3 
C2 − C3 
k − 3  u
k
 
k=1

G3 =  + C2 v + 33 +
C1 + C2 + C3 
b1 x1 + b2 x2 + b3 


4

k
+
 + + b4 + bk m33 + 
k
 + C2 u 

k

k=1

If we take into account (87) and (45) we see that the equilibrium equations (3)
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are satisfied if we have

" i + Fi = 0  i + imn "mn + Gi = 0 on 1 (89)

and

 i = 0  i + imn mn = 0 on 1 (90)

By using the relations (87) and the conditions (46) we find that the boundary
conditions (4) reduce to

" i n = Pi   i n = Qi on L (91)

and

 i n = 0  i n = 0 on L (92)

Here we have used the notations

 

4

k
k
P = −n v3 + C1 3 + bk
u3 + C1 3 
k=1
 

4
P3 = −n v + C2  + bk
u
k
 + C2 
k 
k=1
  (93)

4

k
k
Q = −n 3 + C1 v3 + bk
3 + C 1 u3 
k=1
 

4
Q3 = −n  + C2 v + bk

k
 + C u
2 

k

k=1

We denote by

0  the generalized thermoelastic plane strain problem defined by

the geometrical equations (82), the constitutive equations (83), the equations of
equilibrium (89), and the boundary conditions (91). Let

1  be the generalized
thermoelastic plane strain problem characterized by the equations (84), (85), (90)
and the boundary conditions (92). The necessary and sufficient conditions to solve
 THERMAL STRESSES IN CHIRAL ELASTIC BEAMS 477

the problem

1  are satisfied. The necessary and sufficient conditions to solve the
problem

0  are





Fi da + Pi ds = 0
3 x F + G3 da +
3 x P + Q3 ds = 0 (94)
S1 L 1 L

In what follows we shall have occasion to use the constants Drs ,
r s = 1 2 3 4,
defined by





D = x 
+ 2 + x + t33  + 
 + 3 m3 da
1


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3
3
D3 = x
+ 2 +  + t33  + 3  m3 da
1



4
4
D4 = x
C1 + C2 + C3 + t33  − C3 x + 3  m3 da
1





3
D3 = 
+ 2 + x + t33 da D33 =
+ 2 +  + t33 da (95)
1 1



4
D34 =
C1 + C2 + C3 + t33 da
1





D4 = 3 x
C3 3  + t3  +
C1 + C2 + C3 x + m33 da
1



3
3
D43 = 3 x t3 + C1 + C2 + C3 + m33 da
1



4
4
D44 = 3 x 
 + 3 x + t3  +  + +  + m33 da
1

We note that the constants Drs can be determined if we know the solutions of
the problems P
k ,
k = 1 2 3 4. If we use the relations (88), (93), the divergence
theorem, (87) and (95) we find that




F da + Pa ds = t33 da (96)
1 L 1

and



4

F3 da + P3 ds = D3k bk + 33 da
1 L k=1 1
(97)



4


3 x F + G3 da +
3 x P + Q3 ds = D4k bk +
3 x 3 + 33 da
1 L k=1 1

We note that on the basis of equations of equilibrium (3) we can write

t3 = t3 + x tj3j + 3  mj j
=
x t3  + 3  m  + x t333 + 3  m3 3 (98)
t33 =
x t3 3 + 3  m  3 + x t3333 + 3  m3 33
 478 D. IEŞAN

With the help of the divergence theorem and the boundary conditions, we get



t3 da =
x t333 + 3  m3 3 da
1 1


(99)
t33 da =
x t3333 + 3  m3 33 da
1 1

If we use the relations (87) and (99) we obtain


4


t3 da = Dk bk +
x 33 + 3  3 da t33 da = 0 (100)
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1 k=1 1 1

In view of (96) and (100), the first two conditions from (94) are satisfied. By (97)
and (100), we see that the conditions (5) and the last two conditions from (94) can
be written in the form


