Tce Guidlines For Steel Structure Members As Per Is 800

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DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL STEEL ELEMENTS AS PER IS: 800-2007
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CONTENT
Sl No Content Page No
1.0 INRODUCTION 1
2.0 APPLICABLE CODES 1
3.0 NOTATIONS 1
4.0 USER FEEDBACK 1
5.0 BEHAVIOUR OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS 1
5.1 Behaviour of member subjected to axial Tension 1
5.2 Behaviour of member subjected to axial Compression 4
5.3 Behaviour of member subjected to Bending 8
5.4 Classification of steel sections for local buckling: 9
6.0 LIMIT STATE DESIGNS (LSD) 11
7.0 DESIGN STEPS FOR TENSION MEMBERS 13
8.0 DESIGN STEPS FOR COMPRESSION MEMBERS 14
8.1 Concentric Loading: 14
8.2 Eccentric Loading: 15
9.0 DESIGN STEPS FOR BENDING MEMBERS 16
9.1 Laterally Supported I-Beam and Channel bending about major axis 16
9.1.1 Design for Shear 16
9.1.2 Design for Flexure 17
9.2 Laterally Unsupported I-Beams & Channels bending about Major Axis 19
9.3 I-Beam & Channel bending about minor axis 20
9.4 Box Section bending about major and minor axis 20
10.0 DESIGN STEPS FOR COMBINED AXIL & BENDING 20
11.0 DESIGN OF BASE PLATE FOR BENDING 22
12.0 REFERENCES 22
Appendix DESIGN EXAMPLES

Appendix-A DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS
• SINGLE ANGLE - WELDED A-1
• DOUBLE & STAR ANGLE - WELDED A-2
• BOX (2MC) - WELDED A-3
• ROLLED I-SECTION A-4
• SINGLE ANGLE - BOLTED A-5
• DOUBLE & STAR ANGLE - BOLTED A-6
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Appendix-B DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS

• ROLLED I-SECTION B-1
• BUILT-UP I-SECTION B-3
• SINGLE ANGLE B-4
Case 1: Loaded through both the legs (Concentric loading) B-4
Case 2: Loaded through one of its leg (Eccentric Loading) B-4
• DOUBLE ANGLE B-5
• STAR ANGLE B-6
• BOX-SECTION TOE-TO-TOE B-7
Appendix-C DESIGN BENDING MEMBERS

• LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAM - PLASTIC AND COMPACT C-1
Case 1: Moment Capacity with Low Shear load (Vu ≤ 0.6Vd) C-1
Case 2: Moment Capacity with High Shear load (Vu > 0.6Vd) C-2
• LATERALLY SUPPORTED I-BEAM - SEMI COMPACT C-4
Case 1: Moment Capacity with Low Shear load (Vu ≤ 0.6Vd) C-4
Case 2: Moment Capacity with Low Shear load (Vu > 0.6Vd) C-6
• SELECTION OF SUITABLE SECTION FOR LATERALLY
SUPPORTED BEAM C-6
• LATERALLY UNSUPPORTED I-BEAM C-9
Case 1: Non-dimensional slenderness ratio λLT >0.4 C-9
Case 2: Non-dimensional slenderness ratio λLT ≤0.4 C-11
• BOX-SECTION C-13
• MEMBER SUBJECTED BENDING ABOUT MINOR AXIS C-15
Appendix-D MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED FORCES

• COMBINED AXIAL COMPRESSION & BIAXIAL BENDING
- Built-Up I-Section D-1
• COMBINED AXIAL COMPRESSION & BIAXIAL BENDING
- Rolled I-Section D-6
• COMBINED AXIAL TENSION AND BIAXIAL BENDING
- Rolled I-Section D-11
Annexure-I WARPING CONSTANT Iw (Cw) FOR DIFFERENT SHAPES
Annexure-II PLASTIC SECTION MODULUS

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1.0 INRODUCTION
This document aims at assisting Engineers to use the latest Indian Standard code of
practice "General Construction in Steel using Hot-Rolled Steel Sections" (IS: 800-
2007). The present revision of the code is based on the limit state method of design
philosophy whereas the earlier revision of the code was based on working stress
method.
This document explains the behaviour of various elements of structures and provides
the design steps for different elements. Appendix-A to D gives the design examples for
structural steel elements as per IS: 800-2007 using Limit State Design (LSD) method.
2.0 APPLICABLE CODES

Following codes are applicable for the design
(a) IS: 800-2007 Code of practice for General Construction of steel
(b) IS: 808-1989 Dimensions for hot rolled steel beam, column, channel and
angle sections
(c) IS: 2062-1999 Steel for general structural purposes - Specification
(d) SP: 6 (1) -1964 Handbook for Structural Engineers - Structural Steel Sections
(e) BS: 5960 - 1990 Structural use of steelwork in building
3.0 NOTATIONS
All symbols/notations are given in the respective paragraphs
4.0 USER FEEDBACK

Users can send their feedback on this document through e-mail to:
nagarajbn@tce.co.in
brrangaswamy@tce.co.in
5.0 BEHAVIOUR OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

5.1 Behaviour of member subjected to axial Tension
Load deformation behaviour of axially loaded tension member is similar to the
corresponding basic material stress strain behaviour. Mild steel members (IS: 2062)
(Refer Fig. 1(a)) exhibit an elastic range (a-b) ending at yielding (b). This is followed by
yield plateau (b-c). In the Yield Plateau the load remains constant as the elongation
increases to nearly ten times the yield strain. Under further stretching the material shows
a smaller increase in tension with elongation (c-d), compared to the elastic range. This
range is referred to as the strain hardening range. After reaching the ultimate load (d), the
loading decreases as the elongation increases (d-e) until rupture (e). High strength steel
tension members do not exhibit a well-defined yield point and a yield plateau. The 0.2%
offset load, T, as shown in Fig.1 (b) is usually taken as the yield point in such cases.
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Fig. 1(a) Stress-Strain Curve for Milld Steel Fig. 1((b) Stress-Straain Curve for High
H strength Steel
Modes off Tension Failure:

F
The differeent modes of
o failure off tension meembers are
(a) Grooss section yielding
y
(a) Ruppture of critiical section
(a) Blocck shear faiilure
Gross secction yieldin ng: Althouugh steel teension mem mbers can ssustain load ds up to thhe
ultimate looad withoutt failure, thee elongation
n of the meembers at thhis load wou
uld be nearlly
10-15% off the original length annd the struccture supporrted by the member would becom me
unserviceaable. Hence, in the desiign of tension memberrs, the yieldd load is usuually taken as
a
the limitinng load. Thhe corresponnding desig gn strength in memberr under axiial tension is
given by
Tdg = Ag fy / γmo
Wherre, Ag= gross areaa of cross-seection; γmo= Partial saffety factor for
f yieldingg
Rupture off Critical Section
S (Nett Section Rupture): A tension meember is ofteen connecteed
to the maiin or other members by b bolts or welds. Whhen connected using bolts, b tensioon
members haveh holes and hence reduced crross sectionn, being refeerred to as the net areea.
Holes in thhe memberss cause stresss concentraation whichh is in the rannge of 2 to 3, dependinng
upon the ratio
r of the diameter
d off the hole to
o the width of the platee normal to the directioon
of stress.
Fig. 2:
2 Stress distribution at a hole in a plate underr tension
When a teension mem mber with a hole is loaaded staticaally, the pooint adjacen nt to the hole
reaches yieeld stress, fy, first. On further
f load ns constant at
ding, the streess at that ppoint remain
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yield stresss and eachh fiber aw way from th he hole proogressively reaches yiield stress fy
[Fig.2(b)], until the entire
e net seection at th
he hole reacches the yieeld stress, fy, [Fig.2(c))].
Finally, thhe rupture (tension faiilure) of th he member occurs whhen the entire net cross
section reaaches the ultimate stresss, fu, [Fig.2
2 (d)]. Sincee only a smaall length off the membeer
adjacent too the smalleest cross secction at the holes wouldd stretch a llot at the ultimate stresss,
and the ovverall membber elongatiion need no ot be large, as long as the stressess in the gross
section is below the yield stresss. Hence, th he design strength
s as governed byb net cross-
section at the
t hole, Tdnd , is given by
b
Tdn = 0.9 Anf u /γ m1
Where, Anc = nett area of thee cross-sectiion
fu = ultiimate stresss of the material (Tabble 1, IS: 8000)
γm1= Parrtial safety factor
f for faailure at ultiimate stresss = 1.25 (Taable 5, IS: 8000)
Block Sheear Failuree: A tension member may fail along

a end cconnection due
d to blocck
shear as shhown in Fiig.3. The coorrespondin
ng design sttrength cann be evaluatted using thhe
following equations.
Fig.33 Example of block shear failure
The blockk shear strenngth Tdb, at an end conn

nection is taaken as the smaller of
⎡ Avg f y 0.9 Atn f u ⎤ ⎡ 0.9 Avn
v fu
A f ⎤
Tdb = ⎢ + ⎥ OR Tdb = ⎢ + tg y ⎥ Clau
use. 6.4, IS: 8000
⎣ 3γ m0 γ m1 ⎦ ⎣ 3γ m1 γ m0 ⎦
Where, Avg & Avn = Miniimum grosss and net areea in shear pparallel to force
f
lar
Atg & Atn = Miniimum grosss and net areea in tensionn ⊥ to forcce
fu = Ultim
mate stress ofo the materrial (Tablee 1, IS: 800))
fy = Yieldd stress of the
t materiall
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5.2 Behaviour of member subjected to axial Compression
Steel member when subjected to compression in short elements behaves the same as in
tension. The magnitude of the yield point, the yield area and modulus of elasticity are
equal to those obtained in tension.
An absolutely different picture will be observed in long compressed element whose
length is several times greater than the width of their cross section. In this case the
element may lose its load-carrying capacity, i.e., the ability to withstand external forces,
not as a result of failure of the material, but owing to the loss of stability (buckling).
If the member is compressed by an axial force (P), then the member will be initially
remains straight and this state of equilibrium will be stable (Fig 4(a)). When the force
reaches its critical value, the linear shape of equilibrium stops and the member may
buckle in the plane of least stiffness and it will have a new curvilinear shape of stable
equilibrium (Fig 4(b)). The magnitude of the force, which causes the original stable form
of equilibrium of the member to become unstable, is known as the critical force.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Column Flexural Flexural Torsional Local Bucking
Subjected Axial Buckling torsional Buckling
load bucking
Fig 2: Column subjected to compressive force
If there is a slight initial curvature of the member (or a slight eccentricity of the
compressive for application) upon an increase in the loaf will immediately deflect from a
straight position. This deflection is first small and when the compressive force
approaches its critical value, the deflection become considerable. This indicates a
transition to unstable state. Thus the unstable state of equilibrium is characterized by
large displacements taking place even with a small increase of the load. A further
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increase ofo the comppressive foorce above the criticall value callls forth ev ven growingg
deflectionss and the member
m willl lose its lo
oad-carryingg capacity. It should be noted thaat
different value
v of critiical load coorresponds to different end conditions of the member.
m Foor
the axiallyy compressioon member shown in Fig F 2 havingg hinged endds, the criticcal load was
determinedd by Euler
π2
Pcr = EII min
L2
The load carrying
c cappacity of a compressio on member is also noticeably affeected by thee
local stabiility of its elements, which
w depeends on thee slendernesss ratio of the flangess,
webs or otther elemennts forming the cross section of thhe member. The slendeerness ratios
of these ellements are determinedd by the ratiio between their
t width and their th hickness (b//t
or h/t). Figg 4(e) showws the loss of
o load carrrying capaciity of an axxially loaded d column as
the resultss of a loss of local staability of itts flanges and
a web. C Compression n element is
called as slender
s wheen the widthh to thickneess ratio (b/tt or d/t) greeater than th
hat specifiedd
under Classs 3, in Tablle-2 of IS: 800.
8
Therefore the load caarrying cappacity of a compressioon element may reach due to twoo
causes:
(a) As thhe results off the stress in
i the memb
ber reachingg the yield ppoint (loss of
o strength)
(b) Owinng to the stress in thee member reaching
r itss critical vaalue (loss of
o stability)).
Thesse two causses are abssolutely diffferent in their
t naturee and shoulld never bee
confuused.
Effective leength factorr (K):
A compresssion membber will bucckle when the t load P reaches a ccritical leveel, called thee
critical loaad, Pcr. For the ideal pinned
p comp pression meember show wn in Fig 5, the criticaal
buckling looad can be calculated
c u
using the eff
ffective lenggth equal to the actual length
l of thee
compressioon member.

Figg 5: Both ennds Pinned Column sub bjected to compressivee force
For comprression mem mber with one end fixed and otherr end free (ccantilever tyype) (Fig 6)),
the effectivve length iss equal to 2 times the actual length as shownn in the figu
ure. i.e., thee
effective leength factorr (K) is 2.0.
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Fig 6: Canntilever Column subjeccted to comppressive forrce
The comprressive strenngth of memmber with different
d typpe end condiitions can be
b calculatedd
by equatinng the elem ment lengthh L to an equivalent
e pin-ended mmember off length KL L
subject to axial load.
The theorretical K values
v for six differeent conditioons in whiich joint rotation
r andd
translationns are eitherr fully releaased or non
nexistent aree tabulated in Table-1 (Ref. Tablee
11 of IS: 800). Wheere frame analysis
a doees not conssider the eqquilibrium of
o a framedd
structure in
i the deforrmed shapee, the effecttive length of compresssion memb bers in suchh
cases can beb calculateed using proocedure giveen Clause D-1
D of IS: 8000.
Tabble 1: Effecctive length factor for Axial

A Comppression
- - - - Bucckled shape
e
____ Orig
ginal shape
e
Effective Length 0.65 0.8 1.2 1.0 2.0 2.0

Factor K
Design Coompressivee Stress fcd (as perr Clause 7.11.2.1, IS: 80

00)
f y / γ m0
f cd = = χ . f y / γ mo ≤ f y / γ mo
φ + [φ 2 − λ 2 ] 0.5
Where,
φ = 0.5[1 + α (λ − 0.2) + λ 2 ]
λ = Non
n-dimensionnal effectivee slenderness ratio
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f y ( KL / r ) 2
λ=
π 2E
α = Imperfection factor
χ = stress reduction factor for different buckling class, slenderness ratio & fy
1
χ=
φ + [φ − λ 2 ]0.5
2
Classification of Sections under different buckling class: Buckling curves (a, b, c or d)

are shown in Fig.7. These give the value for the stress reduction factor χ of the resistance
of the column as a function of the reference slenderness for different kinds of cross-
sections (referred to different values of the imperfection factor α)
Fig 7: Cantilever Column subjected to compressive force

The imperfection factor α depends on the shape of the column cross-section considered,
the direction in which buckling can occur (Y axis or Z axis) and the fabrication process
used on the compression member (hot-rolled, welded or cold-formed); values for α,
which increase with the imperfections, are given in Table-7 of IS: 800.
Curve a represents quasi perfect shapes: hot-rolled I-sections (h/b > 1.2) with thin
flanges (tf ≤ 40mm) if buckling is perpendicular to the major axis; it also represents hot-
rolled hollow sections.
Curve b represents shapes with medium imperfections: it defines the behaviour of most
welded box-sections; of hot-rolled I-sections buckling about the minor axis; of welded I-
sections with thin flanges (tf ≤ 40mm) and of the rolled I-sections with medium flanges
(40 < tf ≤ 100mm) if buckling is about the major axis.
Curve c represents shapes with a lot of imperfections: Channel, angle, and T shaped
sections; thick welded box-sections; cold-formed hollow sections designed to the yield
strength of the original sheet; hot-rolled I-sections (h/b ≤ 1.2 and tf ≤100mm) buckling
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about the minor axis; and some welded I-sections (tf ≤ 40mm buckling about the minor
axis and tf > 40mm buckling about the major axis) are in this category
Curve d: represents shapes with maximum imperfections: it is to be used for hot-rolled
I-sections with very thick flanges (tf > 100mm) and thick welded I-sections (tf > 40mm),
if buckling occurs in the minor axis.
Table 10 of IS: 800 helps the selection of the appropriate buckling curve as a function of
the type of cross-section, of its dimensional limits and of the axis about which buckling
can occur.
5.3 Behaviour of member subjected to Bending

When the beam is subjected to bending within elastic limits, a triangular diagram of
normal stresses will be obtained in the cross section of the beam (Fig 8b). Maximum
value of stress=Moment/Section modulus. On increasing the load the extreme fiber stress
will be reach the yield point, after which stresses will not increase with continuing in
strains. Yielding of material spreads along the depth of the cross section, an elastic core
remaining in the middle part of the section and the latter will be in an elastoplastic state.
An increase in the load brings the stresses up to the yield point at all the fibers (Fig.8d).
This is called plastic hinge. The spreading of yielding along the length of the beam is
shown in Fig 8e. Under the influence of such action, a large increase in the strains will
take place at the location of the plastic hinge; the beam will sag, but will not fail.

