Lily Moore

Mrs. Thomas

UWRT 1104

02/23/2020

Research Summaries

Source #1:

1. Harris, Nadine Burke. TED, Sept. 2014,

www.ted.com/talks/nadine_burke_harris_how_childhood_trauma_affects_health_across_

a_lifetime. 

2. This source is a Ted Talk. The speaker of the Ted Talk is Dr. Nadine Burke Harris. She is

an award winning Surgeon General in Northern California. Dr. Nadine Burke Harris has

spent the majority of her career working with and for underserved communities in order

to provide them with health services. She founded a clinic in San Francisco that is

targeted for the underserved community of Bayview Hunters Point. She is also a recipient

of the Arnold P. Gold Foundation Humanism in Medicine Award. Furthermore she was

named one of San Francisco’s most influential women of 2018. 

3. Dr. Burke Harris claims that facing adversity in an individual’s young life is detrimental

to the development of said individual. During her speech about growing up in an

underserved community, she compares statistics of the higher probability that growing up

in a more well versed community ultimately leads to less struggles with adversity in a

home because of access to care. She speaks about why she opened the Center for

Wellness Promotion in San Francisco, California as well. One of her most credible

attributes is that she uses a research study called the Adverse Childhood Experiences
 study. This study measures the experiences of the individual taking it in order to

accurately determine the correlation in adversity and health problems. Pathos is used in

this source in the way Dr. Burke Harris speaks. Her tone of voice and passion resonates

to the audience to allow for more feeling to be portrayed. Logos is used in this source

through the way that Dr. Burke Harris quotes a study and uses the study to relate to her

experiences in the clinics she worked at and the clinic she founded in San Francisco. 

4. This is one of the first real sources I have looked at for my research so it’s hard to say

how this source compares to other sources since I’m in the beginning stage of the

process. From some of the other sources I have looked at this source agrees that facing

trauma or adversity in one’s life leads to health complications. The difference in this

source and other sources that I have looked at, is that Dr. Burke Harris speaks more on a

physical health level including heart disease, obesity, and cancer, versus other sources

that just compare mental health complications. 

5. “...The second thing they found was that there was a dose-response relationship between

ACE’s and health outcomes: the higher your ACE score, the worse your health

outcomes.” (minute 5:30) “This is Treatable. This is Beatable. The single most important

thing we need today is the courage to look this problem in the face and say, this is real

and this is all of us. I believe that we are the movement.” (minute 15:14)

6. After finding this source I have decided that instead of only looking at the mental health

implications that facing adversity and trauma has on a person, I should also be looking at

the overall physical health of the individual. It wasn’t something that crossed my mind as

important or even possible that trauma not only affects mental health but it also affects
 physical health. I think I will use this source as a way to expand my prospect for issues

relating to the outcomes of facing trauma.

Source #2:

1. Segal, Jeanne, et al. “Emotional and Psychological Trauma.” HelpGuide.org, 24 Feb.

2020, www.helpguide.org/articles/ptsd-trauma/coping-with-emotional-and-

psychological-trauma.htm. 

2. One of the author’s of this article is Jeanne Segal. She has an M.A in Psychology and 

Ph.D in Sociology with a specialty in holistic health. Segal has been a therapist for over

45 years as well as working with many non profit organizations including the L.A

Women’s Foundation and the Center for Healthy Aging. She has written five books over

the last 40 years on various subjects surrounding healthy relationships and

transformations. Another author for this article is Lawrence Robinson who has over ten

years experience writing about health and fitness with HelpGuide. Lastly Melinda Smith

who has an M.A in psychology and has over 15 years experience as a health writer and

editor. She specializes in giving readers the right information in order for them to make

educated choices and take control of their mental health. 

3. The article focuses on emotional and psychological trauma and some of the causes

including one time events, ongoing or relentless stress, and other common overlooked

causes such as surgery, relationship breakups, or the loss of someone close to you. The

article also outlines childhood trauma including examples such as domestic violence,

neglect, serious illness, and many more. Further down the article begins to list ways of

coping with trauma for the reader. There isn’t much pathos used in this article until you

follow the steps for recovering trauma. The pathos used in the steps for recovering or
 coping with trauma is more directed towards someone who has experienced a trauma that

the steps might help. The logos of the article is set in the types of traumas and in the

descriptions of how trauma symptoms present and the typical lifetime of said symptoms. 

