ME1017 - COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN LABORATORY

B.Tech. (IInd Year IV Sem) – Mechanical Engineering

Delhi NCR Campus
Words are not the natural language of engineers. Drawings are their prose, mathematics their grammar and differential equations their poetry. –Glegg
Introduction:
Classification of Drawings:
1. Machine Drawing: It is pertaining to machine parts or components.

2. Production Drawing: A production drawing, also referred to as working drawing, should furnish all the
dimensions, limits and special finishing processes such as heat treatment, honing, lapping, surface finish,
etc., to guide the craftsman on the shop floor in producing the component.

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 3. Component or part drawing
Component or part drawing is a detailed drawing of a component to facilitate its manufacture.
4.Assembly Drawing:
A drawing that shows the various parts of a machine in their correct working locations is an
assembly drawing.

Principles of Drawing
Engineering drawings are to be prepared on standard size drawing sheets.
Drawing Sheets
Engineering drawings are prepared on drawing sheets of standard sizes.
The basic principles involved in arriving at the sizes of drawing sheets are:
(a) X : Y = 1 : √2 , (b) XY = 1
where X and Y are the sides of the sheet. For a reference size A0 (Table 2.1) having a surface area of
1 m2, X = 841 mm and Y = 1189 mm. The successive format sizes are obtained either by halving along the
length or doubling along the width, the areas being in the ratio 1:2.

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Below Table shows Preferred drawing sheet sizes (First choice) ISO-A Series

The commonly used drawing scales are

enlarged (2 : 1, 5 : 1, 10 : 1, 20 : 1, 50 : 1),
full size (1 : 1) and
reduced (1 : 2, 1 : 5, 1 : 10, 1 : 100).
Details of Title block:

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SCALE: Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element of an object as represented in the
drawing, to the real linear dimension of the same element of the object itself.
The complete designation of a scale should consist of the word Scale, followed by the indication
of its ratio as:
SCALE 1 : 1 for full size,
SCALE × : 1 for enlarged scales,
SCALE 1 : × for reduced scales.
The designation of the scale used on the drawing should be shown in the title block.

Typesof Lines and their Aplication:

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Sections:
In order to show the inner details of a machine component, the object is imagined to be cut by a cutting plane and the
section is viewed after the removal of cut portion. Sections are made by at cutting planes and are designated by capital
letters and the direction of viewing is indicated by arrow marks.

Hatching:
Hatching is generally used to show areas of sections. The simplest form of hatching is generally adequate
for the purpose, and may be continuous thin lines at a convenient angle, preferably 45°, to the principal outlines. lines of
symmetry of the sections (below Fig)

Fig: Preferred hatching angles

Cutting planes: The cutting plane(s) should be indicated by means of type H line. The cutting plane
should be identified by capital letters and the direction of viewing should be indicated by arrows.

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 In principle, ribs, fasteners, shafts, spokes of wheels and the like are not cut in longitudinal sections and therefore
should not be hatched (below Fig)

Fig: Sections not to be hatched

Method of indicating dimensions:

Method I (Aligned System):

Method II (Unidirectional system)

Method of indicating Notes:Examples of notes:

Φ : Diameter SΦ : Spherical diameter R : Radius SR : Spherical radius □ : Square

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Fig: Methods of indicating Notes

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Designation and relative postions of views:

 Bureau of Indian Standards (SP–46:1988) prefers first angle projection and throughout this CAD Manual,
first angle projection is followed.
First angle projection: Europe and Asia*.
Memory tip: FAP-O - First Angle Projection - Opposite
Third angle projection: Australia
Memory tip: TAP-S - Third Angle Projection – Same
First angle projection Third angle projection
The object is imagened to be in first quadrant. The object is imagened to be in third quadrant.
The object is lies between the observer and plane of The plane of projection lies between the observer and
projection. object.
The plane of projection is assumed to be nontransparent. The plane of projection is assumed to be transparent.
When view are drawn in their relative positon Topview When view are drawn in their relative position Top view
comes below front view, Right side view drawn to the left comes above Front view, Right side view drawn to the right
side of elevation. side of elevation.
Symbol: Symbol:

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One View drawing: Some objects with cylindrical, square or hexagonal features or, plates of any size with any number
of features in it may be represented by a single view.