Fig 8: Simply supported Beam subjected to central point load
When the beam flanges are sufficiently laterally supported it fails by yielding only.
A long and narrow beam that is not stiffened in the lateral direction and is loaded above a
certain limit may lose its stability and buckle in horizontal direction (Fig. 9). This
phenomenon is termed as loss of general stability. Upon a loss of general stability,
twisting of the beam cross section commences leads to displacement of the flanges
laterally and also beam, in addition to bending in a vertical plane. At this instance, beam
is also subjected to bending in horizontal plane & torsion. Therefore the wider the
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flanges annd the higheer the value of Iy, the higher
h will be the criticcal stresses and greateer
the stabilitty of the beaam.

Fig 9: Laateral tosion
nal Buckingg
Local buckkling (Fig.110) of separrate elemennts (flange, web, legs, etc) of memmbers undeer
the actionn of normall (compressive) or sh hear stressees is knownn as the looss of locaal
stability. At
A center off span of a simply sup pported beaam, the losss of local stability of a
flange maay happen because off normal sttresses (com mpressive fforce) due to bendingg
moment. Similarly,
S n
near supportts, loss of stability
s of web may hhappen due to shearingg
stresses.

Fig 10: Loss of local
l stability of flangees & web
By using plastic,
p com
mpact and semi-compact sections loocal bucklinng can be elliminated.
5.4 Classificattion of steeel sections for

f local bu
uckling:
Determininng the resisstance (strenngth) of struuctural steeel componennts requiress the designner
to considerr cross sectiional behavviour and thee overall meember behaaviour.
In the codde, cross secctions are categorized
c into four behavioural
b classes dep
pending upoon
the materiial yield strrength, the width to thickness
t raatios of thee individuall componennts
(e.g., webss and flangees) within thhe cross section, and thhe loading
(a) Plasttic or Class 1 cross sections
s whhich can deevelop plasttic hinges and a have thhe
rotation capacityy required for
f the failu
ure of the strructure by tthe formatio
on of a plasttic
mechhanism (onlly these secctions are used
u in plasttic analysis and design n). The widdth
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to thickness ratiio of plate elements
e shall be less than
t that specified und
der Class 1, in
Table-2 of IS: 800.
(b) Commpact or Class
C 2 crooss section ns which canc developp their plaastic momeent
resisttance, but have inadeequate plasstic hinge rotation
r cappacity becaause of loccal
buckkling. The width
w to thhickness rattio of platee elements shall be leess than thhat
han that speecified undeer Class 1, in Table-2 of
speciified under Class 2, buut greater th
IS: 800.
8
(c) Semi-Compact or Class 3 cross sectio ons in whicch the elastically calcullated stress in
the extreme
e commpression fiber
fi of the steel membber, assuminng an elastic distributioon
of sttresses, can reach the yield
y streng
gth, but local bucklingg is liable too prevent thhe
deveelopment off the plastic moment reesistance. The
T width too thickness ratio of plaate
elem
ments shall be less than that speecified undder Class 33, but greaater than thhat
speciified under Class 2, in Table-2 of IS:
I 800.
(d) Slender or Classs 4 cross seections in which
w local buckling
b will occur evven before thhe
attainnment of yiield stress inn one or mo
ore parts of the cross seection. In su
uch cases, thhe
effecctive sectioons for deesign are calculated by deductting the width w of thhe
comppression plaate element in excess of o the semi-compact section limit. The width to
thickkness ratio of
o plate elem ments shall be greater than
t that sppecified und
der Class 3, in
Table-2 of IS: 800.
Figg. 11 Momeent-Rotationn behaviourr of the fourr classes of ccross sectio

ons
Thee moment-R
Rotation behhaviour of the
t four classses of crosss sections aare shown in
n Fig. 11.
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6.0 LIMIT ST
TATE DES
SIGNS (LSD
D)
The designn of steel structural member
m deppends uponn predicted loads and the membber
capacity too resist theem. Both loads and capacity have h variouss sources and
a levels of
uncertaintyy. Engineerring design has historiically comppensated foor these unccertainties by b
using expeerience and subjective judgment. On the othher hand, thhese uncertaainties can be b
quantified using probbability-based methodss aimed at achieving eengineered designs wiith
consistent levels of reliability. The inten nt of Limit State Design LSD iss to separaate
uncertaintiies in loadinng from unncertainties in resistancce and thenn to use procedures froom
probabilityy theory to ensure
e a preescribed maargin of safeety.
Fig 12 shoows probabbility densitty functions (PDFs) for fo Design A Action (Q), and Desiggn
Strength (RR). "Designn Action" is the load calculated
c too act on a pparticular member. In thhe
probabilisttic basis foor LSD, thhe Design Actions Q and the D Design Streengths R area
modelled as statistically indepeendent rand dom variables. In Figg 12, relativ ve frequenccy
distributionns for Q and
a R are portrayed as separatee curves onn a commo on plot for a
hypotheticcal case. Ass long as thhe Design Strength
S R is greater thhan (to the right of) thhe
effects of the loads Q,
Q a marginn of safety for the parrticular limiit state exissts. Howeveer,
because Q and R are random
r varriables, there is a small probabilityy that R may y be less thaan
Q, in otheer words, R < Q. The probability y of this lim
mit state is related to the
t degree of
overlap of the frequuency distrributions in n Fig 12, which deppends on their t relativve
positioningg (Rm versuus Qm) and their
t disperssions.
F 12: Proobability dennsity functions for loadd effect andd resistance.

Fig.
In LSD, partial
p safetty factors are
a applied separately to the loaad effect an nd resistancce.
Strength isi reduced and load effects
e are increased, by multipllying the correspondin
c ng
characterisstic (or nom
minal) valuees by factorrs called strrength (resisstance) and
d load factorrs,
respectivelly. Using this approaach, the factored (i.e., reduced) strength off a structurral
member must
m be largger than a linear com mbination off the factorred (i.e., inccreased) loaad
effects. The
T nominaal values (e.g., the nom minal strenggth Rn) are those calcu ulated by thhe
specific caalibrated design method and are notn necessarrily the meaans (i.e., thee mean loadds,
Qm, or meean resistan nce, Rm (Figg 12). For example, Rm might bbe the mean n of dynam mic
signal mattching analyysis predictiions calculaated in manyy histories, while Rn is the predicteed
value for thhe specific analysed strructural meember.
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Based on considerations ranging from case histories to existing design practice, a
prescribed value is chosen for probability of failure. Then, for a given member design
based on the application of resistance and load factors, the probability for failure, i.e, the
probability that the factored loads exceed the factored resistances, should be smaller than
the prescribed value.
The importance of uncertainty regarding resistance can be seen by reference to Fig 12. In
this figure, the mean factor of safety is FSm=Rm/Qm, whereas the nominal factor of safety is
FSn=Rn/Qn. Consider what happens if the uncertainty in resistance is increased, and thus
the PDF broadened, as suggested by the dashed curve. The mean resistance for this other
predictive method remains unchanged, but the variation (i.e., uncertainty) is increased.
Therefore the LSD method can be represented by equation
∑γ fk Qck ≤ γ m Rn
Where, Σ = summation
∑γ Qck - Design Action (Required strength) due to maximum absolute value of load
fk
combinations given in Table-5, IS: 800

γ m Rn = Design strength
Qi = Load effect (forces and moments) due to dead load (DL), live load (LL),
earthquake load (EL), wind load (WL), etc.
γfk = Partial safety factor for loads (load factors) - as per Table-4, IS: 800
γm = Partial safety factor for material (Resistance factor) - as per Table-5, IS: 800
The limit states are the states beyond which the structure no longer satisfies the
performance requirements specified. The limit states are classified as (Ref. IS: 800):
(a) Ultimate (Safety) Limit States
(b) Serviceability Limit State
Ultimate (Safety) Limit States:

The ultimate strength calculations may require consideration of the following
(a) Strength - Yielding, buckling and transformation into a mechanism (plastic collapse)
(b) Stability against overturning and sway
(c) Failure due to excessive deformation
(d) Fracture due to failure
(e) Brittle Failure
Serviceability Limit State:

The ultimate strength calculations may require consideration of the following
(a) Deformation and deflection
(b) Vibration
(c) Durability consideration
(d) Fire Resistance ISSUE
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7.0 DESIGN STEPS FOR TENSION MEMBERS (Clause 6.0, IS: 800)
(Refer Appendix-A for Example problems)
The Factored Design Tension T, in the members shall satisfy;
T ≤ Td
Where, Td = Design Strength of the member under axial tension. Td is the lowest of
(a) Design strength due to yielding of gross section (Tdg)
(b) Design strength due to rupture of critical section (Tdn)
(c) Design strength due to block shear (Tdb)
Design Steps:
• Find out the design strength due to yielding of gross section (Tdg) as per Clause
6.2, IS: 800
Tdg = Ag fy / γmo
Where, Ag = gross area of cross-section
γmo = Partial safety factor for yielding =1.1 (Table 5, IS: 800)
• Find out the design strength due rupture of critical section (Tdn) as per Clause 6.3,
IS: 800 -
For members other than plates & threaded rods (Clause 6.3.3, IS: 800)
Tdn = 0.9 Anc fu / γm1 + β Ago fy/ γm0
Where,
β = 1.4 - 0.076 (w/t) (fy/fu) (bs/Lc) ≤ (fu γmo /fy γm1) ≥ 0.7
Anc= net area of the connected leg
Ago = gross area of the outstanding leg
fu = ultimate stress of the material (Table 1, IS: 800)
γm1 = Partial safety factor for failure at ultimate stress = 1.25 (Table 5, IS: 800)
w = outstand leg width (Fig.6, IS: 800)
t = thickness of the leg
Lc = Length of the end connection
bs = shear lag width (few examples are given in below sketches) (Fig.6, IS: 800)
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• Find out design strength due to block shear (Tdb) as per Clause 6.4, IS: 800
The strength as governed by block shear at an end connection of plate and angle is
calculated as give in Clause 6.4.1, IS: 800
The block shear at an end connection shall be taken as the smaller of
⎡ Avg f y 0.9 Atn f u ⎤ ⎡ 0.9 Avn f u Atg f y ⎤
Tdb = ⎢ + OR Tdb = ⎢ + ⎥
⎥
⎣ 3γ m 0 γ m1 ⎦ ⎣ 3γ m1 γ m0 ⎦
Where, Avg & Avn = Min gross & net area in shear parallel to force (along 1-2)
Atg & Atn = Min gross & net area in tension ⊥lar to force (along 2-3)
Few examples for block shear failure is given in the below Fig 3
• Design Strength (Td) shall be minimum of Tdg Tdn and Tdb

Compare factored design tension with design strength; T ≤ Td ; Utilization
Factor = T / Td
8.0 DESIGN STEPS FOR COMPRESSION MEMBERS (Clause 7.0, IS: 800)
(Refer Appendix-B for Example problems)
The Factored Design Compressive Strength (P) ≤ Design Compressive Strength (Pd)
Where, Design Compressive strength Pd = fcd Ae
Where, Ae = Effective Area of c/s (Cl. 7.3.2, IS: 800)
fcd = Design Compressive stress (Cl. 7.2.2.1, IS: 800)
8.1 Concentric Loading: CG of load passing through the CG of member:

• Effective area of cross section Ae
Ae = Ag (Gross c/s area) - for plastic/compact/semi-compact sections
Ae = Area of c/s after deducting width/depth of the compression plate element in
excess of the semi-compact section limits as per Table 2, IS: 800
- For Slender sections
• Design Compressive stress fcd
Design compressive stress is calculated based Effective Slenderness ratio (Kl/r),
Buckling Class and Yield Stress of steel (fy)
• Effective Slenderness ratio (Kl/r)
Kl is the Effective length and shall be calculated as per Clause 7.2 of IS: 800.
Table 11 of IS: 800 give the Effective length for prismatic members for different
end conditions.
“r” is the radius of gyration in respective direction of effective length
• Buckling Class
The categorization of different sections under different buckling class a, b, c and d
as per Table 10 of IS: 800.
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Design compressive stress can be taken from Table 9a to 9d of IS: 800 based on
buckling class of the section
• Design Compressive Strength Pd
Calculate the Design Compressive strength Pd = fcd Ae
• Compare Factored Design Compression with Design Compressive Strength; P ≤ Pd;
Utilization Factor = P/Pd
8.2 Eccentric Loading: Single angle connected through one leg:

• Effective area of cross section Ae
Ae = Ag (Gross c/s area) - for plastic/compact/semi-compact sections
Ae = Area of c/s after deducting width/depth of the compression plate element in
excess of the semi-compact section limits as per Table 2, IS: 800
- For Slender sections
Design compressive stress is calculated based Equivalent Slenderness ratio (λc),
Buckling Class and Yield Stress of steel (fy)
• Equivalent Slenderness Ratio ( λc)
Equivalent slenderness ratio λe = k1 + k 2 λvv + k3λϕ2
Where, k1, k2, k3 = Constants depending upon the end condition, as given in Table 12,
IS: 800
l / rvv (b1 + b2 ) / 2t
λvv = λϕ =
π E2
π 2E
ε ε
250 250
0.5
ε = yield stress ratio = (250/fy)
b1 & b2 = width of two legs
l = centre-to-centre length of the supporting member
t = thickness of the leg
rvv = radius of gyration about the minor angle
• Find out φ = 0.5[1 + α (λ − 0.2) + λ2 ]
f y / γ m0
Calculate Design compressive stress f cd =
φ + [φ 2 − λ2 ]0.5
Where, γmo = Partial safety factor for yielding = 1.1 (Table 5, IS: 800)
• Design Compressive Strength Pd
Calculate the Design Compressive strength Pd = fcd Ae
• Compare Factored Design Compression with Design Compressive Strength; P ≤ Pd;
Utilization Factor = P/Pd
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TCE.DB-C
CV-ST-001 DESIGN
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9.0 DESIGN STEPS
S FOOR BENDIN NG MEMB BERS (Clausse 8.0, IS: 800)
9.1 Laterally Supported
d I-Beam an
nd Channell bending about
a majoor axis
(Refer Pagge C-1 to C--8 of Appenndix-C for Example
E prooblems) (Clause 8.2.1, IS: 800)
Laterally stable
s steel beams
b can fail
f only by y (a) Flexuree (b) Shear oor (c) Beariing, assuminng
the local buckling
b off slender commponents does
d not occur. These three conditions are thhe
criteria forr limit state design of stteel beams. Steel beam
ms would alsso become unserviceab
u ble
due to excessive defleection and thhis is classified as a lim
mit state of sserviceabiliity.
A beam maym be assum med to be adequately
a supported
s provided thee compressioon flange has
h
full laterall restraint. Full
F lateral restraint
r to compressio
c med to exist if
n flange maay be assum
the frictionnal or other positive restraint (refeer Fig givenn below) of a floor conn
nection to thhe
compressioon flange of the membber is capablle of resistinng a lateral force not leess than 2.5%
consideredd to be unifoormly distributed along g the flange.
When the beam is addequately suupported ag gainst lateraal buckling, the beam failure
f occuurs
by yieldingg of the maaterial at thee point of maximum
m mooment. Thee beam is thhus capable of
reaching itts plastic moment
m capaacity under the appliedd loads. Thuus the desiggn strength is
governed by
b yield streess and the beam is claassified as laaterally suppported beam
m.
9.1.1 Design forr Shear
The Factoored Designn Shear (V) ≤ Design Shhear Strenggth (Vd)
Where, Design Shear Strenngth Vd = Vn / γmo
Where, Vn = Nom minal shear strength of a cross secttion
Design Stteps:
1. Calcculate d/tw.
If d/tw ≤ 67,, - hear Strengthh as per Claause 8.4.1 of
Design Sh o code
If d/tw > 67,, - Design Sh
hear Strengthh as per Claause 8.4.2 of
o code
2(a) Nom
minal Shearr Strength when
w d/tw ≤ 67,
6
Av f yw
Nom
minal Shearr strength (V
Vn)= Nominal plastic shhear resistaance(Vp) =
3
Wheere, Vp = Nominal plastic sheaar resistancee under puree shear
Vn = Nominal shear streng gth of a cross section
γmo = Partial saafety factor against
a sheaar failure = 1.1 (Tablee 5 of IS: 8000)
Av = Shear areea = h tw forr hot-rolled I section & d/tw for welded sectionns
fyw =Yield strength of the web
h = Overall depth
d of the section
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d = Clear depth between flanges
(b) Nominal Shear Strength when d/tw > 67
Nominal shear strength Vn= Vcr = Av τb − for web without stiffeners (Cl. 8.4.2.2a, IS:
800)
Where, Vcr = Shear force corresponding to web buckling
γmo = Partial safety factor against shear failure = 1.1 (Table 5 of IS: 800)
Av = Shear area = h tw for hot-rolled I section & d/tw for welded sections
fyw =Yield strength of the web
τb = Shear stress corresponding to web buckling
= fyw/√3 when λw ≤ 0.8
= [1-0.8(λw-0.8)]( fyw/√3 when 0.8 > λw < 1.2
= fyw/( √3) when λw > 1.2
f yw
λw = Non-dimensional web slenderness ratio =
τ cre 3
τcre = Elastic critical shear stress of the web = Kv π2E /(12(1-μ2)(d/tw)2)
Kv = Constant
3. Calculate the Design Shear Strength
Design Shear strength Vd = Vn / γmo
4. Utilization factor = V/Vd ≤ 1.0
9.1.2 Design for Flexure
The Factored Design Moment M at any section beam due to external actions, shall
satisfy; M ≤ Md
Where, Md = Design Bending strength of the section.
Design Steps
1. Section Classification
0.5
• Calculate yield stress ratio ε = (250/fy)
• Calculate the b/tf and d/tw and classify the member section into plastic/compact/
semi-compact/slender - Clause 3.2, Fig.2 & Table-2, IS: 800
2. Categorize the member based on the Shear Force
When V ≤ 0.6Vd - Low Shear
V > 0.6Vd - High Shear
3. Calculate d/tw and categorize based on whether the section is susceptible to shear
buckling before yielding
If d/tw ≤ 67, - Section is susceptible to shear buckling before yielding
If d/tw > 67, - Section is not susceptible to shear buckling before yielding
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4. (a) Moment Capacity with Low Shear load (Vu ≤ 0.6Vd)
Calculate Design bending strength using equation:

βb Z p f y 1.2Z e f y
Md = But M d ≤ - Applicable for all value of d/tw
γ mo γ mo
Where,
βb = 1.0 for plastic and compact section
= Ze/ Zp, for semi-compact sections
Zp, Ze = Plastic & elastic section modulus of the cross section respectively
fy = Yield stress of the material
γmo = Partial safety factor = 1.1
(b) Moment Capacity with High Shear (Vu > 0.6Vd) and d/tw ≤ 67
When the factored value of applied shear force is high (Vu > 0.6Vd), the Design
Bending Strength is calculated using equation:
1.2Z e f y
Md = Mdv = Md − β (Md − M fd ) & ≤ - For Plastic & Compact Sections
γ mo
Ze f y
M d = M dv = - For Semi-Compact Sections
γ mo
βb Z p f y
Where, Md = Plastic design moment of whole section =
γ mo
Mfd = Plastic design moment of flanges (excluding shear area)
β b Z pf f y
=
γ mo
2
⎡ 2Vu ⎤
β = ⎢ − 1⎥
⎣ Vd ⎦
(c) Moment Capacity with High Shear (Vu > 0.6Vd) and d/tw ≤ 67
When Vu/Vd > 0.6, web is susceptible to shear buckling. Design Bending Strength
shall be as per Cl. 8.2.1.1 of IS: 800
Method 1: Bending moment acting on the section is assumed to be resisted by
flanges and web shall be checked for Shear. (Cl. 8.2.1.1 a, IS: 800)
Z pf f y
Design bending strength of Section: M d =
γ mo
Where, Zpf, = Plastic section modulus of the flange only
Af =Area of flanges
γmo =Partial safety factor = 1.1
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Method 2: Bending moment acting on the section is assumed to be resisted by whole
section. Web shall be designed for combined shear and bending. (Cl.
8.2.1.1 b, IS: 800)
Ze f y
Design bending strength of Section: M d = M dv =
γ mo
Where, Ze = Elastic section modulus of the cross section
fy =Yield stress of the material
5. Compare Factored Design Moment with Design Bending Strength; M ≤ Md; Utilization
Factor = M/Md
9.2 Laterally Unsupported I-Beams and Channels bending about Major Axis
(Refer Page C9 to C11 of Appendix-C for Example problems) (Clause 8.2.2, IS: 800)
Beam experiencing bending about major axis and when its compression flange is not
restrained against lateral buckling, may fail by lateral torsional buckling before attaining
its bending strength.
Design Steps
1. Section Classification
• Calculate yield stress ratio ε = (250/fy) 0.5
• Calculate the b/tf and d/tw and classify the member section into plastic/compact/
semi-compact/slender - Clause 3.2, Fig.2 & Table-2, IS: 800
2. Calculate the effective length LLT (KL) based on the restraint conditions for lateral
support as per Table 15, IS: 800. Calculate KL/r
3. Calculate λLT
• Select fcrb from Table-14 of IS: 800 based on KL/r & fy
fy
• Calculate λ LT =
f crb
4. Design Bending Strength Md (Approximate method)

• If λLT ≤ 0.4, Design Bending Strength Shall be
Md = But M d ≤
γ mo γ mo
• If λLT > 0.4, Design Bending Strength M d = β b Z p f bd
Where, Zp, Ze = Plastic & elastic section modulus of the cross section respectively
βb = 1.0 for Plastic and Compact sections
fbd = Design Bending Compressive stress
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• Select the value of imperfection factor αLT based on the type of section
αLT = 0.21 for rolled steel section
= 0.49 for welded steel section
• Select the Design Bending Compressive stress fbd from Table-13 of IS: 800
• Calculate the Design Bending Strength using equation M d = β b Z p f bd
5. Compare Factored Design Moment with Design Bending Strength; M ≤ Md; Utilization
Factor = M/Md
9.3 I-Beam & Channel bending about minor axis

(Refer Page C-15 of Appendix-C for Example problem)
Design Bending Strength M d = But M d ≤
γ mo γ mo
Where, βb = 1.0 for plastic and compact section
Zp, Ze = Plastic & Elastic section modulus respectively about minor axis
9.4 Box Section bending about major and minor axis

(Refer Page C-13 to C-14 of Appendix-C for Example problem)
Design Bending Strength M d = But M d ≤
γ mo γ mo
Where, βb =1.0 for plastic and compact section
Zp, Ze = Plastic & Elastic section modulus respectively about axis of bending
10.0 DESIGN STEPS FOR COMBINED AXIL & BENDING (Clause 9.3, IS: 800)
(Refer Appendix-D for Example problems)
Members subjected to combined axial force and bending moment shall be checked for the;
1 Section Strength
2 Overall Member Strength
Section Strength (Clause 9.3.1, IS: 800)
(a) Plastic & Compact Sections: Members subjected combined axial force and bending
moment shall satisfy the following equation Clause 9.3.1.1, IS: 800
α1 α2
⎛ My ⎞ ⎛ Mz ⎞
⎜ ⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ≤ 1 .0
⎜M ⎟
⎝ ndy ⎠ ⎝ M ndz ⎠
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Conservatively, the following equation may also be used under combined axial and
bending moment
N My M
+ + z ≤ 1 .0
N d M dy M dz

Where,
My & Mz - Factored applied moments about minor & major axis respectively
N - Factored applied axial force (Tension T or Compression P)
Nd - Design Strength in Tension (Td) or Compression (Pd) - Shall be calculated
as per Paragraph 7.0 & 8.0 respectively
n= N/Nd
α1 and α2 - as per Table-17 of IS: 800
Mndy & Mndz -Design reduced bending strength about minor & major axis
respectively - Shall be calculated as per Clause 9.3.1.2 of IS: 800
Mdy & Mdz -Design bending strength about minor & major axis respectively acting
alone - Shall be calculated as per Paragraph 9.0 above
(a) Semi-Compact Sections: In the absence high shear, semi-compact sections without
holes shall satisfy
N My M
+ + z ≤ 1 .0
N d M dy M dz

Overall Member Strength Clause 9.3.2, IS: 800

(a) Bending and axial tension Clause 9.3.2.1, IS: 800
The reduced effective moment, Meff, under tension and bending shall satisfy
Meff ≤ Md
Where,
Meff = Reduced effective moment = [M - ψ T Zec/A]
M = Applied factored moments
T = Applied factored Tension
A = Area of c/s
Zec = Elastic section modulus of the section with respect to extreme
compression fiber
ψ = 0.8 if T & M can vary interdependently or otherwise it is equal to 1.0
(a) Bending and axial Compression Clause 9.3.2.2, IS: 800

Member subjected to combined axial compression and biaxial bending shall satisfy the
following interaction relationships
P C M Mz
+ K y my y + K LT ≤ 1 .0
Pdz M dy M dz
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P C M C M
+ 0.6 K y my y + K z mz z ≤ 1.0
Pdz M dy M dz
Where,
P, My & Mz Applied factored axial load and moments respectively
Pdy, Pdz Design strength under axial compression as governed by buckling about
minor axis and about Major axis respectively
Calculate as per Paragraph 8.0
Mdy & Mdz Design bending strength about minor axis and about major axis
considering laterally unsupported length of cross section respectively
Calculate as per Paragraph 9.0
Cmy, Cmz Equivalent uniform moment factor as per Table-18 of IS: 800
Kz = 1+ (λz-0.2)nz ≤ 1+0.8 nz ;
Ky= 1+ (λy-0.2)ny ≤ 1+0.8 ny ;
0.1λ LT n y 0.1n y
K LT = 1 − ≥ 1−
(C mLT − 0.25) (C mLT − 0.25)
ny, nz Ratio of factored axial load to axial strength of section for buckling
about the Y & Z axis respectively.
11.0 DESIGN OF BASE PLATE FOR BENDING

The Factored Design Moment M due to external actions shall satisfy;
M ≤ Md
1.2Z e f y
Where, Md = Design Bending strength of the section. M d ≤
γ mo
Where, Ze = Elastic section modulus of the c/s = bt2/6
12.0 REFERENCES
1. N. Subramanian, Design of Steel Structures, Oxford University Press, 2008
2. Chanakya Arya Design of Structural Elements, Spon Press, 2008
3. AISC 325-05, AISC Steel Construction Manual, AISC, 2005
4. Warren Young (Author), Richard Budynas, Roark's Formulas for Stress and Strain
5. John Case, Henry Chilver, C.T.F. Ross, Strength of Materials and structures
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Appendix-A
DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS

SECTION: APPENDIX
TCE Consulting Engineers Limited
TCE.DB-CV-ST-001 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL STEEL ELEMENTS SHEET A-1
AS PER IS: 800-2007

SINGLE ANGLE - WELDED
Input: Applied force (Factored) T =550 kN (From analysis for load comb as per Table 4 of IS:800-2007)
Section Size: L130x130x12; Grade of steel: E250 (Fe410W) B ∴fy=250 N/mm2 & fu=410 N/mm2
Design: Design Strength (Td) of the member shall be the lowest of

(b) Design strength due rupture of critical section (Tdn)

Tdg = Ag fy / γmo (Clause 6.2, IS: 800)
Where, Ag = gross area of cross-section = 2982 mm2
γmo = Partial safety factor for yielding = 1.1
Tdg = Ag fy / γmo = 2982 x 250 / 1.1 = 677.72 kN

Tdn = 0.9 Anc fu / γm1 + β Ago fy/ γm0 (Clause 6.3.3, IS: 800)
Where, β = 1.4 - 0.076 (w/t) (fy/fu) (bs/Lc) ≤ (fu γmo /fy γm1) ≥0.7
Anc = net area of the connected leg = 130 x 12 = 1560 mm2
Ago = gross area of the outstanding leg = (130-12) x 12 = 1300 mm2
fu = ultimate stress of the material = 410 N/mm2 (Table 1, IS: 800)
w = outstand leg width = 130 mm (Fig.6, IS: 800)
t = thickness of the leg = 12 mm
bs = shear lag width (bs= w) = 130 mm (Fig.6, IS: 800)
Lc = Length of the end connection = 250 mm
∴β =1.4 - 0.076 x (130/12) x (250/410) x (130 /250) =1.14
and it should be ≤ (410 x 1.1 / 250 x 1.25) = 1.44 and it should ≥ 0.7
∴β = 1.14
Tdn = (0.9 x 1560 x 410 / 1.25) + (1.14 x 1300 x 250 / 1.1) = 797.33 kN
(c) Design strength due block shear (Tdb): The block shear Tdb of connection shall be taken smaller of,
Tdb = ⎢ + OR Tdb = ⎢ + ⎥
⎥
⎣ 3γ m 0 γ m1 ⎦ ⎣ 3γ m1 γ m0 ⎦
Where, Avg & Avn = Minimum gross and net area in shear parallel to force
For welded connection Avg = Avn = 12 x 250 x 2 = 6000 mm2
Atg & Atn = Minimum gross and net area in tension ⊥lar to force
For welded connection Atg = Atn = 12 x 130 = 1560 mm2
⎡ 6000 x 250 0.9 x1560 x 410 ⎤
Tdb = ⎢ + OR T = ⎡ 0.9 x6000x410u + 1560x250 ⎤ = 1377kN
⎥ = 1248 kN db ⎢ 1.1 ⎥⎦
⎣ 3 x1.1 1 . 25 ⎦ ⎣ 3x1.25
Tdb = Min. (Tdb1, Tdb2) =1248 kN
Note: Generally block shear will not govern for welded connection and can neglected
∴Design Strength (Td) = 677.72 kN (lowest of Tdg, Tdn & Tdb)
Utilization factor = 550/677.75 = 0.811
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AS PER IS: 800-2007