4. This source agrees with the other couple of sources I have found so far in the sense that

they believe that trauma presents in deeply engraved symptoms in a victim. Because I

have only found a couple of sources as of yet, it is difficult to compare them especially

when my first source deals in childhood adversity while this one describes more trauma

symptoms and events. 

5. “There is no “right” or “wrong” way to think, feel, or respond, so don’t judge your own

reactions or those of other people.” (Symptoms of psychological trauma, pp. 1) “But even

when you’re feeling better, you may be troubled from time to time by painful memories

or emotions—especially in response to triggers such as an anniversary of the event or

something that reminds you of the trauma.” (Healing from Trauma, pp 1.)

6. I believe that this source is extremely helpful in discovering better ways to cope after

experiencing trauma. I really like how this article helps readers to know that recovering

from trauma isn’t an easy road to go down and it’s okay to feel the way you do during the

process. This source also brings light to different types of treatment for trauma as well as

how to help a loved one while they go through their traumatic experience. This source is

very focused on types of trauma and ways to deal with said traumas. 

Source #3: 

1. Bartlett, Jessica Dym, and Vanessa Sacks. “Adverse Childhood Experiences Are

Different than Child Trauma, and It's Critical to Understand Why.” Child Trends, 27 Feb.
 2020, www.childtrends.org/adverse-childhood-experiences-different-than-child-trauma-

critical-to-understand-why. 

2. Jessica Dym Bartlett as one of the authors of this article. She has her Bachelor’s (BA),

Master’s(MA, and Doctorate (Ph.D), in child studies and human development from Tufts

University, as well as her Master’s in Social Work (MSW) from Simmons School of

Social Work. Bartlett has been interviewed and quoted in many publications as well as

she has been published in many peer-review journals. Bartlett’s specific interests fall in

the category of “...mental health, well-being, and care of young children who experience

and who are at risk for experiencing trauma and adversity…” (ChildTrends)  The other

author for this article, Vanessa Sacks, has been working in the Youth Development

Research Area. Sacks has also worked extensively in non-profit organization fundraising.

Sacks has a primary interest in researching social and health barriers that low-income

youths face. 

3. This article has a few major topics involved in the research. The main ones include

definitions and examples of childhood adversity, trauma, and toxic stress. The article

defines childhood adversity as “... a broad term that refers to a wide range of

circumstances or events that pose a serious threat to a child’s physical or psychological

well-being” (Bartlett, Sacks). After defining what childhood adversity is, the authors

describe examples of such including bullying, domestic violence, neglect, extreme

poverty, and many more. Later on in the article the authors also define trauma as “one

possible outcome of exposure to adversity” (Bartlett, Sacks). After defining trauma the

article moves to explain types of trauma and how trauma affects each individual

differently, using the example that two individuals go through the same trauma event but
 have different symptoms and reactions. Lastly the article defines toxic stress and how it

wears the body and brain down over time. While defining these topics the article refers to

the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) and how the number of ACE’s that a child

experiences shouldn’t be the only factor looked at in order to get the widest range of

information when studying a child with these experiences and resulting trauma. In

defining so many major topics throughout this article you can understand the logos

through the factual definitions of these topics. Furthermore, the pathos of this article

comes more from who is reading it. The article is going to play into the emotions of

someone who has experienced this type of trauma and adversity more than someone who

hasn’t. 

4. The biggest way that this source agrees with another that I have found is through

discussing the Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) study. One of my other sources, the

TED Talk presented by Dr. Nadine Burke Harris, also used the ACE study in order to

further her understanding of children’s experiences and their resulting trauma. Another

way this article agrees with my other sources is through the examples shown for adversity

and trauma. Many of the examples I keep seeing are the same throughout sources. 