Two view Drawings:

Some objects which are symmetrical about two axes may
be represented completely by two views Normally, the
largest face showing most of the details of the object
is selected for drawing the view from the front.

The shape of the object then determines whether the

second view can be a view from above or a side view.

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Threeview Drawings:
In general, most of the objects consisting of either a single component or an assembly of a
number of components, are described with the help of three views. In such cases, the views normally
selected are the views from the front, above and left or right side.

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Welding Symbols

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Basic Mechanical Industry Structure:

The major disciplines that use AutoCAD are:

✦ Architectural, Engineering, and Construction (AEC)
✦ Mechanical
✦ Geographic Information Systems (GIS),
✦ Surveying and Civil Engineering
✦ Facilities management
✦ Electrical/electronic
✦ Multimedia

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 Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer systems to assist in the creation,
modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. CAD software is used to increase the productivity of
the designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through documentation, and to
create a database for manufacturing. CAD output is often in the form of electronic files for print,
machining, or other manufacturing operations.
Design Engineering
1. Modeling Software (CAD Basic)
a. Auto CAD
b. Pro/Engineer Wildfire / Creo Parametric
c. SolidWorks 3D CAD
d. CATIA
e. Solid Edge
f. SolidFace
g. Mastercam
h. NX

2. Analysis Software (Stress)

a. ANSYS
b. Abaqus
c. GAMBIT
d. SIMULIA

S.No Software name Image Description

1 AutoCAD AutoCAD has a user-
friendly interface and
includes many tools to
design complex parts in 2D
and 3D. The files can be
exported to CAM software
for analysis.

2 Pro/Engineer Software with enhanced

Wildfire / Creo features and tools to design,
Parametric sketch, assemble, weld,
draw etc.

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 3

SolidWorks

3D CAD

CATIA

Solid Edge

6 SolidFace

7 Mastercam

8 NX

9 Patran

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Applications areas: Aerospace, Automotive, Consumer, Energy, Heavy Equipment, Marine

Medical Devices, Oil & Gas, Rail Transportation, Telecom, Utilities…
CAD Software Industries:
IBM, General Motors, GE, John deer, caterpillar, Satyam Venture, Mahindra tech,
Infotech Enterprises, 3dplmsoftware, geometricglobal, etc…

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Some Useful links:
http://www.we-r-here.com/cad/tutorials/level_4/4-4.htm
http://www.g-wlearning.com/CAD/

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 The Basic Commands Used in Auto Cad
OOPS-another name of undo command. Old version command.
MULTIPLE: repeats the command several times.
LIMITS: set the drawing limits.
BLIPMODE: to turn blip mode on or off
DIST: to find the distance between two points.
UNITS: Defines the unit and angle formats.
PAN (P) - to move the drawing in drawing area
Introduction

Turning Dynamic Input ON/OFF

Click the Dynamic Input icon on the status bar or press F12.
Visual Grid Turn Grid On/OFF
1. Press Function Key F7.
On-Line Help
Type HELP at the command prompt
Command: HELP or
Press Function Key F1
SNAP Command: Function Key F9 to turn the snap ON/OFF.
Grid Command: Press Function Key F7 to turn the grid ON/OFF.
Object Snapping: An object snap mode specifies a snap point at an exact location on an object. OSNAP specifies running
object snap modes, which remain active until you turn them off.
Introduction to Commands
Open Existing Drawings CTRL + O.
Creating a New Drawing CTRL + N
Saving Drawings Command: SAVE
File Safety Precautions Click AutoSave and SV$ under Tools, Options...., Open and Save
Exiting AutoCAD Command: QUIT

Draw Commands
1. Line Command Creates single straight line segments
Command: LINE or L
2. Circles: Type CIRCLE at the command prompt.
Command: C or CIRCLE
3. Arc Command: Type ARC at the command prompt
Command: ARC

Erase and Selection Sets

Erase Command Type ERASE at the command prompt.
Command: ERASE or E

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 SELECTION WINDOWS IN AUTOCAD 2002

There Are Two Types of Windows In AutoCAD

SOLID WINDOW: - this window will select those objects, which are completely enclosed within window. It will not select
those objects which are partially included within window.

CROSSING WINDOW: This window will select all those objects that are completely enclosed within window as well as
those objects, which are crossing with window.

Remove from Selection Set: Press SHIFT and select entities to remove them from the selection set.