4 
4 
4
Dk bk = −R − R∗  D3k bk = N1  D4k bk = N2 (101)
k=1 k=1 k=1

where



R∗ =
x 33 + 3  3 da N1 = − 33 da
1 1

(102)
N2 = −
3 x 3 + 33 da
1

As in classical theory [26], the positive definiteness of the elastic potential and the
reciprocal theorem imply

det
Drs  > 0 Drs = Dsr (103)

The system (101) determines the constants b1  b2  b3 and b4 . In view of (87)

and (95), the conditions (6) reduce to the following system for the constants ak ,


4 
4 
4
Dk ak = 3
M + M ∗  D3k ak = −R3 − R∗3  D4k ak = −M3 − M3∗
k=1 k=1 k=1
(104)

where


M∗ = 3 x "33 +
+ 2 + v3 +
C1 + C2 + C3 3 
1


4

k
k
+ x bk 
+ 2 + u3 +
C1 + C2 + C3 3 
k=1


4

k
k
+ 3  3 +  + C3 v + bk
 + C3 u  da
k=1
 THERMAL STRESSES IN CHIRAL ELASTIC BEAMS 479


R∗3 = "33 +
+ 2 + v3 +
C1 + C2 + C3 3 (105)
1


4

k
k
+ bk 
+ 2 + u3 +
C1 + C2 + C3 3  da
k=1


M3∗ = 3  x "3 +
 + v + C3   + 33 +
C1 + C2 + C3 v3
1


4
+
 + + 3 + 3  x bk 
 + u
k
 + C3  

k

k=1
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4

k
k
+ bk 
 + + 3 +
C1 + C2 + C3 u3  da
k=1

It follows from (103) that the system (104) determines the constants a1  a2  a3 and
a4 . The unknown functions and unknown constants shall be determined in the
following order. First, we determine the solutions of the generalized isothermal
plane strain problems P
k ,
k = 1 2 3 4, and calculate the constants Drs  Then, we
determine the solution of the problem

1  From (101) we can find the constants
b1  b2  b3 and b4 . Thus, the loads Fj  Gj  Pj and Qj are known, and we can determine
the solution of the problem

0 . Finally, from (104) we determine the constants ak ,

k = 1 2 3 4.
From (81), (101) and (104) we can see that a thermal field which is linear in
the axial coordinate produces an extension characterized by the force R∗3 , a bending
by the moments M∗ , a torsion generated by the moment M3∗ , a flexure associated to
the forces R∗ , and a plane deformation parallel to the x1  x2 -plane. If T1 = 0, then
from (84), (85), (90) and (92) we find that ij and ij are equal to zero, so that
we obtain R∗ = 0 and N = 0 A thermal field that is independent of x3 produces
extension, bending and torsion. In the case of an achiral beam this thermal field
does not generate torsional effects [27].

A RECURRENCE PROCESS
In this section we study the problem of thermal stresses in chiral beams when
the temperature is a polynomial of degree m
m > 1 in the axial coordinate. We
show that the three-dimensional problem can be reduced to the study of plane
problems. We assume that


m
T= Tk
x1  x2 x3k (106)
k=0

where Tk are prescribed functions on 1  We denote by
!0  the problem

of thermal stresses in the cylinder B corresponding to the mechanical loading
R = 0 R3 = 0 Mk = 0 and to the temperature variation T = T0
x1  x2 . Let