5. “It is equally important to assess each child’s well-being to inform the type(s) of services

that would most benefit that child.” (Adverse Childhood Experiences, pp. 2) “However,

adversity does not predestine children to poor outcomes, and most children are able to

recover when they have the right support…” (Childhood Adversity, pp. 1)

6. This source is helpful in confirming the credibility of my TED Talk as an earlier source.

Finding another article that uses a study like that is encouraging that I am on the right

track to finding the most solid and cohesive sources that will help me write a successful
 paper on this topic. I believe that this source is helpful in furthering my understanding

that experiencing adversity comes before experiencing the effects of trauma. Most trauma

comes from prolonged exposure to adversity with the exception of one time event trauma

such as an accident or major acute injury. 

Source #4: 

1. “About the CDC-Kaiser ACE Study |Violence Prevention|Injury Center|CDC.” Centers

for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2 Apr.

2019, www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/childabuseandneglect/acestudy/about.html. 

2. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention website works more as a collective effort

for those involved in the science and studies behind CDC findings. The CDC is a

governmentally funded group that focuses it’s science discoveries on diseases and disease

prevention which helps to protect and heal the United States from harmful diseases and

substances. 

3. This page of the CDC website focuses on the Kaiser Adverse Childhood Experiences

(ACE) study. This study “is one of the largest investigations of childhood abuse and

neglect and household challenges and later-life health and well-being” (CDC). This study

was conducted as a two wave study in the late 1990’s. It included over 17,000 health

organization members who were instructed to go through physicals and answer questions

about their past and the Adverse Childhood Experiences they may have encountered. One

of the features of this page is the ACE pyramid which shows the progression by which

the experiences lead to health complications ultimately ending in death at the top of the

pyramid. Another portion of the page is how the ACE experiences are categorized into

three groups including abuse, neglect, and household challenges. The logos of this
 webpage is shown through the statistics and data presented by the study starting from the

ACE definitions, to the participant demographics (age, race, gender, and education), to

the prevalence of the results from the study. The pathos of this study comes from the

results as well because it shows just how many people have had these Adverse Childhood

Experiences. 

4. This source doesn’t necessarily agree or disagree with my other sources because some of

my other sources use this study as a reference in their findings. The reason I chose this

source is because my first source, the TED Talk with Dr. Nadine Burke Harris, mentions

this study extensively through her research as well as her success in her line of work and

founding of her clinic in the Bayview Hunters Point community of San Francisco. 

5. “Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are categorized into three groups: abuse,

neglect, and household challenges. Each category is further divided into multiple

subcategories.” (Data and Statistics, pp. 1) “Study findings show a graded dose-response

relationship between ACEs and negative health and well-being outcomes. In other words,

as the number of ACEs increases so does the risk for negative outcomes.” (Major

Findings, pp. 3)

6. After finding and reading the information on this source I feel confident in looking

through other sources that mention this study as one of their points. I think that the data

and statistics section of this source is going to be very helpful in portraying both logos

and pathos in my final paper because the numbers are facts and numbers make the

situation more real for the reader. 

Source #5:
1. Godwin, Lisa. TED, Oct. 2019,

www.ted.com/talks/lisa_godwin_how_teachers_can_help_students_navigate_trauma. 

2. The speaker of this TED Talk, Lisa Godwin, worked as a teacher in the Onslow North

Carolina School District. She received the awards for the North Carolina Teacher of the

Year in 2017, as well as the North Carolina NEA Educator of Excellence award. Godwin

received her Bachelor of Arts degree in Education from St. Andrews University, as well

as her Master of School Administration from the University of North Carolina at Chapel

Hill. Additionally from 2017 to 2019, Godwin sat on the Board of Education as the

teacher advisor for the state of North Carolina. 

3. In this TED Talk, Godwin speaks from experience in bringing to light her own personal

experience with childhood adversity through sexual abuse. Godwin talks about how as a

child she was always extremely excited to begin schooling but that was ultimately ruined

when she began to be sexually assaulted. Godwin has been using her voice and her story

to try and express the importance of really getting to know your students and being aware

of what’s going on in order to make the most successful environment. During the speech

Godwin emphasizes inserting yourself into student’s daily lives through discussion and

activities as well as recess and lunchtime in the younger grades. Godwin experienced this

through her schooling with a counselor at school as well as one of her teachers while her

abuser made it extremely hard for her to continue at school. 