DOUBLE & STAR ANGLE - WELDED
Input:
Applied force (Factored) T =1050 kN
(From analysis for load combinations as per Table 4 of IS:800-2007)
Section Size: 2L130x130x12; Grade of steel: E250 (Fe410W) B ∴fy=250 N/mm2 & fu=410 N/mm2


Tdg = Ag fy / γmo = 5964 x 250 / 1.1 = 1355.45kN

Anc = net area of the connected leg = 2x130 x 12 = 3120 mm2
Ago = gross area of the outstanding leg = 2x(130-12) x 12 = 2600 mm2
w = outstand leg width = 130 mm (Fig.6, IS: 800)
bs = shear lag width (bs= w) = 130 mm (Clause 6.3.4, IS: 800)
= farthest edge of the outstanding leg to the nearest bolt/weld line in the
connected leg of the cross-section
∴β = 1.4 - 0.076 x (130/12) x (250/410) x (130 /250) =1.14
and it should be ≤ (410 x 1.1 / 250 x 1.25) = 1.44 and it should be ≥ 0.7
∴β = 1.14
Tdn = (0.9 x 3120 x 410 / 1.25) + (1.14 x 2600 x 250 / 1.1) = 1594.7 kN
(c) Design strength due block shear (Tdb):

Block shear will not govern for member with welded connection and therefore neglected. However
it shall be checked for the connection design where the failure will be in the gusset plate
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SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

BOX (2MC) - WELDED
Input:
Applied force (Factored) T =1050 kN
(From analysis for load combinations as per Table 4 of IS:800-2007)
Section Size: 2MC400-Box; Grade of steel: E250 (Fe410W) B ∴fy=250 N/mm2 & fu=410 N/mm2


Tdg = Ag fy / γmo = 9880 x 250 / 1.1 = 2245.45kN

2
Anc = net area of the connected leg = 0.0 mm
Ago = gross area of the outstanding leg = 9880 mm2
w = outstand leg width = (100-16/2) =92 mm (Fig.6, IS: 800)
t = thickness of the leg = 15.3 mm
bs = shear lag width (bs= w) = 92 mm (Clause 6.3.4, IS: 800)
∴β = 1.4 - 0.076 x (92/15.3) x (250/410) x (92 /400) =1.34
∴β = 1.34
Tdn = (0.9 x 0 x 410 / 1.25) + (1.34 x 9880 x 250 / 1.1) = 3008.9 kN

Block shear will not govern for member with welded connection and therefore neglected. However
it shall be checked for the connection design where the failure will be in the gusset plate

ISSUE
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SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

ROLLED I-SECTION
Input:
Applied force (Factored) T =2000kN (From analysis for load comb as per Table 4 of IS:800-2007)
Grade of steel: E250 (Fe 410 W)B;

fy = 240N/mm2 (for t or T = 20-40mm);
fu=410 N/mm2
Section ISMB600
Design Axial Tensile Strength (Td): (Cl. 6 of IS: 800)

Design Strength (Td) of the member shall be the lowest of

Tdg = Ag fy / γmo
Tdg = Ag fy / γmo = 15600 x 240 / 1.1 = 3403.64x103N = 3403.64kN

Anc = net area of the connected leg = 15660 mm2
(all legs are connected to baseplate)
w = outstand leg width = 0 (Fig.6, IS: 800)
bs = shear lag width 0 mm (Clause 6.3.4, IS: 800)
∴β = 1.4 - 0.076 x (0/20.3) x (250/410) x (0 /400) =1.4
∴β = 1.4
Tdn = (0.9 x 15600 x 410 / 1.25) + (1.4 x 0 x 250 / 1.1) = 4605.12x103N = 4605.12 kN
No block shear failure
∴Design Strength (Td) = 3403.64kN (lowest of Tdg, Tdn & Tdb)
ISSUE
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SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

SINGLE ANGLE - BOLTED
Input: Applied force (Factored) T =400 kN (From analysis for load comb as per Table 4 of IS:800-2007)
Section Size: L130x130x12; Grade of steel: E250 (Fe410W) B ∴fy=250 N/mm2 & fu=410 N/mm2


Tdg = Ag fy / γmo
Tdg = Ag fy / γmo = 2982 x 250 / 1.1 = 677.72 kN

Anc = net area of the connected leg = 130 x 12 = 1560 mm2
Ago = gross area of the outstanding leg = (130-12) x 12 = 1300 mm2
w = outstand leg width = 130 mm; w1 = 80mm (Fig.6, IS: 800)
bs = shear lag width (bs= w+w1-t ) = 130+80-12 = 198 mm (Fig.6, IS: 800)
∴β =1.4 - 0.076 x (130/12) x (250/410) x (198 /160) =0.78
and it should be ≤ (410 x 1.1 / 250 x 1.25) = 1.44 and it should ≥ 0.7
∴β = 0.85
Tdn = (0.9 x 1560 x 410 / 1.25) + (0.78 x 1300 x 250 / 1.1) = 690.96 kN
Tdb = ⎢ + OR Tdb = ⎢ + ⎥
⎥
⎣ 3γ m 0 γ m1 ⎦ ⎣ 3γ m1 γ m0 ⎦
∴Avg = 200x12 = 2400 mm2; Avn = (200-2.5x26)x12= 1620 mm2
∴Atg = (130-80) x12 = 600 mm2 ;Atn = (130-80-26/2)x12 = 444 mm2
⎡ 2400 x 250 0.9 x 444 x 410 ⎤ OR ⎡ 0.9 x1620x410u 600x250⎤
Tdb = ⎢ + ⎥ = 445.99 kN Tdb = ⎢ + = 412.47kN
⎣ 3 x1.1 1.25 ⎦ ⎣ 3x1.25 1.1 ⎥⎦
Tdb = Min. (Tdb1, Tdb2) =412.47 kN

ISSUE
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SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

DOUBLE & STAR ANGLE - BOLTED
Input:
Applied force (Factored) T =550 kN (From analysis for load comb as per Table 4 of IS:800-2007)
Section Size: 2L130x130x12; Grade of steel: E250 (Fe410W) B ∴fy=250 N/mm2 & fu=410 N/mm2

Tdg = Ag fy / γmo
Tdg = Ag fy / γmo = 5964 x 250 / 1.1 = 1355.45kN

Anc = net area of the connected leg = 2x130 x 12 = 3120 mm2
Ago = gross area of the outstanding leg = 2x(130-12) x 12 = 2600 mm2
w = outstand leg width = 100 mm; w1 = 60mm (Fig.6, IS: 800)
bs = shear lag width (bs= w+w1-t ) = 100+60-10 = 150 mm (Cl. 6.3.4, IS: 800)
∴β = 1.4 - 0.076 x (100/10) x (250/410) x (150 /160) =0.96
∴β = 0.96
Tdn = (0.9 x 3120 x 410 / 1.25) + (0.96 x 2600 x 250 / 1.1) = 1488.3 kN
Tdb = ⎢ + OR Tdb = ⎢ + ⎥
⎥
⎣ 3γ m 0 γ m1 ⎦ ⎣ 3γ m1 γ m0 ⎦
∴Avg = 2x200x12 = 4800 mm2; Avn = 2x(200-2.5x26)x12= 3240 mm2
∴Atg = 2x (100-60) x12 = 960 mm2; Atn = 2x(100-60-26/2)x12 = 648 mm2
⎡ 4800 x 250 0.9 x 648 x 410 ⎤
Tdb = ⎢ + OR T = ⎡ 0.9x3240x410u + 960x250⎤ = 770.4kN
⎥ = 821.1kN db ⎢ 1.1 ⎥
⎣ 3 x1.1 1.25 ⎦ ⎣ 3x1.25 ⎦
Tdb = Min. (Tdb1, Tdb2) =770.4 kN

Utilization factor = 550/770.4 = 0.71 ISSUE
R0

Appendix-B
DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS

SECTION: APPENDIX
TCE.DB-CV-ST-001 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL STEEL ELEMENTS SHEET B-1
AS PER IS: 800-2007

DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBER
ROLLED I-SECTION
Input:
Unsupported length Lxx = 5000 mm Grade of steel: E250 (Fe 410 W) B
Lyy = 2500 mm fy = 240N/mm2 (for t or T = 20-40mm)
Effective length factor K = 1.2 (both directions)
Effective length Leff-xx = KL = 1.2 x5000 = 6000 mm (about major axis)
Leff-yy = KL = 1.2 x2500 = 3000 mm (about minor axis)
Section - ISMB600 h = 600mm; r1 =20mm
bf =210mm; T=tf = 20.3mm;
2
Ag = 156 cm
ryy =rmin = 4.12 cm; rxx = 24.2 cm
h
Applied force (Factored) P =1800 kN
Classification of section: (Table 2, IS: 800)

ε = 250 / f y = 1.021
Width to Thickness Ratio of Flange:

b = bf/ 2 = 210/2 = 105 mm; b / tf = 105/20 = 5.25 < 15.7ε (not slender)
Depth to Thickness Ratio of Web:

d = D–2×tf -2r1 = 600-(2×20.3)-(2x20) = 519.4 mm;
d / tw = 519.4/12 = 43.283 > (42ε = 42x1.021 = 42.866) (Slender)
Section is slender
∴ Ae = Ag-[(43.283-42) tw x tw] =156-(43.283-42.866)1.2x1.2=155.4cm2 (Cl. 7.3.2, IS: 800)
Design:
Design Compressive strength Pd = fcd Ae (Cl. 7.1.1, IS: 800)
Design Compressive stress fcd:

Kl/r About major axis = 6000/242 = 24.79;
About minor axis = 3000/41.2 = 72.82
h/bf = 600/210 = 2.86
Buckling Class (h/bf =600/210 >1.2 & tf <= 40mm) (Table-10, IS: 800)
for buckling about major axis = a ;
for buckling about minor axis = b
Imperfection factor (Table-7, IS: 800)
for buckling about major axis α = 0.21
for buckling about minor axis α = 0.34
ISSUE
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SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

fcd
Using Basic Formulae Using IS:800 Tables
Design Compressive stress Design Compressive stress
About Minor Axis about minor axis fcd = 157.77 N/mm2
(Table 9b for buckling class ‘b’ & Kl/r 72.82)
Imperfection factor α = 0.34
about major axis fcd = 214.61 N/mm2
f y ( Kl / r ) 2 240 x 72.82 2
(Table 9a for buckling class ‘a’ & Kl/r 24.79)
λ= = = 0.803
π 2E π 2 x 2 x10 5
∴ Design compressive stress fcd=157.77 N/mm2
φ = 0.5[1 + α (λ − 0.2) + λ ] 2
Design Compressive strength Pd = fcd Ae
= 0.5[1 + 0.34(0.803 − 0.2) + 0.803 2 ] = 0.925
= 157.77x 15540
f y / γ m0 240 / 1.1 = 2451.75x103 N = 2451.75kN
f cd = =
φ + [φ 2 − λ 2 ] 0.5 0.925 + [0.925 2 − 0.803 2 ] 0.5
=157.7N/mm2
About Major Axis

Imperfection factor α = 0.21
f y ( Kl / r ) 2 240 x 24.79 2
λ= = = 0.273
π 2E π 2 x 2 x10 5
φ = 0.5[1 + α (λ − 0.2) + λ 2 ]
= 0.5[1 + 0.21(0.273 − 0.2) + 0.273 2 ] = 0.545
f y / γ m0 240 / 1.1
f cd = =
φ + [φ − λ ]
2 2 0 .5
0.545 + [0.545 2 − 0.273 2 ] 0.5
=214.6N/mm2
∴ Design compressive stress fcd=157.7N/mm2
Design Compressive strength Pd = fcd Ae

= 157.7x15540=2450.7x103N =2450.7kN
Note: Design using Tables is very simple
Applied force (Factored) P = 1800 kN
Applied force (1800kN) < Design strength (2451.75kN)
Utilization Factor = 1800/2450.7 = 0.734
ISSUE
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SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

BUILT-UP I-SECTION
Input:
Lyy = 2500 mm fy = 250N/mm2 (for t or T < 20mm)
Section h = 400mm t=tw = 10 mm
bf = 300mm; T=tf = 16 mm
Ag = 36.8x1+2x30x1.6 = 132.8 cm2
ryy = rmin = 7.365 cm
rxx = 17.26 cm
(From analysis for load comb as per Table 4 of IS: 800-2007) h
ε = 250 / f y = 1.0
b = (bf -tw)/ 2 = (300-10)/2 = 145 mm; b / tf = 145/16 = 9.06 < (15.7ε =15.7) (not slender)

d = D–2×tf = 400-2×16 = 368 mm; d / tw = 368/10 = 36.8 < (42ε =42) (not slender)
∴ Section is not slender ∴ Ae = Ag = 132.8cm 2
(Cl. 7.3.2, IS: 800)
Design:

Kl/r About major axis = 6000/172.6 = 34.76
About minor axis = 3000/73.65 = 40.73
Buckling Class (tf <= 40mm)
for buckling about major axis = b (Refer Table 10 of IS:800-2007)
for buckling about minor axis = c (Refer Table 10 of IS:800-2007)
Design Compressive stress
for buckling about major axis fcd = 211.24 N/mm2 (Table 9b for buckling class ‘b’ & Kl/r 34.76)
for buckling about minor axis fcd = 196.91 N/mm2 (Table 9c for buckling class ‘c’ & Kl/r 40.73)
∴ Design compressive stress fcd = 196.91 N/mm2
Design Compressive strength Pd = fcd Ac = 196.91x 13280 = 2614.9x103 N = 2614.9 kN
Applied force (factored) P = 1800 kN

Actual Force (1800kN) < Design strength (2614.9kN)

ISSUE
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SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