!1  be the problem corresponding to the mechanical loading R = 0 R3 = 0
Mk = 0 and to the temperature distribution T = x3 T1
x1  x2 . We denote by
!n ,

n = 2 3     m, the problem of thermal stresses in the cylinder B corresponding to
 480 D. IEŞAN

n
n
null mechanical loads and to the temperature field T = x3n Tn
x1  x2 . Let
ūi  ¯ i ,

n = 0 1 2     m, be a solution of the problem
!n . Since the theory is linear,
the functions ui and i defined by


m

n 
m

n
ui = ūi x3n  i = ¯ i x3n
n=0 n=0

satisfy the equations (1)–(3) on B and the boundary conditions (4)–(6), when
the temperature distribution has the form (106). To solve the problem we use
the method of induction. In the preceding section, we solved the problems
!0 
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and
!1 . In this section we establish the solution of the problem
!n+1  once a
solution of the problem
!n ,
n ≥ 2, is known. We denote by u∗i  i∗  eij∗  ij∗  tij∗
and m∗ij , respectively, the components of the displacement vector, the components
of the microrotation vector, the components of the strain measures, the components
of the stress tensor and the components of the couple-stress tensor from the
problem
!n ,
n ≥ 2, and by ui  i  eij  ij  tij  mij the analogous functions from the
problem
!n+1 . As the solution of the problem
!n  is known for any Tn
x1  x2 ,

x1  x2  ∈ 1 , we know the solution of the problem corresponding to the temperature
distribution T = Tn+1
x1  x2 x3n . Thus, the problem can be presented as follows: find
the functions ui  i  eij  ij  tij and mij which satisfy the equations (1)–(3) on B
and the boundary conditions (4)–(6) when T = Tn+1
x1  x2 x3n+1 , and Rj = Mj = 0,
assuming that we know the functions u∗i  i∗  eij∗  ij∗  tij∗ and m∗ij which satisfy the
equations (1)–(3) on B and the conditions (4)–(6) with null mechanical loads,
corresponding to the temperature field T = Tn+1
x1  x2 x3n . We seek the solution of
this problem in the form


x3 1 4
u =
n + 1 u∗ dx3 − c x32 +  + 3  c4 x x3 + w
x1  x2 
ck u
k 0
0 2 k=1


x3 
4
u∗3 dx3 +
c1 x1 + c2 x2 + c3 x3 +

k
u3 =
n + 1 ck u3 + w30
x1  x2 
0 k=1

 (107)
x3 
4
 =
n + 1 ∗ dx3 + 3 c x3 + ck 
k + 0
x1  x2 
0 k=1


x3 
4
3∗ dx3

k
3 =
n + 1 + c 4 x3 + ck 3 + 03
x1  x2 
0 k=1

k
k
where
ui  i  is the solution of the problem P
k , wj0 and 0j are unknown
functions, and ck ,
k = 1 2 3 4, are unknown constants. It follows from (1) and
(107) that


x3
∗

4

k
ej =
n + 1 ej dx3 + ck ej + ej
0
0 k=1

x3

∗
e33 =
n + 1 e33 dx3 + c1 x1 + c2 x2 + c3 + u∗3
x1  x2  0
0
 THERMAL STRESSES IN CHIRAL ELASTIC BEAMS 481



x3
∗

4
u∗
x1  x2  0

k
e3 =
n + 1 e3 dx3 + 3  c4 x + ck e3 + + 0
e3
0 k=1

 (108)
x3
∗

4

k
j =
n + 1 j dx3 + ck j + j
0
0 k=1

x3

∗
3 =
n + 1 3 dx3 + 3 c + ∗
x1  x2  0
0

x3

∗
33 =
n + 1 33 dx3 + c4 + 3∗
x1  x2  0
0
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where
0
ej = u0j + jk k0  e3
0
= 3  0  j
0
= j
0
(109)