OOPS Command: Reinserts the last erased set of objects or block even if it was not the last command issued.
Command: OOPS

Basic Display Commands:

ZOOM: Increases or decreases the apparent size of objects in the current viewport.
Command Zoom or Z
PAN: Shifts the location of a view.
Command PAN or P
Redraw and Regen: Redraw refreshes the current view.
Command Redraw or R

SNAP Command: Command SNAP or SN or Function Key F9 to turn the snap ON/OFF.
Grid Command: Command GRID Function Key F7 to turn the grid ON/OFF.
Object Snapping
Running Object Snaps: Command: DDOSNAP
Case by Case (Temporary Mode) Press SHIFT + the RIGHT MOUSE BUTTON.
Edit Commands
Move Command:
Command: MOVE or M
Copy Command:
Command: COPY or CP
Offset Command: To offset a specified distance:
Command: OFFSET or O
EXTEND: Command: EXTEND

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TRIM: The TRIM command allows you to trim objects in a drawing so they end precisely at a cutting edge defined by one
or more other objects in the drawing.
Command: TRIM or Tr
MIRROR:
Command: MIRROR
Mirrtext : Mirror reflects (mirrors) text if 1, retains text direction if 0.
Command: MIRRTEXT
ROTATE
Command: ROTATE
SCALE:
Command: SCALE
Setting up a Drawing
List Command:
Command: LI
Measuring Distances:
Command: DIST
Calculating Areas:
Command: AREA
ID Command:
Command: ID
UNITS Command
Command: DDUNITS or UN
Drawing Limits:
Command: LIMITS
Text
Text Command:
Command: TEXT
DTEXT (Dynamic Text) creates a single-line text object, showing the text dynamically on the screen as it is entered.
Command: DTEXT
Text Justification:
Command: JUSTIFYTEXT
Text Styles
Command: STYLE
Multiline Text:
Command: MTEXT
Editing Text:
Command: DDEDIT or ED
Special Control Codes:
%%d degree symbol (°)
%%c diameter symbol (Ø)
%%p plus minus symbol (±)
%%u to start and stop underlining (NOTE)
%%o to start and stop overscoring (NOTE)

Spell Check:

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 Command: SPELL
Annotative Text
Command: STYLE

Layers, Line types, Colors

Introduction to Layers and Layer Dialog Box:
Command: LAYER
Match Properties
Command: MATCHPROP or MA
Color Command
Command: COLOR or COL
Linetypes
Command: LTYPE or LT
Lineweights
Command: LINEWEIGHT or LWEIGHT
Object Properties
Command: DDCHPROP (CH) or DDMODIFY (MO)

Plotting
Plot Command
Command: PLOT or PRINT or Press CTRL + P
Adding a Plotter
Plot Styles

More Edit Commands

Break
Command: BREAK
Stretch
Command: STRETCH
Fillet
Command: FILLET
Chamfer
Command: CHAMFER
Array
Command: ARRAY
Polar Array
Command: ARRAY
Lengthen
Command: LENGTHEN

Advanced Display Commands

Multiple Command
Command: multiple circles
Calculator (CAL Command):
Command: cal

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Polylines
Pline Command
Command: PLINE or PL
Editing Polylines
Command: PEDIT
Explode Command
Command: EXPLODE
Turning Lines into Polylines
Command: PEDIT
More Draw Commands
Polygon :
Command: POLYGON
Rectangle
Command: RECTANG
Spline: The SPLINE command creates a particular type of spline known as a nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS) curve.
A NURBS curve produces a smooth curve between control points
Command: SPLINE
Editing Splines
Command: SPLINEDIT
Covert PLINE to Spline
Command: PEDIT
Donut
Command: DONUT
Ellipse
Command: ELLIPSE
Multilines : Creates multiple parallel lines.
Command: MLINE
Multiline Styles
Command: MLSTYLE
Editing Multilines
Command: MLEDIT
Construction Line
Command: XLINE
Ray Command: Creates an infinite line in one direction.
Command: RAY

Crosshatching
HATCH Command:
Command: HATCH
HATCHEDIT
Command : HATCHEDIT

Regions and Boundaries

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Boundary Command Defines the object type, boundary set, and island detection method for defining boundaries from
points you specify.
Command: BOUNDARY
Region Command:
Regions are two-dimensional areas you create from closed shapes or loops. Closed polylines, lines, and curves are valid
selections. Curves include circular arcs, circles, elliptical arcs, ellipses, and splines.
Command: REGION
Mass Properties :
Command: MASSPROP