SINGLE ANGLE
Input:
Unsupported length L = 1200 mm fy = 250N/mm2
Effective length factor K = 1.0
Effective length Leff = KL = 1.0 x1200 = 1200 mm
Section Size: = L130x130x12
Ag = 29.9 cm2
rxx =ryy = 3.99 cm; rvv = rmin = 2.56 cm
Applied force (Factored) P =420.72 kN
(From analysis for load comb as per Table 4 of IS: 800-2007)
ε = 250 / f y = 1.0
b/t = d/t = 130/12 = 10.833 < (15.7ε = 15.7x1.0=15.7);
(b+d)/t = d/t = (130+130)/12 = 21.67 < (25ε =25x1.0=25)
Section is not slender. ∴Ae = Ag = 29.9cm 2
(Cl. 7.3.2, IS: 800)
Case 1: Loaded through both the legs (Concentric loading)
Kl/r = 1x1200/25.4 = 47.24
Buckling Class for angle sections = c (Refer Table 10 of IS:800-2007)
Design Compressive stress fcd = 187.14 N/mm2 (Table 9c for buckling class ‘c’ of IS: 800)
Design Compressive strength Pd = fcd Ae = 187.14x 2990
= 559.54x103N = 559.54 kN
Applied Force (factored) (420.72kN) < Design strength (559.54kN)
Utilization Factor = 420.72/559.54 = 0.752
Case 2: Loaded through one of its leg (Eccentric) Loading
Equivalent slenderness ratio λe = k1 + k 2 λvv + k 3 λϕ2
Where, k1 = 0.2; k2 = 0.35 k3 = 20 (for n ≥ 2 and welded connection)
0.5 0.5
ε = yield stress ratio = (250/fy) = (250/250) = 1.0
b1 & b 2 = width of two legs = 130mm
l / rvv 1200 / 25.4 (b + b ) / 2t (130 + 130) /( 2 x12)
λvv = = = 0.532 λϕ = 1 2 = = 0.122
π E2
π x 2 x10
2 5
; π 2E π 2 x 2 x10 5
ε 1x ε 1x
250 250 250 250
Therefore, λ c = 0.2 + 0.35 x 0.532 + 20 x 0.122 2 = 0.83

Buckling Class for angle sections = c (Refer Table 10 of IS: 800-2007)
Imperfection factor = 0.49 (for buckling class ‘c’ as per Table 7 of IS:800)
φ = 0.5[1 + α (λ − 0.2) + λ2 ] = 0.5[1 + 0.49(0.83 − 0.2) + 0.832 ] = 0.9988
f y / γ m0 250 / 1.1
Design Compressive stress f cd = = = 146.21N/mm2
φ + [φ − λ ]
2 2 0. 5
0.9988 + [0.9988 − 0.83 ]
2 2 0 .5
Design Compressive strength Pd = fcd Ae = 146.21x 2990 = 437.2.x103 N = 437.2 kN

Applied Force (420.72kN) < Design strength (437.20kN);
Utilization Factor = 420.72/437.20 = 0.962 ISSUE
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SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

DOUBLE ANGLE
Input:
Unsupported length Lxx = 1500 mm fy = 250N/mm2
Lyy = 3000 mm
Section Size: = LL100x100x10
Ag = 38.06 cm2
ryy = 4.52 cm (for 10mm gusset)
rxx = rmin= 3.05 cm
(from analysis for load combinations mentioned in Table 4 of IS:800-2007)

ε = 250 / f y = 1.0
d/t = 100/10 = 10 < 15.7ε (=15.7x1.0=15.7);
Section is not slender. ∴Ae = Ag = 38.06cm2 (Cl. 7.3.2, IS: 800)
Design:

Effective length Leff-xx = KL = 1.0 x1500 = 1500 mm
Leff-yy = KL = 1.0 x3000 = 3000 mm
Kl/r About major axis = 1x3000/45.2 = 66.37
About minor axis = 1x1500/30.5 = 49.18
Kl/r = 66.37will be used for the design
Buckling Class for angle sections =c (Refer Table 10 of IS:800-2007)

Imperfection factor = 0.49 (for buckling class ‘c’ as per Table 7 of IS:800)
Design Compressive stress fcd = 157.808 N/mm2 (Refer Table 9c for buckling class ‘c’ of IS: 800)
= 600617 N = 600.617 kN
Applied force (Factored) P = 550kN
Applied Force (550kN) < Design strength (701.18kN)
ISSUE
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SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

STAR ANGLE
Input:
Lyy = 5000 mm fy = 250N/mm2
Section = STAR Angle 100x100x10
Properties (Table XXII and XXIV of SP6-1)
Area of c/s Ag = 3806 mm2
Radius of gyration rxx = ryy = 45.2 mm (XXII of SP6-1)
rvv = rmin= 38.5 mm (XXIV of SP6-1)

(From analysis for load
combinations mentioned in Table 4
of IS: 800-2007)

ε = 250 / f y = 1.0
d/t = 100/10 = 10 < 15.7ε (=15.7x1.0=15.7);
Section is not slender. ∴Ae = Ag = 38.06cm2 (Cl. 7.3.2, IS: 800)
Design:

Effective length Leff-xx = Leff-yy = KL = 1.0 x5000 = 10000 mm
Kl/r About V-V axis = 5000/38.5 = 130
Buckling Class for angle sections =c (Refer Table 10 of IS: 800-2007)
Imperfection factor = 0.49 (for buckling class ‘c’ as per Table 7 of IS: 800)
Design Compressive stress fcd = 74.3 N/mm2 (Refer Table 9c for buckling class ‘c’ of IS: 800)

= 282786 N = 282.79 kN
Applied force (Factored) P = 230kN
Applied force (230kN) < Design strength (282.79kN )
Utilization Factor = 230kN /282.79= 0.813
ISSUE
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SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

BOX-SECTION - TOE-TO-TOE
Input:
Lyy = 10000 mm fy = 250N/mm2
Section = 2MC400 toe-to-toe
Properties D or H = 400mm
(from IS:808 and Table XXXVIII of SP6-1) bf = 2x100mm = 200mm; T=tf = 15.3mm; tw = 8.8mm
Area of c/s Ac = 9880 mm2
Radius of gyration rxx = 154.8 mm
ryy= rmin = 80.9 mm
Root Radius R1 = 15.0 mm
(From analysis for load combinations as per Table 4 of IS: 800-2007)
ε = 250 / f y = 1.0
b = (bf -2tw-2R1)/2 = (200-2x8.8-2x15)/2 = 76.2mm;
b/tf = 76.2/15.3 = 4.98 < (15.7ε =15.7) (not slender)
h to Thickness Ratio of Web:
d = (D–2×tf -2R1)/2 = (400-2x15.3-2×15) = 339.4 mm;
d / tw = 339.4/8.8 = 38.57 < (42ε =42) (not slender)
∴ Section is not slender ∴ Ae = Ag = 9880mm 2
(Cl. 7.3.2, IS: 800)
Design:

Effective length Leff-xx = Leff-yy = KL = 1.0 x10000 = 10000 mm
Kl/r About major axis = 10000/154.8 = 64.6
About minor axis = 10000/80.9 = 123.61
Kl/r = 123.61 will be used for the design
Buckling Class for angle sections =b (Refer Table 10 of IS: 800-2007)
Design Compressive stress fcd = 87.84 N/mm2
(Refer Table 9b for buckling class ‘b’ of IS: 800)
Design Compressive strength Pd = fcd Ac = 87.84x 9880
= 867.859x103 N = 867.86 kN
Applied force (factored) P = 750kN
Applied force (750kN) < Design strength (867.86kN)
ISSUE
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Appendix-C
DESIGN BENDING MEMBERS

SECTION: APPENDIX
TCE.DB-CV-ST-001 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL STEEL ELEMENTS SHEET C-1
AS PER IS: 800-2007

DESIGN OF FLEXURE (BENDING) MEMBER
Laterally Supported Beam - Plastic and Compact
Input:
Section Size = ISMB 400
Design forces (Factored) Case 1: M = 220 kN-m Moment Capacity with Low Shear load
V = 200kN (V ≤ 0.6Vd )
Case 2: M = 150 kN-m Moment Capacity with High Shear load
V = 350 kN (V > 0.6Vd )
Design:
Section Properties (MB400)
Area of Cross Section a 78.4 cm2
Depth D 400 mm
Width bf 140 mm
Flange thickness tf 16.0 mm
Web thickness tw 8.9 mm
Root Radius r1 15 mm
Moment of Inertia Izz 20500 cm4
Elastic Section Modulus Zezz 1020 cm3
Plastic Section Modulus Zpzz 1176 cm3 (Ref. Annex-H, IS: 800)
Section Classification (As per Table 2, IS: 800)

ε = 250 = 1
fy
b = bf / 2 = 140 / 2 = 70 mm
b / tf = 70 / 16 = 4.375 < 9.4 (Plastic section)
d = D – 2×tf – 2×r1 = 400 – 2×16 – 2×15 = 338 mm
d / tw = 338 / 8.9 = 37.98 < 84 ε (Plastic section)
∴ Section is classified as Plastic
Shear lag effect (Clause 8.2.1.5, IS: 800)
Shear lag effect in flanges may be disregarded provided, bo ≤ Lo/20
Where, bo = width of the flange with outstand = 70 mm
Lo = length between point of zero moment = 3000mm
Lo/20 = 3000/20 = 150mm;
bo ≤ Lo/20. Therefore shear lag effect is ignored.
Case 1: Moment Capacity with Low Shear load (V ≤ 0.6Vd ) (Clause 8.2.1.2, IS: 800)
Design forces M = 220 kN-m ( at mid-span) No or Small Shear force (e.g., mid-span)
(Factored) V = 200kN ( at support) and d / tw < 67ε
Design Strength in Shear (Cl. 8.4.1 of IS: 800)
d / tw = 338 / 8.9 = 37.97 < 67ε
d / tw is less than 67. Therefore, there is no shear buckling
Therefore, design shear strength of a cross section, Vn is governed by plastic shear resistance ISSUE
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SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

Av f yw
Nominal Shear strength (Vn)= Nominal plastic shear resistance(Vp) =
3
Where, Vd = Design shear strength
Vp = Nominal plastic shear resistance under pure shear
Vn = Nominal shear strength of a cross section
Av = Shear area = h tw (hot-rolled I section) =400 × 8.9 = 3560 mm2
fyw =Yield strength of the web = 250 MPa
h = Overall depth of the section
A f 3560 x 250
Nominal Shear strength Vn= Vp= v yw = = 513.84kN
3 3
Design Shear strength Vd = Vn / γmo = 513.84/1.1 = 467.12kN
Utilization factor = V/Vd = 200/467.12 = 0.43 < 1.0, safe

Design Strength in Bending (Cl. 8.2.1.2 of IS: 800)
Design bending strength of Section: M d = But M d ≤
γ mo γ mo
Where, Md = Design bending strength
Zp, Ze = Plastic and elastic section modulus of the cross section respectively
Zp, = 1176 cm3: Ze = 1020cm3
fy = Yield stress of the material = 250 MPa
β b Z p f y 1 x 1176 x103 x250
= = 267.27 kN-m
γ mo 1.1
1.2Z e f y 1.2 x1020x103 x250
= = 278.18 kN-m
γ mo 1.1
∴ Design bending strength of Section Md = 267.27 kN-m
Utilization Factor (Stress Ratio) = M/Md 220/267.27 = 0.82 < 1.0, safe
Case 2: Moment Capacity with High Shear load (Vu > 0.6Vd ) (Cl. 8.2.1.2, IS: 800)
Design forces M = 150 kN-m e.g.: at point load location of simply supported beam or
(Factored) V = 350kN at fixed support of a cantilever or fixed beam

d / tw = 338 / 8.9 = 37.97 < 67ε; d / tw is less than 67. Therefore, there is no shear buckling
Design shear strength of a cross section is governed by plastic shear resistance (Vp = Vn )
Av f yw
3
Where, γmo = Partial safety factor against shear failure = 1.1 (Table 5 of IS: 800) ISSUE
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SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

Av f yw
3
3560 x 250
= = 513.84 kN
3

Design shear force (V=350kN) is exceeding 0.6Vd (0.6x467.12 = 280.27 kN)
1.2Z e f y
Therefore, Design bending strength of Section: M d = M dv = M d − β (M d − M fd ) & ≤
γ mo
βb Z p f y
Where, Md = Plastic design moment of whole section =
γ mo
β b Z pf f y
Mfd = Plastic design moment of flanges (excluding shear area) =
γ mo
2 2
⎡ 2Vu ⎤ ⎡ 2 x350 ⎤
β = ⎢ − 1⎥ (for plastic and compact section) = ⎢ − 1 = 0.25
⎣ Vd ⎦ ⎣ 467.12 ⎥⎦
Zp, = 1176 cm3: Ze = 1020cm3
Zpf, = Plastic section modulus of flanges =
b 2
4
(
h − h12 )
=
140
4
( )
400 2 − 368 2 = 860.16cm 3 (Ref Annexure-II for formulas)
β b Z p f y 1 x 1176 x103 x250
∴Md = = = 267.27 kN-m
γ mo 1.1
β b Z fp f y 1 x 860.16 x103 x250
∴Mfd = = = 195.49 kN-m
γ mo 1.1
Therefore, M dv = M d − β ( M d − M fd )
= [267.27 - 0.25(267.27-195.49)] = 249.325kN-m
1.2Z e f y 1.2 x1020x103 x250
≤ = = 278.18 kN-m
γ mo 1.1
Utilization Factor = M/Md 220/249.325 = 0.88 < 1.0, safe

ISSUE
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SECTION: APPEN
NDIX
TCE
E Consullting Eng
gineers Limited
L
TCE.DB-CV
V-ST-001 DESIGN
N OF STR
E TS SHEET
T C-4
AS PER IS: 800-2007

DESIGN
N OF FLEXURE (B
BENDING
G) MEMB
BER
Laterally Suppoorted I-Beeam - Semii Compactt
Input:
Sectioon Size = BU
UILT-UP
Desiggn forces (Faactored) Case 1: M = 800 kN-m Mooment Capaccity with Low
w Shear loadd
V = 200 kN
N (V ≤ 0.6Vd )
Case 2: M = 800 kN-m Mooment Capaccity with Hig
gh Shear loadd
V = 500 kN
N (V > 0.6Vd )
Design:
Sectioon Propertiees (BUILT-U
UP)
Depth h 800 mm
Width bf 300 mm
Flange thickness
t tf 16 mm
Web thicckness tw 8 mm
Area of Cross Sectionn a 157.44 cm2
Momentt of Inertia Izz 177737 cm4
Elastic Section
S Modullus Zezz 4443 cm3
Plastic Section
S Modullus Zpzz 2
b tf (h - tf) +0.25
5 tw (h - 2tf)
(R
Ref. Annexure--II) =4943 cm3
Sectioon Classificaation (As perr Table 2, IS:: 800)

ε = 250 = 1
fy
Width to Thiickness Ratioo of Flange:
b = (bf - tw )/ 2 = (300-8) / 2 = 146
6 mm
b / tf = 146 / 16 = 9.125 >8.4ε & < 9.4ε
9 (Semi coompact)
D
Depth to Thiickness Ratioo of Web:
d = D – 2× ×tf = 800 – 2×16 = 768 mm
d / tw = 768 / 8 = 96 < 84 ε (Semi coompact)
d / tw iss more than 67.
6 Thereforee, web is susceptible to shhear bucklinng. Clause 8.2
2.1.1 is
applicable.
∴ Section iss classified ass Semi comppact
Case 1: Moment
M Cappacity with Low Shearr load (Vu ≤ 0.6Vd ) (Cl. 8.2
2.1.2, IS: 8000)
D
Design forcess (Factored) M = 800 kN--m and
d V = 2000 kN
Desiign Strength
h in Shear (Cl. 8.4.2.1, IS: 8000)
Design Shear
S strengtth Vd = Vn / γmo
7 / 8 = 96 > 67ε;
d / tw = 768 d / tw > 67. Therefore, web
w is suscepptible to sheaar buckling.
∴Nominnal shear streength Vn= Vcr = Av τb − for web without
w stiffeeners (Cl. 8.4.2.2a, IS: 8000)
Where, Vcr = Shear force correspondin
c ng to web buuckling
γmo = Partial safetyy factor again
nst shear faillure = 1.1 (Table 5 of IS: 800)
Av = Shear area = d tw (Weldeed I section) =768 × 8 = 66144 mm2
fyw =Y
Yield strengtth of the web b = 250 MPa
τb = Shear stress correspondiing to web buuckling ISSSUE
R
R0
SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

