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Wetlands y p l u s
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Sudarshanm Gurjar
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Wetland
• A wetland is a place where the land is covered sby water. Marshes,
o
ponds, the edge of a lake/ocean, the delta date the mouth of a river,
vi these are wetlands.
low-lying areas that frequently flood — allsof
• Wetlands are also considered theymost l u
p biologically diverse of all
ecosystems, serving as home to a m wide range of plant and animal life.
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• National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP) s

eo
• Government of India opertionalized National i d Wetland Conservation
v with concerned State
Programme (NWCP) in closed collaboration
l u s
Government during the year 1985/86.
y p
• Under the programme 115 wetlands
e m have been identified till now by
the Ministry which requiresa d
urgent conservation and management
c
initiatives. na u
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• The main wetland types are swamp, marsh, bog, and s fen
eo
v i d
• sub-types include mangrove forest, carr, floodplains, sink, and many
others.
l u s
• Many peatlands are wetlands. yp m
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A swamp is a wetland that is forested. o s

i d e
Swamps are considered to be transition
s v
zones because both land and water play a l u
role in creating this environment.
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• A marsh is a wetland that is dominated by herbaceouss rather than

woody plant species. eo
v i d
• Marshes can often be found at the edgesus of lakes and streams, where
l
p and
they form a transition between the aquatic
y
m dominated by grasses, rushes
terrestrial ecosystems. They are often
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• A bog or bogland is a wetland that accumulates peat,

s a deposit of
o
dead plant material. de v i
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• Fen: Peat rich areas that receive nutrients from thes water that flows
through them (surface runoff, groundwater). d e o
Typically flooded in the
vi and shrubs.
winter and dominated by mosses, sedges,srushes,
Streams and/or pools may be present.plu
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If woody plants are present they tend to be low-growing shrubs, and then
sometimes called carrs
o s
i d e
Carrs are wetlands that are dominated by shrubs rather
than trees. s v
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Ramsar Convention
• The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance is an international treaty for the
conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.
• It is named after the city of Ramsar in Iran, where the Convention was signed in 1971.
o s
• Every three years, representatives of the Contracting Parties meet as the Conference of the Contracting
Parties (COP).
i d e
• COP12 was held in Punta del Este, Uruguay, in 2015. s v
• COP13 was held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, in October p l u
2018.
• China to host next Ramsar COP14 in 2021 m y
• The 2nd of February each year is World Wetlands d e
Day
c a of 171 Ramsar Contracting Parties across the world.
• The countries with the most Sites are u n a
• There are over 2,300 Ramsar Sites on the territories
the United Kingdom with 175 and Mexico with 142.
• Bolivia has the largest area under@
Ramsar protection.
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International organization partners

• The Ramsar Convention works closely with six other organisations known as International
Organization Partners (IOPs). These are: o s
• Birdlife International i d e
• International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) u s v
l
• International Water Management Institute (IWMI) yp
• Wetlands International e m
a d
• WWF International
a c
• Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT)n
u
@
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A wetland can be considered to be internationally important if any of

the following criteria apply
• "it contains a representative, rare, or unique example of a natural or near-natural wetland type found within
the appropriate biogeographic region." o s
e
• "it supports vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangeredidspecies or threatened ecological
communities."
s v
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• "it supports populations of plant and/or animal species important for maintaining the biological diversity of
a particular biogeographic region." y
mstage in their life cycles, or provides refuge during
e
• "it supports plant and/or animal species at a critical
d
adverse conditions."
c a
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• "it regularly supports 20,000 or more waterbirds."
nfishes, spawning ground, nursery and/or migration path on which fish
u
• "it is an important source of food for
@or elsewhere, depend.
stocks, either within the wetland
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The Montreux Record

• The Montreux Record is a register of wetland sites on the List of Ramsar
o s
wetlands of international importance where changes in ecological character have
i d e
occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur as a result of technological
developments, pollution or other human interference. s v
l u
p specific wetlands of international
• It is a voluntary mechanism to highlight y
m
importance that are facing immediate challenges.
e
ofdRamsar wetlands of international importance
• It is maintained as part of the List a
a c
u n
• The Montreux Record was established in 1990
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d e 1 October 1981
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2 December 2019 d e
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Ashtamudi Lake
• Kollam District of the Indian state of Kerala s

o
• the Neendakara port at the confluence offerid aemeans of transport for
the state's trade and commerce. s v
l u
p into the Ashtamudi Lake.
y
• Kallada River is a major river discharging
m
• Munroe Island d e
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Beas Conservation Reserve

• The Beas Conservation Reserve is a 185-kilometresstretch of the Beas
River located primarily in the north-west of the e o
State of Punjab.
v i d
l u s
• The Reserve also hosts the only known population in India of the
endangered Indus river dolphin yp m
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Bhitarkanika Mangroves
• Bhitarkanika Mangroves s
eo
• The Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary, which
v i d bounds the
Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary.
l u s
• Olive ridley turtles yp m
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• The Bhoj Wetland consists of two lakes located in sthe city of Bhopal,
the capital of the central Indian state of Madhya eoPradesh. The two
lakes are the Bhojtal (Upper Lake) & the Lower v d
i Lake, which lie to the
west of the city center. l u s
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Chandra Taal
• Kunzum Pass s
eo
vi d
l u s
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Chilika Lake
• Chilika Lake is a brackish water lagoon, spread over the Puri, Khurda and Ganjam districts of Odisha
o s
• It is the largest wintering ground for migratory birds
i d e
v
• Birds from as far as the Caspian Sea, Lake Baikal, Aral Sea and other
s
• remote parts of Russia, Kirghiz steppes of Kazakhstan, Centrallu
and southeast
Asia, Ladakh and Himalayas come here.
y p
m
• Nalbana Bird Sanctuary or Nalbana Island is the core area of the Ramsar designated wetlands of Chilika Lake
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• Dipor Bil, Deepor Beel o s

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Wildlife Sanctuary is around 35 km to the right.
m y
It is a few kilometres to the left of Guwahati whereas Pobitora
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Rudrasagar Lake l u
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Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary

• It was renamed as Chandra Shekhar Azad Bird Sanctuary
s in 2015.
eo
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Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary
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Largest Ramsar Sites in India

Ramsar Site State Area in Sq. km
1) Sunderbans Wetland West Bengal 4230

o s
2) Vembanad Kol Wetland Kerala
id e 1512
3) Chilka Lake Orissa

s v 1165
l u
pin India
y
Smallest Ramsar Sites
m
1) Renuka Wetland Himachal d e
Pradesh 0.2
c a
2) Chandertal Wetland
n a
Himachal Pradesh 0.49
uPunjab
3) Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary
@ 1
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Oldest Ramsar Sites in India
1) Chilka Lake Orissa 1981
o s
2) Keoladeo Ghana NP Rajasthan
id e
1981
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Wetlands: @unacademyplusvideos

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Find

• National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP) s

A swamp is a wetland that is forested. o s

• A marsh is a wetland that is dominated by herbaceouss rather than

• A bog or bogland is a wetland that accumulates peat,

International organization partners

A wetland can be considered to be internationally important if any of

The Montreux Record

• Kollam District of the Indian state of Kerala s

Beas Conservation Reserve

• Dipor Bil, Deepor Beel o s

Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary

Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary

Largest Ramsar Sites in India

1) Sunderbans Wetland West Bengal 4230

3) Chilka Lake Orissa

1) Chilka Lake Orissa 1981

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