If we introduce the notations

s = e
0

 +
 + e
0
+ e 
0
+ C1 
0

 + C2  
0
+ C3 
0

3 =
 + e3
0
+ e3
0
+ C3 3
0

3 =
 + e3
0
+ e3
0
+ C2 3
0
 s33 = e
0
+ C1 
0

(110)
# = 
0

 + 
0
+ 
0
+ C1 e
0

 + C2 e
0
+ C3 e
0

#3 = 3
0
+ C2 e3
0
+ C3 e3
0

#3 = 3
0
+ C2 e3
0
+ C3 e3
0
 #33 = 
0
+ C1 e
0

then from (2), (44) and (108) we obtain


x
3
∗
4
ck t + s + c1 x1 + c2 x2 + c3 + u∗3
x1  x2  0


k
t =
n + 1 t dx3 +
0 k=1

∗
+ C1 c4 + 3
x1  x2  0


x3
∗

4
ck t3 + s3 + 3  c4 x + u∗
x1  x2  0

k
t3 =
n + 1 t3 dx3 +
0 k=1

+ C2 3 c + ∗
x1  x2  0

x3
∗

4
ck t3 + s3 +
 + 3  c4 x + u∗
x1  x2  0

k
t3 =
n + 1 t3 dx3 +
0 k=1

∗
+ C3 3 c + 
x1  x2  0 (111)

x3
∗

4

k
t33 =
n + 1 t33 dx3 + ck t33 + s33 +
+ 2 + 
0 k=1

× c1 x1 + c2 x2 + c3 + u∗3
x1  x2  0 +
C1 + C2 + C3 c4 + ∗
x1  x2  0
 482 D. IEŞAN


x3 
4
m =
n + 1 m∗ dx3 + ∗
 + # + c4 + 3
x1  x2  0

ck m
k
0 k=1

+ C1 c1 x1 + c2 x2 + c3 + u∗3
x1  x2  0


x3 
4
m∗3 dx3 +

k
m3 =
n + 1 ck m3 + #3
0 k=1

+ 3 c + ∗
x1  x2  0 + C2 3  c4 x + u∗
x1  x2  0
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x3 
4
m∗3 dx3 +

k
m3 =
n + 1 ck m3 + #3
0 k=1

+ 3 c + ∗
x1  x2  0 + C3 3  c4 x + u∗
x1  x2  0

x3 
4
m∗33 dx3 + ck m33 + #33 +
 + + c4 + 3∗
x1  x2  0

k
m33 =
n + 1
0 k=1

+
C1 + C2 + C3 c1 x1 + c2 x2 + c3 + u∗3
x1  x2  0

In view of (38)–(42), (45) and (111), the equilibrium equations (3) reduce to

si + Fi = 0 #i + ijk sjk + Gi = 0 on 1 (112)

where

F =  u∗3
x1  x2  0 + C1 3∗
x1  x2  0 + t3

∗

x1  x2  0
F3 = u∗
x1  x2  0 + C2 ∗
x1  x2  0 + t33
∗

x1  x2  0
G =
C2 − C3 3  ∗
x1  x2  0 + 3 u∗
x1  x2  0 (113)
+ 3∗
x1  x2  0 + C1 u∗3
x1  x2  0 + m∗3
x1  x2  0
G3 = m∗33
x1  x2  0 + C2 u∗
x1  x2  0 + ∗
x1  x2  0

With the help of the conditions (46), (39)–(42) we find that the boundary conditions
(4) become

s i n = Pi  # i n = Qi on L (114)

where

P = − u∗3
x1  x2  0 + C1 3∗
x1  x2  0n

P3 = −u∗
x1  x2  0 + C2 ∗
x1  x2  0n
(115)
Q = −C1 u∗3
x1  x2  0 + 3∗
x1  x2  0n
Q3 = −C2 u∗
x1  x2  0 + ∗
x1  x2  0n
 THERMAL STRESSES IN CHIRAL ELASTIC BEAMS 483

Thus, the functions wi0 are the components of the displacement vector and
0iare the components of the microrotation vector in the generalized isothermal
plane strain problem defined by the equations (109), (110) and (112) on 1 , and the
boundary conditions (114) on L It is easy to see that




Fi da + Pi ds = t3i∗
x1  x2  0da
1 L 1




 3 x F + G3 da +
 3 x P + Q3 ds (116)
1 L


∗
=  3 x t3
x1  x2  0 + m∗33
x1  x2  0da
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1