= fyw/√3 when λw ≤ 0.8
= [1-0.8(λw-0.8)]( fyw/√3 when 0.8 > λw < 1.2
= fyw/( √3) when λw > 1.2
f yw
λw = Non-dimensional web slenderness ratio =
τ cre 3
τcre = Elastic critical shear stress of the web = Kv π2E /(12(1-μ2)(d/tw)2)
Kv = 5.35 - Assuming transverse stiffener is provided only at support
∴ τcre = (5.35 x π2 x2x105) /(12(1-0.32)(962)) = 104.9 N/mm2
∴ λ w= 250
= 1.17
104.9 3
When 0.8 > λw < 1.2, τb = [1-0.8(λw-0.8)]( fyw/√3
= [1-0.8(1.17-0.8)] (250/√3 = 101.6 N/mm2
Design Shear strength Vd = (Vcr / γmo)
= Av τb / γmo = 6144 x 101.6 /1.1 = 567.48 kN
V/Vd = 200/567.48 = 0.352 = Utilization factor
V/Vd = 200/567.48 = 0.352 < 0.6. No reduction in moment of the section necessary. Design
Bending Strength shall be as per Cl. 8.2.1.2 of IS: 800
γ mo γ mo

Zp, = 4943 cm3: Ze = 4443cm3
βb = Ze/Zp (for Semi-Compact section) = 4443/4943 = 0.899
βb Z p f y 0.899 x 4943 x10 3 x250
= = 1009.94 kN-m
γ mo 1.1
1 .2 Z e f y 1.2 x 4443 x10 3 x 250
= = 1211 .73 kN-m
γ mo 1 .1
Utilization Factor = M/Md 800/1009.94 = 0.792 < 1.0, safe
ISSUE
R0
SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

Case 2: Moment Capacity with High Shear load (Vu > 0.6Vd ) (Cl. 8.2.1.2, IS: 800)
Design forces (Factored) M = 800 kN-m and V = 500 kN
Design Strength in Shear (Cl. 8.4.2.1, IS: 800)
Design Shear strength is same as that of Case: 1; Vd =567.48kN
V/Vd = 500/567.48 = 0.88 = Utilization factor
V/Vd = 0.88 > 0.6. and d / tw > 67. Therefore, web is susceptible to shear buckling. Design
Bending Strength shall be as per Cl. 8.2.1.1 of IS: 800
Method 1: Bending moment acting on the section is assumed to be resisted by flanges and web shall
be checked for Shear. (Cl. 8.2.1.1 a, IS: 800)
Z pf f y
Design bending strength of Section: M d =
γ mo
Where, Zpf, = Plastic section modulus of the flange only
Af =Area of flanges =2x300x16 = 9600mm2
Zpf, =Af/2 x df = 9600/2 x (800-16) = 3763.2x103 mm4
γmo =Partial safety factor = 1.1
2
Design bending strength of Section: M d = 3763.2 x10 x 250 = 855.27 kN − m
1 .1
Method 2: Bending moment acting on the section is assumed to be resisted by whole section. Web
shall be designed for combined shear and bending. (Cl. 8.2.1.1 b, IS: 800)
Ze f y
Design bending strength of Section: M d = M dv =
γ mo
Where, Ze = Elastic section modulus of the cross section = 4443cm3
4443 x10 3 x 250
Design bending strength of Section: M d = M dv = = 1009.77 kN − m
1 .1
∴ Design bending strength of Section Md = 1009.77 kN-m >800 kN-m
ISSUE
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SECTION: APPEN
NDIX
TCE
E Consullting Eng
gineers Limited
L
TCE.DB-CV
V-ST-001 DESIGN
N OF STR
E TS SHEET
T C-7
AS PER IS: 800-2007

SELE
ECTION OF
O SUITA
ABLE SEC
CTION FO
OR LATER
RALLY SU
UPPORTE
ED BEAM
M
Bendding Momentt = wl = ( 2 + 3) x 4 =10ttm = 100kN--m

2 2
8 8
Shearr Force at Suupport = wl ( 2 + 3) x 4 = 10t = 100kN
N
=
2 2
Desiggn Actions (F
Factored Loaads):
M = M x γik = 100xx1.5 = 150kN
N-m;
V = V x γik = 100x11.5 = 150kN
N
Selecction of suitaable section::

M u × γ m 0 1500 x10 6 ×1.1
A
Approximate
e plastic secttion moduluss required (Z
Zp ) = =
βb f y 1x 250
= 660000 mm3 = 6660cm3
γmo = Partiaal safety facttor = 1.1
6 cm3
Choose a triaal section off ISMB havinng Zp = 889.6 (AN
NNEX-H, IS
S: 800)
T propertiies of the secction are
The
Areea of Cross Seection a 66.700 cm2
Deppth D or h 350.000 mm
Widdth bf 140.000 mm
Flaange thicknesss tf 14.200 mm
Mooment of Inertiia Izz 13600.0 cm4
Elaastic Section Modulus
M Zezz 779.0 cm3
Plaastic Section Modulus
M Zpzz 889.6 cm3
(Ref
ef. Annex H, ISS: 800)
Sectioon Classificaation (As perr Table 2, IS:: 800)
ε = 250 = 1
fy
Width to Thiickness Ratioo of Flange:
b = bf / 2 = 1440 / 2 = 70 mm
b / tf = 70 / 14.2 = 4.93 < 9.4 (Plastic section)
D
Depth to Thiickness Ratioo of Web:
d = D – 2×ttf – 2×r1 = 350 – 2×14.2 – 2×
×14= 294mm m
∴ Section iss classified ass Plastic
ISS
SUE
R
R0
SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

Design Strength in Bending (No Shear at mid span) (Cl. 8.2.1.2 of IS: 800)
γ mo γ mo
Where, βb = 1.0 for plastic and compact section

Zp, = 889.6 cm3: Ze = 779cm3
β b Z p f y 1 x 889.6 x103 x250
= = 202.19 kN-m
γ mo 1.1
1.2Z e f y 1.2 x779x103 x250
= = 212.45 kN-m
γ mo 1.1
Utilization Factor (Stress Ratio) = M/Md = 150/202.19= 0.74 < 1.0, safe
d / tw = 294 / 8.1 = 36.3 < 67ε
Therefore, design shear strength of a cross section, Vn is governed by plastic shear resistance
Av f yw
Nominal Shear strength Vn = V p =
3
A f 2835 x 250
3 3
Design Shear strength Vd = Vn / γmo = 409.2/1.1 = 372 kN
Utilization factor = V/Vd = 150/372 = 0.40 < 1.0, safe
ISSUE
R0
SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

Laterally Unsupported I-Beam
Input:
Design forces (Factored) Case 1: M = 130 kN-m (Non-dimensional slenderness ratio λLT >0.4 )
Case 2: M = 130 kN-m (Non-dimensional slenderness ratio λLT ≤0.4 )
Design:
Depth D 400 mm
Width bf 140 mm
Iyy 622 cm4
Radius of gyration rzz 162 mm
ryy 28.2 mm
Plastic Section Modulus Zpzz 1176 cm3 (Annex-H, IS: 800)

ε = 250 = 1
fy
b = bf / 2 = 140 / 2 = 70 mm
d = D – 2×tf – 2×r1 = 400 – 2×16 – 2×15 = 338 mm
Case 1: Non-dimensional slenderness ratio λLT >0.4 (Clause 8.2.2, IS: 800)
Design forces (Factored) M = 130 kN-m
Effective length
Boundary condition: Torsional Restraint: Partially restrained by bottom flange support connection
Warping Restraint: Warping not restrained in both flange
Loading Condition: Normal (not destabilizing)
∴Effective Length LLT = KL = 1.0L + 2D = 1.0 x3000 + 2x400= 3800 mm
Beam experiencing bending about major axis and when its compression flange is not restrained against
lateral buckling, may fail by lateral torsional buckling before attaining its bending strength.
The effect of torsional buckling need to be considered when λLT >0.4 (λLT is non-dimensional slenderness
ratio)
ISSUE
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SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

Finding out λLT

Exact method Approximate method
βb Z p f y 1.2 Z e f y fy
λ LT = ≤ λ LT =
M cr M cr f crb
Where, βb = 1.0 for plastic and compact section Where,
Zp, Ze = Plastic and elastic section modulus of the cross fcrb = 187.3 N/mm2
section respectively (from Table 14 IS: 800 for
Zp, = 1176 cm3; Ze = 1020cm3 KL/r=3800/28.2 =135 &
Mcr = Elastic Lateral Buckling Moment h/tf=400/16 =25)
π 2 EI y ⎡ π 2 EI w ⎤ 250 = 1.16
= GI
⎢ t + ⎥ λ LT =
( LLT ) 2 ⎣ ( LLT ) 2 ⎦ 187.3
2
h f t f b3
= ( 400 − 16) x16 x140
2 3
Iw = Warping constant =
24 24
11 4
= 2.698x10 mm
(Refer Table 10.2, Roark's Formula for stress & strain)
3
It = Torsion constant = ∑ biti (for open c/s)
3
= 2 x 140 x16 + ( 400 − 16 ) x8.9 = 185809 mm4

3 3
3 3
G = Shear modulus = E
=
2 x10 5 =0.769 ×105 N/mm2
2(1 + ν ) 2(1 + 0.3)
Mcr = π 2 x 2 x10 5 x622 x10 4 ⎡0.769 x10 5 x185809 + π 2 x 2 x10 5 x 2.698 x1011 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
3800 2 ⎣ 3800 2 ⎦
= 208.58x106 N-mm = 208.58kN-m
1x1176 x10 3 x 250 3
≤ 1.2 x1020 x10 x6 250 = 1.21
λLT = = 1.19
208.58 x10 6 208.58 x10
∴λLT = 1.19
λLT > 0.4. Therefore design bending strength of laterally unsupported beam as governed by lateral
torsional buckling.
∴Design bending strength of Section: M d = β b Z p f bd

Zp, = Plastic section modulus of the cross section = 4943 cm3
βb = 1.0 for Plastic and Compact sections
fbd = Design Bending Compressive stress taken from Table-13, IS: 800
ISSUE
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SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

Exact method Approximate method

αLT = Imperfection factor = 0.21 for rolled steel section αLT = Imperfection factor = 0.21 for rolled steel
section
fbd = Design bending compressive stress
fcrb = 187.3 N/mm2
χLT = Bending stress reduction factor
fbd = Design bending compressive stress
= 127.16 N/mm2
(From Table 13(a), IS: 800)
φ LT [
= 0 .5 1 + α ( λ LT − 0 .2 ) + λ LT
2
]
[
= 0.5 1 + 0.21(1.19 − 0.2) + 1.19 2 = 1.312 ]
χ LT = Bending stress reduction factor
1
=
{φ + [φ
LT LT
2
− λ2LT ]
0.5
} ≤ 1.0
1
=
{1.312 + [1.312 2
− 1.19 2 ]0.5
}= 0.58 ≤ 1.0
χ LT f y 0.58 x250
f bd = = = 131.82 N/mm2
γ m0 1.1
∴Design bending strength of Section: ∴Design bending strength of Section
6
Md = 1.0x1176x131.82= 155.020x10 N-mm Md = 1.0x1176 x103x127.16
= 155.020kN-m = 149.54 x106 N-mm=149.54kN-m
Utilization factor = 130/155.02 = 0.84 Utilization factor = 130/149.54 = 0.87
Note: Approximate method is simple & slightly conservative and can be adopted
Case 2: Non-dimensional slenderness ratio λLT ≤0.4 (Clause 8.2.2, IS: 800)
Effective length
Boundary condition: Torsional Restraint: Fully Restrained
Unsupported Length L = 1100mm
∴Effective Length LLT = KL = 1.0L = 1.0 x1100 = 1100 mm (Table 15, IS: 800)
The effect of torsional buckling on flexural strength need to be considered when λLT ≤ 0.4 (λLT is non-
dimensional slenderness ratio)
ISSUE
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SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

Non-dimensional slenderness ratio λLT (Approximate method)
fy
λ LT =
f crb
Where, fcrb = 1592.83 N/mm2 (from Table 14 IS: 800 for KL/r=1100/28.2 =39 & h/tf=400/16 =25)
250 = 0.396
λ LT =
1592.83
λLT < 0.4. Therefore the effect of torsional buckling is not required to consider. (Cl. 8.2.2, IS: 800)
Design shall be similar to laterally restrained beam as per Clause 8.2.1 of IS: 800
Design bending strength of Section: (Clause 8.2.1, IS: 800)

γ mo γ mo

Zp, = 1176 cm3: Ze = 1020cm3
β b Z p f y 1 x 1176 x103 x250
= = 267.27 kN-m
γ mo 1.1
1.2Z e f y 1.2 x1020x103 x250
= = 278.18 kN-m
γ mo 1.1
Utilization Factor (Stress Ratio) = M/Md =220/267.27 = 0.82 < 1.0, safe
ISSUE
R0
SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

BOX-SECTION
Note: Applicable for both laterally supported & laterally unsupported beams
Input:
V = 350kN
Design:
Section Properties
Depth D 500 mm
Width bf 230 mm
Flange thickness tf 16 mm
Web thickness tw 10 mm
Area of c/s = 2x(230x16+468x10) = 167.20cm2
Moment of Inertia
Izz = 230 x 500 − ( 230 − 2 x10 ) x 468 =60203cm4
3 3
12 12
Elastic Section Modulus
Zezz = 60203 =2408cm3
25
Plastic Section Modulus (Refer Annexure-II for formula)
230x500 2
(230 − 2 x10)4682
Z pz = − = 2876cm3
4 4
ε= 250 = 1
fy
b = 180mm
b / tf = 180 / 16 = 11.25 < 29.3ε (Plastic section)
d = D – 2×tf = 500 – 2×16 = 468 mm
d / tw = 468 / 10 = 46.8 < 84 ε (Plastic section)

d / tw = 468 / 10 = 46.8 < 67ε
Therefore, design shear strength of a cross section, Vn is governed by plastic shear resistance
Av f yw
Nominal Shear strength Vn = V p =
3
Vp = Nominal plastic shear resistance under pure shear ISSUE
R0
SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

Av = Shear area = h tw (hot-rolled I section) =500x10x2 = 10000 mm2
A f 10000 x 250
3 3

γ mo γ mo

Zp, = 1176 cm3: Ze = 1020cm3
β b Z p f y 1 x 2876 x103 x250
= = 653.64 kN-m
γ mo 1.1
1.2Z e f y 1.2 x2408x103 x250
= = 656.73 kN-m
γ mo 1.1
Utilization Factor (Stress Ratio) = M/Md =450/653.64 = 0.69 < 1.0, safe
ISSUE
R0
SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

MEMBERS SUBJECTED BENDING ABOUT MINOR AXIS
BENDING CAPACITY ABOUT MINOR AXIS
Input:
Design:
Depth D 400 mm
Width bf 140 mm
Zeyy 88.9 cm3
Plastic Section Modulus
Zpzz 1176 cm3 (Annex-H, IS: 800)
Zpyy = 0.5 bf tf = 0.5x1402x16 = 156.8cm3(Refer Annexure-II)
2

ε = 250 = 1
fy
b = bf / 2 = 140 / 2 = 70 mm
d = D – 2×tf – 2×r1 = 400 – 2×16 – 2×15 = 338 mm
γ mo γ mo

