Mathematics – II

(MATH F112)
BITS Pilani Dr. Amit Setia (Assistant Professor)
Department of Mathematics
K K Birla Goa Campus
 Section-46
Cauchy-Goursat
theorem
Cauchy- Goursat theorem

If a function f is analytic at all points interior to and

on a simple closed contour C , then

 f  z  dz  0
C

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Example

Evaluate


z3
e dz
C

where C is any simple closed contour

in either direction.

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 Section-48
Simply connected
domain
 Definition:
Simply Connected Domain

A simply connected domain D is a domain such that

every simple closed contour within it encloses only points of D.

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Theorem *

If a function f is analytic throughout

a simply connected domain D, then

 f  z  dz  0
C

for every closed contour C lying in D.

Corollary :
A function f that is analytic throughout a
simply connected domain D must have
an antiderivative everywhere in D.
Remark : The corollary tells us that
entire functions always possess antiderivatives.
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Remark

The closed contour in the Cauchy-Goursat theorem need not be

simple when the theorem is adapted to simply connected domains.
More precisely, the contour can actually cross itself.
The above theorem allows for this possibility.
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Remark

 f  z  dz   
C
k 1
Ck
f  z  dz  0

The closed contour in the Cauchy-Goursat theorem need not be

simple when the theorem is adapted to simply connected domains.
More precisely, the contour can actually cross itself.
The above theorem allows for this possibility.
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Example

If C denotes any closed contour  may not be simple 

lying inside the disk z  2
then
ze z
 dz  0
 
5
C
z2  9

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Definition:
Multiply Connected Domain

A domain D which is not simply connected

is called a multiply connected domain.

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Theorem : Suppose that
(a) C is a simple closed contour,
described in the counterclockwise direction;
(b) Ck (k  1, 2, . . . , n) are simple closed contours
interior to C , all described in the clockwise direction,
that are disjoint and whose interiors have no points in
common (Fig.).
If a function f is analytic on all of these contours and
throughout the multiply connected domain consisting
of the points inside C and exterior to each Ck , then
n

 f  z  dz   
C
k 1
Ck
f  z  dz  0

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Corollary :
Let C1 and C2 denote positively oriented simple closed contours,
where C1 is interior to C2 (Fig.).
If a function f is analytic in the closed region
consisting of those contours and all points between them, then

 f  z  dz   f  z  dz
C1 C2

Remark : It is known as the principle of deformation of paths

since if C1 is continuously deformed into C2 ,
always passing through points at which
f is analytic, then the value of
the integral of f over C1 never changes.

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Example

Evaluate
dz
C z
where C be any positively oriented simple closed contour
outside the circle of radius 1 and center 0.

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 Solution
dz dz

C z
C0 z , where C0 : z  1
1
Note that f  z   is not analytic at z=0 but it is
z
analytic in the region bounded by C and C0 and
on the contours C and C0
of the corollary for principle of deformation of paths
ieit
2
 it
dt  2 i
t 0 e

C0 : z  eit , 0  t  2

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 Example

Justify why
z2 z2
C1  z  dz  C2  z  dz
sin   sin  
2 2
where C1 denote the positively oriented boundary
of the square whose sides lie along the
lines x = ±1, y = ±1
and let C2 be the positively oriented circle |z| = 4

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 Solution

 f  z  dz   f  z  dz
C1 C2

z2
f z  is having singular points
z
sin  
2
z z
where sin    0   n i  z  2n i
2 2
n  0, 1, 2,........
all this singular points are outside C 2 except z=0 which is inside C1 ,
 f  z  is analytic in between the region in C1 & C2 and on C1 & C2
of the corollary for principle of deformation of paths

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