Blocks and Attributes

Creating Local Blocks (BMAKE)
Command: BMAKE or BLOCK
Inserting Blocks
Command: INSERT
Wblock Command
Command: WBLOCK
Purge: The purge command deletes unused objects in an AutoCAD drawing.
Command: PURGE
Defining Attributes:
Command: ATTDEF
Editing Attributes:
Command: ATTEDIT
Block Attribute Manager
Command: BATTMAN
Synchronize Attributes
Command: ATTSYNC
Attribute Extraction
Command: ATTEXT

Point, Divide, Measure

Point Styles
Command: DDPTYPE
Point Command
Command: POINT
Divide
Command: DIVIDE
Measure
Command: MEASURE

Grips Overview
Entity Grips : Entity grips allow AutoCAD drawings to be edited in an entirely new way. Without entering any edit
commands, you can stretch, move, copy, rotate, scale, and mirror entities. You can also snap to geometric features such
as endpoints, midpoints, centers, quadrants without entering object snaps.

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Grips are the small squares that appear when objects are selected with the crosshairs directly from the command
prompt.
Advanced Selection Commands
Groups:
Command: GROUP
Object Filters
Command: FILTER
Quick Select
Command: QSELECT
Raster Images
Inserting Images
Command: IMAGEATTACH
Image Appearance
Choose Modify, Object, Image, Adjust...
Image Transparency
Command: TRANSPARENCY
Image Quality
Command: IMAGEQUALITY

Dimensions
Linear Dimensions
Command: DIM
Aligned Dimensions
Command: DIM Dim: ALIGNED
Radial Dimensions
Command: DIM Dim: RADIUS or DIAMETER
Angular Dimensions
Command: DIM Dim: ANGULAR
Continued and Baseline Dimensions
Command: DIM Dim: CONTINUE or BASELINE
Leaders
Command: QLEADER
Quick Dimensions
Command: QDIM
Modifying Dimensions
Command: DDEDIT
Ordinate Dimensions
Command: DIMORDINATE

Dimension Styles
Creating Dimension Styles
Command: DDIM

Views and Viewports

Named Views

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Command: DDVIEW
Viewports
Command: VPORTS

Model Space and Paper Space Layouts

Mview Command
Command: MVIEW or MV
Model Space
Command: MSPACE or MS

Data Management
Importing Files
Command: Import
Exporting Files
Command: Export
Reissuing the Last Command
1. Press the ENTER key on the keyboard Or
2. Press the Space bar on the keyboard. Or
3. Click the right mouse button.
Canceling a Command
1. Press the ESCAPE (ESC) key on the keyboard.

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 CAD LAB
Experiment No 1:

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Experiment 2

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Experiment 3

Experiment 4

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Experiment 5

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Experiment 6

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Experiment 7: Drawing of Isometric view

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Experiment 8: Drawing of 3D Views

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Experiment 8: Drawing of sectioned components (Hatching)

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Knuckle Joint:

Fig: Knuckle Joint

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 Fig: Knuckle Joint

Knuckle joint

A knuckle joint is a pin joint used to fasten two circular rods. In this joint, one end of the rod is formed into an eye and the
other into a fork (double eye). For making the joint, the eye end of the rod is aligned into the fork end of the other and then
the pin is inserted through the holes and held in position by means of a collar and a taper pin (above fig). Once the joint is
made, the rods are free to swivel about the cylindrical pin.

Knuckle joints are used in suspension links, air brake arrangement of locomotives, etc.

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 Gib and Cotter Joint This joint is generally used to connect two rods of square or rectangular cross-section.

Screw jack: Screw jacks are used for raising heavy loads through very small heights.

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Non-aligned couplings

Non-aligned couplings are used to transmit power between two shafts which are not coaxial.

Universal Coupling

It is a rigid coupling that connects two shafts, whose axes intersect if extended.

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Flange Coupling:
Perfect alignment of two shafts is impossible to achieve and difficult to maintain, because of inevitable bearing
wear and other reasons. To overcome the trouble, flexible couplings are employed. These permit relative rotation or
variation in the alignment of shaft axes within certain limits.

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Assembly Drawing:
Draw the part Drawing for Milling machine Tail Stock

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