The functions tij∗ and m∗ij satisfy the conditions (5), (6) with Ri = 0 and Mi = 0 We
conclude from (116), (5) and (6) that the necessary and sufficient conditions for
the existence of a solution of the boundary value problem (109), (110), (112) and
(114) are satisfied. In what follows we shall treat the functions wi0 and 0i as known
functions.
We note that on the basis of the equations of equilibrium (3) and the boundary
conditions (4) we find that



t31 da =
t13 + x1 tj3j − mj2j da
1 1


= 
x1 t3  − m2 + x1 t333 − m323 da
1



=
x1 t3 n − m2 n ds +
x1 t333 − m323 da (117)
L 1


∗
=
n + 1
x1 t33 − m∗32 da
1



∗
t32 da =
n + 1
x2 t33 + m∗31 da
1 1

∗
The functions t3j and m∗3j satisfy the conditions (5) and (6) with Rk = 0 and Mk = 0
It follows from (117) that the functions t3 satisfy the conditions (5) with R = 0
In view of (111), the conditions (6), with R3 = 0 and Mk = 0, reduce to the
following system for the constants ck ,


4
Djk ck = −dj 
j = 1 2 3 4 (118)
k=1

where the coefficients Djk are defined in (95) and we have used the notations


d = x s33 +
+ 2 + u∗3
x1  x2  0 +
C1 + C2 + C3 3∗
x1  x2  0
1

− 3 #3 +  ∗
x1  x2  0 + C3 u∗
x1  x2  0da

d3 = s33 +
+ 2 + u∗3
x1  x2  0 +
C1 + C2 + C3 3∗
x1  x2  0da (119)
1
 484 D. IEŞAN

d4 = 3 x s3 +
 + u∗
x1  x2  0 + C3 ∗
x1  x2  0
1

+ #33 +
 + + 3∗
x1  x2  0 +
C1 + C2 + C3 u∗3
x1  x2  0da

In view of (103), from (118) we can find the constants ck ,
k = 1 2 3 4. Thus, the
functions (107) satisfy the problem
!n+1 .

APPLICATION
In what follows we use the solution (81) to study the deformation of a circular
cylinder. We assume that the cylinder B is defined by B = 
x1  x2  x3   x12 + x22 <
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a2  0 < x3 < h, where a is a positive constant. We suppose that B is in equilibrium

in the absence of mechanical loads. We investigate the behavior of the cylinder B
when it is subjected to a constant thermal field. In this case we have

Rk = 0 Mk = 0 T = T ∗ (120)

where T ∗ is a prescribed constant. Since T1 = 0, the solution of the problem

1  is

vj = 0, j = 0 From (85) we find that ij = 0 and ij = 0, so that the relations (102)
implies that R∗ = 0 and N = 0 In view of (120), the solution of the system (101) is
bk = 0,
k = 1 2 3 4. Let us study the problem

0 . We seek the solution of the
problem

0  in the form

w = x 0
r w3 = 0  = x 0
r 3 = 0 (121)

where 0 and 0 are unknown functions of class C 2
1  ∩ C 1
1 .

Clearly, we have 1 = 
x1  x2  x3   x12 + x22 < a2  x3 = 0. With the help of
(82), (83) and (121) we find that the equilibrium equations (89) reduce to

+ 2 + 
0 + 3r −1 0  +
C1 + C2 + C3 
0 + 3r −1 0  = 0

(122)

C1 + C2 + C3 
0 + 3r −1 0  +
 + + 
0 + 3r −1 0 − s2 0  = 0

on 1 , where we have used the notation (53) and 0 = d0 /dr We find that the
solution of the system (122) is given by

0 = D1 − D2 r −1 I1
qr 0 = D2 r −1 I1
qr (123)

where D are arbitrary constants, and q and  are defined in (58) and (62). On the
boundary of 1 we have r = a, n = x /a and