Zp, = 156.8 cm3: Ze = 88.9cm3
β b Z p f y 1 x 156.8 x103 x250
= = 35.64 kN-m
γ mo 1.1
1.2Z e f y 1.2 x88.9 x103 x250
= = 24.25 kN-m
γ mo 1.1
ISSUE
R0

Appendix-D
MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED

FORCES
SECTION: APPENDIX
TCE.DB-CV-ST-001 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL STEEL ELEMENTS SHEET D-1
AS PER IS: 800-2007

COMBINED AXIAL COMPRESSION AND BIAXIAL BENDING
Built-Up I-Section
Input:
Section h = 600mm; t=tw = 12 mm; bf=210mm; T=tf = 20 mm
Area of c/s A= Ag = 151.2 cm2
Elastic section Modulus Zezz = 2941.1 cm4
Zeyy = 294.8 cm4
Plastic section Modulus Zpzz = bftf (h-tf) +0.25tw (h-2tf) 2
(Ref Annexure-II) = 210x20x (600-20)+0.25x12x(600-2x20)2 = 3376.8 cm4
Zpyy = 0.5 bf2 tf = 0.5x2102x20= 441cm3
Radius of gyration rzz = 24.157 cm
ryy = 4.524 cm
Applied force (Factored) N = P =1200kN;
My =10kN-m; Mz =175kN-m;
ε = 250 250 = 1.02
=
fy 240
b = (bf -tf)/ 2 = (210-12) / 2 = 99 mm
b / tf = 90 / 20 = 4.50 < (8.4 ε = 8.568) and <(15.7 ε = 16.01)
d = D – 2×tf = 600 – 2×20 = 560 mm
d / tw = 560/12 = 46.67 < (84 ε =85.68) and > (42ε = 42.84)
Section is Plastic for bending (b/tf < 8.4 ε & d / tw< 84ε) & Slender for axial compression (d/tw> 42ε)
∴Effective area of cross section for axial compression Ae (Cl. 3.7.2 (d), IS: 800)
= 151.2-(46.67-42.84)x1.2x1.2 = 145.68cm2
Design Axial Compressive Strength (Nd):

Kl/r About major axis = 6000/242 = 24.79
About minor axis = 3000/45.24 = 66.31
for buckling about major axis =b (Refer Table 10 of IS:800-2007)
for buckling about minor axis =c (Refer Table 10 of IS:800-2007)
for buckling about major axis fcd = 212.89 N/mm2 (Table 9b for buckling class ‘b’ & Kl/r 24.79)
for buckling about minor axis fcd = 153.54 N/mm2 (Table 9c for buckling class ‘c’ & Kl/r 66.31)
Design Compressive strength Nd = Pd = fcd Ac = 153.54x 14568
=2236.772x103 N = 2236.77kN
Utilization Factor (Stress Ratio) = N/Nd = 1200/2236.77 = 0.536 < 1.0, safe
ISSUE
R0
SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

Design Bending Strength about Major Axis (Mdz): (Cl. 8.2.2 of IS: 800)
Effective length
∴Effective Length LLT = KL = 1.0L = 1.0 x3000 = 3000 mm
The effect of torsional buckling need to be considered when λLT ≤ 0.4
Finding out λLT (Approximate method) (Cl. 8.2.2 of IS: 800)
fy
λ LT =
f crb
Where, fcrb = 559.53 N/mm2 (Table 14 IS: 800 for KL/r=3000/45.24 =66.3 & h/tf=600/20 =30)
240 = 0.655
λ LT =
559.53
λLT > 0.4. Therefore design bending strength is by lateral torsional buckling.
∴Design bending strength of Section: M d = β b Z p f bd (Approximate method)

Zp, = Plastic section modulus of the cross section = 3376.8 cm3
αLT = Imperfection factor = 0.49 for welded steel section
fcrb = 559.53 N/mm2
fbd = Design bending compressive stress = 160.97 N/mm2 (From Table 13(b), IS: 800)
∴Design bending strength of Section Md = 1.0x3376.8x103x160.97
= 543.56 x106 N-mm=543.56kN-m
Design Bending Strength about Minor Axis (Mdy): (Cl. 8.2.1.2 of IS: 800)
γ mo γ mo
Zp, = 441 cm3: Ze = 294.8cm3
β b Z p f y 1 x 441 x103 x240
= = 96.22 kN-m
γ mo 1.1
1.2Z e f y 1.2 x294.8x103 x240
= = 77.18 kN-m
γ mo 1.1
∴ Design bending strength of Section Mdy = 77.18 kN-m ISSUE
R0
SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

SECTION STRENGTH
Approximate Method (Conservative method)

N M M
+ y + z ≤ 1 .0
N d M dy M dz
1.765 2 .0
⎛ 10 ⎞ ⎛ 175 ⎞
Combined stress ratio = ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ = 0.18 < 1.0 < 1.0
⎝ 63 .45 ⎠ ⎝ 464 .41 ⎠
More Accurate Method
Member subjected combined axial force and bending moment shall satisfies the following equation
α1 α2
⎛ My ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟ +⎜ Mz ⎟⎟ ≤ 1 .0
⎜M ⎟ ⎜M
⎝ ndy ⎠ ⎝ ndz ⎠
Where, My and Mz are factored applied moments about minor & major axis respectively
Mndy and Mndz are design reduced bending strength about minor & major axis respectively
n = N/Nd = 1200/2236.77 = 0.536
α1 = 5n = 5x0.536 = 2.68 > 1.0 (Table 17, IS: 800)
α2 = 2.0 (Table 17, IS: 800)
For welded (Built-up) I Sections
⎡ ⎛ n − a ⎞2 ⎤
M ndy = M dy ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ≤ M dy (1 − n)
M ndz = M dz ≤ M dz
⎢⎣ ⎝ 1 − a ⎠ ⎥⎦ ; (1 − 0.5a )
a = (A-2bf tf)/A = (151.2-2x21x2)/151.2=0.4444 ≤ 0.5
⎡ ⎛ 0.536 − 0.4444 ⎞ 2 ⎤
M ndy = 77.18⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = 75.08kN − m
⎢⎣ ⎝ 1 − 0.4444 ⎠ ⎥⎦
(1 − 0.536)
M ndz = 543.56 x = 331.07kN − m
(1 − 0.536 x0.4444)
α1 α2
⎛ My ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞
2.68
⎛ 175 ⎞
2 .0
Therefore, ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ Mz ⎟⎟ =⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ = 0.284 < 1.0
⎜M ⎟ ⎜M ⎝ 75.08 ⎠ ⎝ 331 .07 ⎠
CHECK FOR OVERALL BUCKLING FAILURE
Member subjected to combined axial force and bending shall be checked for overall buckling failure.
Member subjected to combined axial compression and biaxial bending shall satisfy the following
interaction relationships
P C M Mz
+ K y my y + K LT ≤ 1 .0
Pdz M dy M dz
P C M C M
+ 0.6 K y my y + K z mz z ≤ 1.0
Pdz M dy M dz
ISSUE
R0
SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

Where,
P, My & Mz Applied factored axial load and moments respectively (P =1200kN; My=10kN-m;
Mz =175kN-m)
Pdy, Pdz Design strength under axial compression as governed by buckling about minor axis
and about Major axis respectively
Mdy & Mdz Design bending strength about minor axis and about major axis considering laterally
unsupported length of cross section respectively. (Mdy =77.18kN-m & Mdz =
543.56kN-m, Refer page 34)
Cmy, Cmz Equivalent uniform moment factor as per Table 18
Kz = 1+ (λz-0.2)nz ≤ 1+0.8 nz ;
Ky= 1+ (λy-0.2)ny ≤ 1+0.8 ny ;
0.1λLT n y 0.1n y
K LT = 1 − ≥ 1−
(CmLT − 0.25) (C mLT − 0.25)
ny, nz = ratio of factored axial load to axial strength of section for buckling about the Y & Z
axis respectively.
Determination of Pdy
Effective length Leff-yy = KL = 1.0 x3000 = 3000 mm (about minor axis)

Kl/r About minor axis = 3000/45.24 = 66.31; h/bf = 600/210 = 2.86
for buckling about minor axis =c (Table 10 of IS:800-2007)
fcd = 153.54 N/mm2 (Table 9c for buckling class ‘c’ & Kl/r 66.31)
Design Compressive strength Pdy = fcd Ae = 153.54x 14568 = 2236.77x103 N = 2236.77kN
Determination of Pdz
Effective length Leff-zz = KL = 1.0 x6000 = 6000 mm (about minor axis)

Kl/r About minor axis = 6000/242 = 24.79
for buckling about major axis =b (Table 10 of IS:800-2007)
fcd = 212.89 N/mm2 (Table 9b for buckling class ‘b’ & Kl/r 24.79)
Design Compressive strength Pdz= fcd Ae = 212.89x 14568 = 3101.38x103N = 3101.38kN
ISSUE
R0
SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

nz = P/Pdy = 1200/3101.38 = 0.387

ny = P/Pdy = 1200/2236.77 = 0.536
Ky
Non-dimensional effective slenderness ratio
λy = (
f y KL
r
) 2
π 2 E = 240 x66.312 /(π 2 x 2.0 x10 5 ) = 0.731
Ky = 1+ (λy-0.2) ny = 1+(0.731-0.2)x0.517 = 1.275 ≤ (1+0.8ny=1+0.8x0.517 =1.414)
= 1.275
Kz
λz = (
f y KL
r
)
2
π 2 E = 240 x 24.79 2 /(π 2 x 2.0 x10 5 ) = 0.273
Kz = 1+ (λz-0.2) nz = 1+(0.273-0.2)x0.373 = 1.027 ≤ (1+0.8nz = 1+0.8x0.373 = 1.3)
= 1.027
Cmy (Table 18, IS: 800)
Referring to BM diagram, ψ = -8/(10) = -0.80
Cmy = 0.6+0.4xψ = 0.6+0.4 x (-0.8) = 0.28 (≥ 0.4); ∴Cmy = 0.40
Cmz (Table 18, IS: 800)
Cmz CmLT = 0.6+0.4xψ = 0.6+0.4 x (-0.229) = 0.508 (≥ 0.4); ∴ Cmz =0.508
KLT
λLT= 0.655 (refer Page 34)
0.1x0.655 x0.536 ≥ ⎛ 0.1x0.536 ⎞
K LT = 1 − = 0.864 ⎜⎜1 − = 0.792 ⎟⎟
(0.508 − 0.25) ⎝ (0.508 − 0.25) ⎠
KLT = 0.864
P C M Mz 1200 0.40 x10 175
+ K y my y + K LT = + 1.275 + 0.864 = 0 .88 ≤ 1.0
Pdz M dy M dz 2236.77 77 .18 543 .56
P C M C M
+ 0.6 K y my y + K z mz z = 1200 + 0.6 x1.275 10 + 1.027 0.508 x175 = 0.654 ≤ 1.0
Pdz M dy M dz 3101 .38 77 .18 543 .56
ISSUE
R0
SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

COMBINED AXIAL COMPRESSION AND BIAXIAL BENDING
Rolled I-Section
Input:
Section ISMB600; h= 600mm; t=tw = 12 mm; bf=210mm; T=tf = 20.3 mm; r1=20mm
Area of c/s A= Ag = 156 cm2
Elastic section Modulus Zezz = 3030 cm4
Zeyy = 252 cm4
Plastic section Modulus Zpzz = 3510.63 (IS: 800, Annex-H)
Zpyy = 0.5 bf2 tf = 0.5x2102x20.3= 447.6cm3
ryy = 4.12 cm

ε = 250 250 = 1.02
=
fy 240
b = bf/ 2 = 210/ 2 = 105 mm
b / tf = 105 / 20 = 5.25 < ( 9.4 ε = 9.588) and <(15.7 ε = 16.01)
d = D – 2×tf -2r1 = 600 – 2×20.3-2x20 = 519.4 mm
d / tw = 519.4/12 = 43.283 < (84 ε =85.68) and > (42ε = 42.84)
Section is Plastic for bending (b/tf < 9.4ε & d / tw< 84ε) & Slender for axial compression (d/tw> 42ε)
∴Effective area of cross section for axial compression Ae (Cl. 3.7.2 (d), IS: 800)
= 156-(43.283-42.84)x1.2x1.2 = 155.4cm2
Design Axial Compressive Strength (Nd):

Kl/r About major axis = 6000/242 = 24.79
About minor axis = 3000/41.2 = 72.82
h/bf = 600/210 = 2.86
for buckling about major axis =a (Refer Table 10 of IS:800-2007)
for buckling about minor axis =b (Refer Table 10 of IS:800-2007)
for buckling about major axis fcd = 214.605 N/mm2 (Table 9a for buckling class ‘a’ & Kl/r 24.79)
for buckling about minor axis fcd = 157.77 N/mm2 (Table 9b for buckling class ‘b’ & Kl/r 72.82)
Design Compressive strength Nd = Pd = fcd Ac = 157.77x 15540 = 2451.75x103 N = 2451.75 kN
Utilization Factor (Stress Ratio) = N/Nd = 1200/2451.75 = 0.489 < 1.0, safe
ISSUE
R0
SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

Effective length
fy
λ LT =
f crb
Where, fcrb = 470.42 N/mm2 (Table-14 IS: 800 for KL/r=3000/41.2 =72.82 & h/tf=600/20.3 =30)
240 = 0.714
λ LT =
470.42

αLT = Imperfection factor = 0.21 for Rolled steel section
fcrb = 470.42 N/mm2
fbd = Design bending compressive stress = 184.2N/mm2 (From Table 13(a), IS: 800)
∴Design bending strength of Section Md = 1.0x3510.63 x103x184.2
= 646.66 x106 N-mm=646.66kN-m
γ mo γ mo

Zp, = 447.6 cm3: Ze = 252cm3
β b Z p f y 1 x 447.6 x103 x240
= = 97.66 kN-m
γ mo 1.1
1.2Z e f y 1.2 x252x103 x240
= = 65.98 kN-m
γ mo 1.1 ISSUE
R0
SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

∴ Design bending strength of Section Mdy = 65.98 kN-m
SECTION STRENGTH
Approximate Method (Conservative method) (Cl. 9.3.1.1, IS: 800)

N M M
+ y + z ≤ 1 .0
N d M dy M dz
N M M 1200 175 10
Combined stress ratio = + y + z = + + = 0.91 < 1.0
N d M dy M dz 2451 .75 646 .66 65 .98
More Accurate Method (Cl. 9.3.1.1, IS: 800)
α1 α2
⎛ My ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟ +⎜ Mz ⎟⎟ ≤ 1 .0
⎜M ⎟ ⎜M
n = N/Nd = 1200/2451.75 = 0.489
α1 = 5n = 5x0.489 = 2.445 > 1.0 (Table 17, IS: 800)
α2 = 2.0 (Table 17, IS: 800)
For Standard I Sections (Cl. 9.3.1.2(c), IS: 800)
n>0.2
Therefore Mndy = 1.56Mdy (1-n)(n+0.6);
= 1.56 x 65.98(1-0.489)(0.489+0.6) = 57.28kN-m
Mndz = 1.11Mdz (1-n)
= 1.11 x 646.66 x (1-0.489) = 366.79 kN-m
α1 α2
⎛ My ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞
2.445
⎛ 175 ⎞
2.0
Therefore, ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ Mz ⎟⎟ =⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ = 0.242 < 1.0
⎜M ⎟ ⎜M ⎝ 57.28 ⎠ ⎝ 366.79 ⎠
CHECK FOR OVERALL BUCKLING FAILURE
Member subjected to combined axial force and bending shall be checked for overall buckling failure.
Member subjected to combined axial compression and biaxial bending shall satisfy the following
interaction relationships
P C M Mz
+ K y my y + K LT ≤ 1 .0
Pdz M dy M dz
P C M C M
+ 0.6 K y my y + K z mz z ≤ 1.0
Pdz M dy M dz
ISSUE
R0
SECTION: APPEN
NDIX
TCE
E Consulting Eng
gineers Limited
L
TCE.DB-CV
V-ST-001 DESIGN
N OF STRU
UCTURAL L STEEL ELEMENTS
E S SHEET
T D-9
AS PER
P IS: 80
00-2007