4. It’s hard for me to say that this source is agreeing or disagreeing with my other sources

because it is just so different than anything I have watched or read before. This source is

different in the way that it emphasizes the importance of making sure that help is

available for students of all ages who may need it. When you really think about the
 concept of the video the basis is not just for students but for anyone with friends, family,

and peers. It highlights te importance of just being aware and keeping an eye and ear out

for those around you who may be going through a rough time or something bigger like

rape, sexual assault, abuse, adversity, and so much more. 

5. “The Center for Disease Control has estimated that over half of our nation's children have

experienced at least one or two types of childhood trauma.” (minute 0:27)  “It was easier

to believe the abuser rather than the child. So I was told to never speak of it again. I was

made to feel like I had done something wrong, again. It was devastating.” (minute 6:44)

6. I think the fact that this source was so different from everything else I have read and

looked into for my research makes it that much more important to the success of my

topic. My topic is so broad across the topic of trauma and adversity that it’s nice to have

many different points of view that all relate back to how people cope and deal with

adversity and existing trauma. I want to find some more sources like this that highlight

the outside aspects other than just definitions and examples of trauma and adversity as

well as their potential treatment options. 

Source #6:

1. Staff, Mayo Clinic. “Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for

Medical Education and Research, 16 Mar. 2019, www.mayoclinic.org/tests-

procedures/cognitive-behavioral-therapy/about/pac-20384610. 

2. Mayo Clinic has been named the top hospital by U.S News and World Report. Mayo

Clinic is famous for paying attention to care as well as being the ones to publicize the

model for paying their doctors on salary instead of on fees in order to ensure patient care

and rule out the ordering on unnecessary medical tests in order to pad doctors paychecks.
 Additionally Mayo Clinic is a general medical and surgical facility that offers great

doctors and great care to their patients. Mayo Clinic also conducts research projects that

help further their status and credibility of doctors. 

3. This article from the Mayo Clinic is another broad source that describes one type of

treatment recommended to patients or victims of adversity and that are experiencing

trauma of their own. This source describes what Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is and

why it is used so frequently as a form of coping or working through negative events and

thoughts. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is probably the most common type of therapy

used in cases of adversity and people suffering from trauma. This form of therapy is

extremely useful in assessing and addressing emotional challenges such as working

through a mental health relapse, coping with grief or loss, working through chronic

illness pain, and much more. It also works well in addressing depression, anxiety

disorder, phobias, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, and more mental health disorders.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is fairly inexpensive with insurance you just have to find

the right doctors and resources. Another major factor involved in Cognitive Behavioral

Therapy is that because it’s just therapy where you sit down with a psychologist it carries

little to virtually no risks in attempting the process to help with what you may be going

through. 

4. This source agrees with some of my other sources because of the topic that it is on. Some

of my other sources talk about some different types of treatments for working through the

effects of trauma and so I decided to look through some of them and so I chose this one

first. While looking through other sources and then this one the methods of Cognitive

Behavioral Therapy are consistent with what I’ve read on some other sources as well as it
 aligns with what Lisa Godwin was discussing through her TED Talk on childhood

adversity and why teachers need to make sure they keep an eye out for their students

well-being. 

5. “Cognitive behavioral therapy may not cure your condition or make an unpleasant

situation go away. But it can give you the power to cope with your situation in a healthy

way and to feel better about yourself and your life. (Results) “Cognitive behavioral

therapy is used to treat a wide range of issues.” (Why it’s Done)

6. This source is going to be very helpful through my research and how I find the best ways

to cope and find treatments for patients and victims of the effects of trauma in their lives.

I think that the more definitions, examples, and statistics I can find on different types of

coping mechanisms and treatment the better and more thorough my research will be and

the easier it’s going to be to write a cohesive and successful paper. 

Source #7:

1. “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.” National Institute of Mental Health, U.S. Department

of Health and Human Services, May 2016, www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/post-

traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/index.shtml. 

2. The National Institute of Mental Health is credible because of its government funding

and accessibility to the resources available for the research needed to provide successful

and helpful information to the public. The National Institute of Mental Health is the

largest research organization in the world specializing in mental health and the best

treatments for mental health disorders. 