" n = a−1 x 
2 + 2 + 0
a +
+  + a0
a

+
2C1 + C2 + C3 0
a +
C1 + C2 + C3 a0
a − bT ∗ 
"3 n = 0 3 n = 0 (124)
−1
a n = a x 
2 + + 0
a +
 + + a0
a +
+
2C1 + C2 + C3 0
a +
C1 + C2 + C3 a0
a − b0 T ∗ 
 THERMAL STRESSES IN CHIRAL ELASTIC BEAMS 485

From (93), we obtain Pj = 0 and Qj = 0. By using (123) and (124) the conditions
(91) become

2 +  + aD1 + l1 D2 = baT ∗ 
2C1 + C2 + C3 aD1 + l2 D2 = b0 aT ∗ (125)

where

l1 =
C1 −  I1
qa + aC1 + C2 + C3 − 
+ 2 + I1
qa

(126)
l2 =
 − C1 I1
qa + a + +  − 
C1 + C2 + C3 I1
qa
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It follows from (125) that

D1 = aT ∗
bl2 − b0 l1 /d∗  D2 = a2 T ∗ 
2 + 2 + b0 −
2C1 + C2 + C3 b/d∗

(127)
d∗ = a
2 + 2 + l2 −
2C1 + C2 + C3 l1 

The functions 0 and 0 are defined by (123) where the constants D1 and D2 are
given by (127). In a similar way we can solve the problems P
3 and P
4 . The
solution of the problem P
3 is defined by

−1

3 = x B1 r −1 I1
qr u3 = 3 = 0

3
3
 = x A1 − r B1 I1
qr
u
3 (128)

where A1 and B1 are

A1 =
C1 l1 − l2 a/d∗  B1 = 
C2 + C3  −
2 + C1 a2 /d∗ (129)

The problem P
4 has the following solution

 
−1 −1 1
4
4
u = x E1 − H1 r I1
qr  = x H1 r I1
qr −

4
4
 u3 = 3 = 0 (130)
2

where the constants E1 and H1 are given by

1
E1 = 
C1 + C3 l2 −
+ l1 a
2d∗
(131)
1
H1 = − ∗ 
2C1 + C2 + C3 
C2 + C3  −
2 + 2 + 
+ a
2d
It follows from (95), (128) and (130) that

D3 = 0 D4 = 0
D33 = #
+ 2 + a2 + 2# a2 A1 + 2#
C1 − aB1 I1
qa
D34 = #
C2 + C3 a2 + 2# a2 E1 + 2#
C1 − aH1 I1
qa (132)
1
D44 = #
+ a2 +
2 + #a4 + 2#a2 C1 E1 + 2#q −1 a2 H1 I2
qa
4
+ 2#
 − C1 aH1 I1
qa
 486 D. IEŞAN

In view of (121), (123) and (105) we obtain

R∗3 = #a2
2 D1 − b0 T ∗  + 2#
C1 − D2 aI1
qa

(133)
M∗ = 0 M3∗ = #a2
2C1 D1 − b0 T ∗  + 2#aD2 aq −1 I2
qa +
 − C1 I1
qa

With the help of (103) and (132) we find that D3 = D4 = 0 From the system (104)
we find the constants ak ,

a1 = a2 = 0 a3 =
D34 M3∗ − D44 R∗3  a4 =
D34 R∗3 − D33 M3∗ 

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where −1 = D33 D44 − D34

2
. We conclude that the solution of the problem is given
by

u =  3 a4 x x3 + x a3 A1 + a4 E1 − r −1
a3 B1 + a4 H1 I1
qr + D1 − D2 r −1 I1
qr

u3 = a3 x3  3 = a4 x3 (134)
 
−1 1 −1
 = x r
a3 B1 + a4 H1 I1
qr − a4 + D2 r I1
qr
2

It follows from (134) that a uniform temperature field in a chiral circular cylinder
generates a torsional effect.

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