Whhere,
P, My & Mz Appliedd factored axxial load and moments reespectively (P P =1200kN; My=10kN-m m;
Mz =175kN-m)
Pdy, Pdz Design strength undder axial com mpression as governed byy buckling ab bout minor axis
and aboout Major axxis respectiveely
Mdy & Mdzd Design bending streength about minor
m axis annd about majjor axis conssidering laterrally
unsuppported length of cross secttion respectively. (Mdy =65.98kN-m & Mdz =
646.66kkN-m, Refer page 39)
Cmy, Cmz Equivalent uniformm moment facctor as per Taable 18
Kz = 1+ (λz-00.2)nz ≤ 1++0.8 nz ;
Ky= 1+ (λy-0.2)ny ≤ 1+0.8 ny ;
0.1λLT n y 0.1n y
K LT = 1 − ≥ 1−
(C mLT − 0.255) (C mLT − 0.25)
ny, nz = xial strength of section foor buckling about
ratio off factored axiial load to ax a the Y & Z
axis resspectively.
Dettermination of Pdy
Effectivee length Leff-f-yy = KL = 1.0 x3000 = 3000 mm (aabout minor axis)

Kl/r About minoor axis = 30000/41.2 = 72..82; h/bf = 6600/210 = 2.8
86
for bucklingg about minoor axis =b (T
Table 10 of IS
S:800-2007)
Design Compressive
C stress
fcd = 157.777 N/mm2 (Tablee 9b for buckkling class ‘c’ & Kl/r 72.882)
Design Compressive
C strength Pdy = fcd Ac = 157.77x
1 155440 = 2451.755x106 N = 24
451.75 kN
Dettermination of Pdz
Effectivee length Leff-f-zz = KL = 1.0 x6000 = 6000 mm (aabout minor axis)

Kl/r About minoor axis = 60000/242 = 24.7
79; h/bf = 6600/210 = 2.8
86
for bucklingg about majoor axis =a (T
Table 10 of IS
S:800-2007)
Design Compressive
C stress
fcd = 214.6005 N/mm2 (Tablee 9b for buckkling class ‘a’ & Kl/r 24.779)
Design Compressive
C strength Pdz= fcd Ac = 214.605x
2 155540 = 3334.55 x106 N = 3334.9
3 kN
ISS
SUE
R
R0
F
FILE NAME: F12
20R2.DOC FORM NO. 120R2
SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

nz = P/Pdy = 1200/3334.9 = 0.36
ny = P/Pdy = 1200/2451.75 = 0.489
Ky
λy = (
f y KL
r
) 2
π 2 E = 240 x72.82 2 /(π 2 x 2.0 x10 5 ) = 0.645
Ky = 1+ (λy-0.2) ny = 1+(0.645-0.2)x0.489 = 1.217 ≤ (1+0.8ny=1+0.8x0.489 =1.39)
= 1.217
Kz
λz = (
f y KL
r
)
2
π 2 E = 240 x 24.79 2 /(π 2 x 2.0 x10 5 ) = 0.273
Kz = 1+ (λz-0.2) nz = 1+(0.273-0.2)x0.36 = 1.026 ≤ (1+0.8nz = 1+0.8x0.36 = 1.29)
= 1.026
Cmy (Table 18, IS: 800)
Cmy = 0.6+0.4xψ = 0.6+0.4 x (-0.8) = 0.28 (≥ 0.4); ∴Cmy = 0.40
Cmz (Table 18, IS: 800)
Cmz CmLT = 0.6+0.4xψ = 0.6+0.4 x (-0.229) = 0.508 (≥ 0.4); ∴ Cmz =0.508
KLT
λLT= 0.714 (refer Page 39)
0.1x 0.714 x 0.489 ≥ ⎛ 0.1x0.489 ⎞
K LT = 1 − = 0.865 ⎜⎜1 − = 0.811⎟⎟
(0.508 − 0.25) ⎝ (0.508 − 0.25) ⎠
KLT = 0.865
P C M Mz
+ K y my y + K LT
Pdz M dy M dz
= 1200 0.40 x10 175 ≤ 1.0

+ 1.217 + 0.865 = 0.797
2451 .75 65 .98 646 .66
P C M C M
+ 0.6 K y my y + K z mz z
Pdz M dy M dz
= 1200 10 0.508 x175

+ 0.6 x1 .217 + 1 .026 = 0.611 ≤ 1.0
3334 .9 65 .98 646 .66
ISSUE
R0
SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

COMBINED AXIAL TENSION AND BIAXIAL BENDING
Rolled I-Section
Input:
Section ISMB600 h= 600mm; t=tw = 12 mm; bf=210mm; T=tf = 20.3 mm; r1=20mm
Area of c/s A= Ag = 156 cm2
Elastic section Modulus Zezz = 3030 cm4
Zeyy = 252 cm4
Plastic section Modulus Zpzz = 3510.63 (IS: 800, Annex-H)
Zpyy = 0.5 bf2 tf = 0.5x2102x20.3= 447.6cm3
ryy = 4.12 cm

ε = 250 250 = 1.02
=
fy 240
b = bf/ 2 = 210/ 2 = 105 mm
b / tf = 105 / 20 = 5.25 < ( 9.4 ε = 9.588)
d = D – 2×tf -2r1 = 600 – 2×20.3-2x20 = 519.4 mm
d / tw = 519.4/12 = 43.283 < (84 ε =85.68)
Section is Plastic for bending (b/tf < 9.4 ε & d / tw< 84ε)
Design Axial Tensile Strength (Td): (Cl. 6 of IS: 800)

Design Strength (Td) of the member shall be the lowest of
Tdg = Ag fy / γmo
Tdg = Ag fy / γmo = 15600 x 240 / 1.1 = 3403.64x103N = 3403.64kN
Anc = net area of the connected leg = 15660 mm2
(all legs are connected to baseplate)
w = outstand leg width = 0 (Fig.6, IS: 800)
bs = shear lag width 0 mm (Clause 6.3.4, IS: 800)
ISSUE
R0
SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

∴β = 1.4 - 0.076 x (0/20.3) x (250/410) x (0 /400) =1.4
∴β = 1. 4
Tdn = (0.9 x 15600 x 410 / 1.25) + (1.4 x 0 x 250 / 1.1) = 4605.12x103N = 4605.12 kN
No block shear failure
∴Design Strength (Td) = 3403.64kN (lowest of Tdg, Tdn & Tdb)

Effective length
fy
λ LT =
f crb
Where, fcrb = 470.42 N/mm2 (Table-14 IS: 800 for KL/r=3000/41.2 =72.82 & h/tf=600/20.3 =30)
240 = 0.714
λLT =
470.42

αLT = Imperfection factor = 0.21 for Rolled steel section
fcrb = 470.42 N/mm2
fbd = Design bending compressive stress = 184.2N/mm2 (From Table 13(a), IS: 800)
∴Design bending strength of Section Md = 1.0x3510.63 x103x184.2
= 646.66 x106 N-mm=646.66kN-m
ISSUE
R0
SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007

γ mo γ mo

Zp, = 447.6 cm3: Ze = 252cm3
β b Z p f y 1 x 447.6 x103 x240
= = 97.66 kN-m
γ mo 1.1
1.2Z e f y 1.2 x252x103 x240
= = 65.98 kN-m
γ mo 1.1
∴ Design bending strength of Section Mdy = 65.98 kN-m
SECTION STRENGTH
Approximate Method (Conservative method)

N M M
+ y + z ≤ 1.0
N d M dy M dz
N M M 1200 175 10
Combined stress ratio = + y + z = + + = 0.775 < 1.0
N d M dy M dz 3403 .64 646 .66 65.98
More Accurate Method (Cl. 9.3.1.1, IS: 800)
α1 α2
⎛ My ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ Mz ⎟⎟ ≤ 1 .0
⎜M ⎟ ⎜M
n = N/Nd = 1200/3403.64 = 0.353
α1 = 5n = 5x0.353 = 1.765 > 1.0 (Table 17, IS: 800)
α2 = 2.0 (Table 17, IS: 800)
For Standard I Sections (Cl. 9.3.1.2(c), IS: 800)
n>0.2
Therefore Mndy = 1.56Mdy (1-n)(n+0.6);
= 1.56 x 65.98(1-0.353)(0.353+0.6) = 63.46kN-m
Mndz = 1.11Mdz (1-n)
= 1.11 x 646.66 x (1-0.353) = 464.41 kN-m
ISSUE
R0
SECTION: APPENDIX
AS PER IS: 800-2007
α1 α2
⎛ My ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞
1.765
⎛ 175 ⎞
2.0
Therefore, ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ Mz ⎟⎟ =⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ = 0.18 < 1.0
⎜M ⎟ ⎜M ⎝ 63.45 ⎠ ⎝ 464.41 ⎠
CHECK FOR OVERALL MEMBER STRENGTH
The reduced effective moment, Meff, under tension and bending calculated should not exceed the bending
strength due to lateral torsional buckling, Md
M eff = [M − ψ TZ ec / A] ≤ M d
Where,
M Applied factored moments (M =175kN-m)
T Applied factored Tension (T =1200kN)
A Area of c/s = 15600mm2
Zec Elastic section modulus of the section with respect to extreme compression fiber
ψ 1.0 (T & M are interdependent)
Therefore
[
M eff = 175 x10 6 − 1 .0 x1200 x 3060 x10 3 / 15600 ]
=174.76x106N-m = 174.76kN-m < (Md = 646.66kN-m); Therefore safe
ISSUE
R0

ANNEXURE-I
WARPING CONSTANT Iw (Cw) FOR DIFFERENT SHAPES
WARPING CONSTANT Iw (Cw) FOR DIFFERENT SHAPES (Ref. ROARK'S FORMULA FOR STRESS & STRAIN)
1
2
3

Annexure-II

PLASTIC SECTION MODULUS

Annexu
ure‐II
C SECTION MODU
PLASTIC ULUS
2
About Major
M Axis Zpz = b tf (h - tf) +0.25 tw (h - 2tf)
I-Sectiion
t f b2
About Minor
M Axis: Z py =
2
2
About Major
M Axis Zpz = b tf (h - tf) +0.25 tw (h - 2tf)
Channnel
Flange off an I-
About Major
M Axis: Z pz =
4
(
b 2
h − h12 )
Sectionn or (h − h1 )b 2
Channnels About Minor
M Axis: Z py =
4
bbh 2
About Major
M Axis: Z pz =
Solidd 4
Rectanngle b2h
About Minor
M Axis: Z py =
4
2
bbh 2 b1 h1
Boxx About Major
M Axis Z pz = −
4 4
(Holloow 2 2
b h b1 h1
Rectanngle) About Minor
M Axis: Z py = −
4 4
2
bbh 2 (b − 2t w )h1
About Major
M Axis Z pz = −
Weldedd Box 4 4
(hh − h1 )b h1 2
( )
2
Sectioon
About Minor
M Axis: Z py = + b1 − b22
4 4
d3
Solid Circle
C Z pz = Z py =
6
3
d 3 d1
Hollow Circle
C Z pz = Z py = −
6 6
A1 = A2= A/2
Generral
A(Y1 + Y2 )
1
Sectioon Z pz =
2

Tce Guidlines For Steel Structure Members As Per Is 800

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TCE Consulting Engineers Limited SECTION: TITLE

TCE.DB-CV-ST-001 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL STEEL ELEMENTS

DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL STEEL ELEMENTS AS PER IS: 800-2007

PPD. BY BNN Sd/-

CHD. BY VPK Sd/-

REVISION STATUS SHEET

REV NO. DATE DESCRIPTION

Appendix DESIGN EXAMPLES

Appendix-B DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS

Appendix-C DESIGN BENDING MEMBERS

Appendix-D MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED FORCES

Annexure-II PLASTIC SECTION MODULUS

2.0 APPLICABLE CODES

4.0 USER FEEDBACK

5.0 BEHAVIOUR OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

Modes off Tension Failure:

Block Sheear Failuree: A tension member may fail along

Fig.33 Example of block shear failure

The blockk shear strenngth Tdb, at an end conn

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Tabble 1: Effecctive length factor for Axial

Effective Length 0.65 0.8 1.2 1.0 2.0 2.0

Design Coompressivee Stress fcd (as perr Clause 7.11.2.1, IS: 80

Classification of Sections under different buckling class: Buckling curves (a, b, c or d)

Fig 7: Cantilever Column subjected to compressive force

5.3 Behaviour of member subjected to Bending

5.4 Classificattion of steeel sections for

Figg. 11 Momeent-Rotationn behaviourr of the fourr classes of ccross sectio

F 12: Proobability dennsity functions for loadd effect andd resistance.

combinations given in Table-5, IS: 800

Ultimate (Safety) Limit States:

Serviceability Limit State:

• Design Strength (Td) shall be minimum of Tdg Tdn and Tdb

8.1 Concentric Loading: CG of load passing through the CG of member:

8.2 Eccentric Loading: Single angle connected through one leg:

Calculate Design bending strength using equation:

4. Design Bending Strength Md (Approximate method)

9.3 I-Beam & Channel bending about minor axis

9.4 Box Section bending about major and minor axis

Overall Member Strength Clause 9.3.2, IS: 800

(a) Bending and axial Compression Clause 9.3.2.2, IS: 800

11.0 DESIGN OF BASE PLATE FOR BENDING

DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS

Design: Design Strength (Td) of the member shall be the lowest of

(a) Design strength due to yielding of gross section (Tdg)

(b) Design strength due rupture of critical section (Tdn)

Design: Design Strength (Td) of the member shall be the lowest of

(a) Design strength due to yielding of gross section (Tdg)

(b) Design strength due rupture of critical section (Tdn)

(c) Design strength due block shear (Tdb):

∴Design Strength (Td) = 1355.45 kN (lowest of Tdg, Tdn & Tdb)

Utilization factor = 1050/1355.45 = 0.775

Design: Design Strength (Td) of the member shall be the lowest of

(a) Design strength due to yielding of gross section (Tdg)

(b) Design strength due rupture of critical section (Tdn)

(c) Design strength due block shear (Tdb):

∴Design Strength (Td) = 2245.45 kN (lowest of Tdg, Tdn & Tdb)

Grade of steel: E250 (Fe 410 W)B;

Design Axial Tensile Strength (Td): (Cl. 6 of IS: 800)

(a) Design strength due to yielding of gross section (Tdg)

(b) Design strength due rupture of critical section (Tdn)

∴Design Strength (Td) = 3403.64kN (lowest of Tdg, Tdn & Tdb)

Utilization factor = 2000/3403.64 = 0.588