3. This source outlines the signs and symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress disorder. Under the

category of signs and symptoms it explains how doctors determine whether or not
 someone is afflicted with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. This includes having all of the

following signs and symptoms, for at least one month before they can be diagnosed, one

re-experiencing symptom, one avoidance symptom, two arousal and reactivity symptoms,

and two cognitive and mood symptoms. After listing the requirements to get diagnosed

with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder it begins to list examples of those experiences in

order to best inform the reader. Further down in the article it describes the risk factors

involved in Post Traumatic Stress DIsorder as well as some reason why some people

develop PTSD and why others never develop the disorder. The logos of this article comes

from the definitions and facts described throughout the paragraphs in order to research

more about the topic. Finally the pathos is shown through what kind of treatment is

available and most effective for the many people who go through this disorder everyday. 

4. This source is just another source that elaborates on the other sources I have found that

describe all the potential treatments and coping mechanisms available to patients and

victims. This source agrees with my Mayo Clinic Cognitive Behavioral Therapy source

that described a different form of treatment for those going through a rough time with

adversity and trauma symptoms and affects. Another way that it agrees with some of my

other sources is through the examples listed on almost all of my sources that all have very

consistent examples and explanations across all platforms. 

5. “Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder that develops in some people who

have experienced a shocking, scary, or dangerous event.” (Overview, pp. 1) “Anyone can

develop PTSD at any age.” (Risk Factors, pp. 1)

6. This source is good in that it draws attention to another type of mental health disorder

that is the result of trauma. The disorder is literally named after experiencing trauma in a
 high capacity. I think it’s good to cover all of the bases when it comes to a successful

summary of things that can result from experiencing adversity and trauma in one’s life. 

Source #8: 

1. Basile, Kathleen C, et al. “1 In 3 American Women Has Experienced Some Type of

Sexual Violence.” Womenshealth.gov, 14 Mar. 2019,

www.womenshealth.gov/relationships-and-safety/sexual-assault-and-rape/sexual-assault. 

2. The first Author and medical reviewer is Kathleen Basile. She has her Ph.D and is the

lead behavioral scientist for the Division of Violence Prevention, the National Center for

Injury Prevention and control, and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The

second author is Kathryn Jones who has her Masters in Social work is a public health

advisor for the National Center for Injury Prevention and control, and the Center for

Disease Control and Prevention. Lastly, Sharon SMith who has her Ph.D is a behavioral

scientist for the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, and the Center for

Disease Control and Prevention. 

3. This is another article that focuses more directly on one topic that is a trigger for trauma

but that is also one of the most known and common types of assault that results in trauma.

This article summarizes the definition of sexual assault as well as taking you throught the

aspects that coincide with the caretaking of the victim. The article is split into sections

and I think one of the most important sections is the one outlining consent and the

importance of receiving help for individuals who have experienced this type of trauma.

There is another section further down in this article that outlines what you should do in

the event athat you have experienced or may experience sexual assault of any kind to ny

degreee of violence and that is important for the survuval eate of individuals who have
 experienced this type of trauma. The sections of this article evolve from explaing the ins

and outs of sexual assault to what you should do if you come in contatc with a sexual

assault and then further down it talks about how people who may or may not have

experienced sexual assault can helkpp those in need during the recvery process for them. 

4. This source isn’t one that I can describe as agreeing or disagreeing to my other sources.

Again I was trying to find sources that explain more aspects of adversity and trauma that

happen many times a day to many different people. One of the important things about this

website is that it covers all bases rather than just the definition and symptoms or trauma

but it also explains how, if any, long term health affects may come around after

experiencing trauama like a sexual assault. 

5. “Getting support after a sexual assault can help. You are not alone. Reach out to friends

or family, talk to a counselor or advocate, or join a support group in person or online.”

(Long Term Effects) “Remind this person you believe them. Reinforce the message that

she or he is not at fault. A victim never causes sexual assault or “asks for it.” (Help) 

6. This source is going to help me continue expanding on the different types of disorders

and the different types of trauma that can occur. This source also hit the closest to home

for me while I was reading the information on sexual assault. I think this one is going to

be the strongest for me to write with because I can connect my pathos to the words in

order to better connect with the reader.