HX: Energy Balance and LMTD Method

Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
http://zahurul.buet.ac.bd/

T718

ME 307: Heat Transfer Equipment Design Application of and contrast between (a) a thermodynamic and (b) a heat transfer
model for a typical shell-and-tube heat exchanger used in chemical processing.
http://zahurul.buet.ac.bd/ME307/
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HX: Energy Balance and LMTD Method ME 307 (2020) 1 / 19 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HX: Energy Balance and LMTD Method ME 307 (2020) 2 / 19

Heat Exchanger: Energy Balance Equation Special Heat Exchanger Conditions


  11
11
 01345667589
47
 97
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1 11
1
T666

• q̇ = ṁh (ih,i − ih,o ) = ṁh cp,h (Th,i − Th,o ) = Ch (Th,i − Th,o )

• q̇ = ṁc (ic,o − ic,i ) = ṁc cp,c (Tc,o − Tc,i ) = Cc (Tc,o − Tc,i ) T793

• q̇ = UA∆Tm
(a) Ch >> Cc or a condensing vapour. (b) An evaporating liquid or Ch << Cc .
◮ i is fluid enthalpy, subscripts h & c refer to hot & cold fluids, whereas (c) A counterflow heat exchanger with equivalent fluid heat capacities (Ch = Cc ).
the subscripts i & o designate fluid inlet & outlet conditions.
◮ C ≡ ṁCp ≡ heat capacity rate [W/K]. A condenser or a boiler can be considered to be either a parallel or
counterflow HTX since both approaches give the same result.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HX: Energy Balance and LMTD Method ME 307 (2020) 3 / 19 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HX: Energy Balance and LMTD Method ME 307 (2020) 4 / 19
 LMTD Method

LMTD: Parallel-Flow Heat Exchanger

• q̇ = UA∆TLM
• d q̇ = −ṁh cp,h dTh = −Ch dTh
• d q̇ = ṁc cp,c dTc = Cc dTc
T1029 • d q̇ = U(Th − Tc )dA

Typical temperature profiles inside boilers, evaporators, and condensers. • d (∆T ) = dTh − dTc
h i
• d ∆T = − C1 + C1 d q̇
h c
h i
)
• d(∆T
∆T = −U 1
Ch + 1
Cc dA
• ∆T1 = (Th,i − Tc,i )
T702 • ∆T2 = (Th,o − Tc,o )
h i
∆T2 −∆T1
T1030 q̇ = UA ln(∆T2 /∆T1 )
= UA∆TLM
Temperature cross in a counterflow heat exchanger.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HX: Energy Balance and LMTD Method ME 307 (2020) 5 / 19 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HX: Energy Balance and LMTD Method ME 307 (2020) 6 / 19

LMTD Method LMTD Method

LMTD: Counter-Flow Heat Exchanger

01 31 6 67315631 Cengel Ex. 11-4 ⊲ Heating Water in a Counter-Flow Heat Exchanger: If Uo =

89

9
02 32  
9
9
640 W/m2 K, determine the length of the heat exchanger required to achieve the
325632 desired heating. Re-estimate the length for Parallel-Flow configuration.
6
• q̇ = UA∆TLM
31 3101 631 • ∆T1 = (Th,i − Tc,o )

3 3 • ∆T2 = (Th,o − Tc,i )

3 6 31
32 3
632 3202 32
  T707
T667 
h i
∆T2 −∆T1
q̇ = UA ln(∆T2 /∆T1 )
= UA∆TLM

© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HX: Energy Balance and LMTD Method ME 307 (2020) 7 / 19 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HX: Energy Balance and LMTD Method ME 307 (2020) 8 / 19
 LMTD Method LMTD Method

Condenser, Evaporator (Boiler)

Condenser Sizing: ⊲ Saturated water at 120o C with a quality of xi = 0.2 and a
mass flow rate, ṁh = 10 kg/s is to be cooled to 60o C with a water flow of ṁc =
• Condenser: Q = ṁh (hi − ho ) = ṁh xi hfg 40 kg/s at 20o C. If for liquid water, hw = 8000 W/m2 K, and for condensing
vapour, hv = 24000 W/m2 K, and Cp = 4200 J/KgK for liquid water, and hfg =
• Q = (ṁCp )c (Tco − Tci ) = UA∆TLM
2200 kJ/kg at 120o C, estimate the heat transfer surface area.
(Tsat −T
ci )−(Tsat 
−Tco ) Tco −Tci 
• ∆TLM = Tsat −Tci = Tsat −Tci
ln ln
Tsat −Tco Tsat −Tco
   
Cc Tsat −Tci Tsat −Tci Subcooling Condensation
• A= U ln
Tsat −Tco → Tsat −Tco = exp − UA
Cc
T778
120o C
• Boiler: Q = ṁc (ho − hi ) = ṁc xi hfg
• Q = (ṁCp )h (Thi − Tho ) = UA∆TLM 60o C
(Thi −Tsat )−(Tho −T
 sat ) Thi −Tho 
• ∆TLM = Thi −Tsat = Thi −Tsat
ln ln
Tho −Tsat Tho −Tsat
   
Ch Thi −Tsat Thi −Tsat
• A= U ln
Tho −Tsat → Tho −Tsat = exp − UA
Ch
20o C
T777 T769

© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HX: Energy Balance and LMTD Method ME 307 (2020) 9 / 19 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HX: Energy Balance and LMTD Method ME 307 (2020) 10 / 19

LMTD Method with Corrections LMTD Method with Corrections

Correction for LMDT: Cross-Flow & Multipass HTX

• If a heat exchanger other than the double-pipe type is used, q̇ is

calculated by using a correction factor, F applied to LMDT for
counter-flow arrangement with same hot and cold fluid temperatures.

q̇ = FUA∆TLM

• F = 1.0 for boiling and condensation.

• F-values are presented in figures, using two dimensionless parameters:
t2 −t1
1 P= T1 −t1 : 0 ≤ P ≤ 1.0: thermal efficiencies of tube-side flow.
T1 −T2 (mcp )tube−side
2 R= t2 −t1 = (mcp )shell −side : 0 ≤ R ≤ ∞:
• R → 0: vapour condensation on the shell side
T714
• R → ∞: evaporation on the tube side.
• T ≡ shell-side temperatures Correction-factor, F for exchanger with one shell pass and two, four, or any
• t ≡ tube-side temperatures
multiple of tube passes.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HX: Energy Balance and LMTD Method ME 307 (2020) 11 / 19 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HX: Energy Balance and LMTD Method ME 307 (2020) 12 / 19
 LMTD Method with Corrections LMTD Method with Corrections

T715
T716
Correction-factor, F for exchanger with two shell passes and four, eight, or any
multiple of tube passes. Correction-factor, F for single-pass cross-flow exchanger, both fluids unmixed.

© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HX: Energy Balance and LMTD Method ME 307 (2020) 13 / 19 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HX: Energy Balance and LMTD Method ME 307 (2020) 14 / 19

LMTD Method with Corrections LMTD Method with Corrections

Cengel Ex. 11-3 ⊲ Steam condenser with surface area of the tubes is 45 m2 , and
the overall heat transfer coefficient is 2100 W/m2 K.

T717
T706
Correction-factor, F for single-pass cross-flow exchanger, one fluid mixed, the
other unmixed.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HX: Energy Balance and LMTD Method ME 307 (2020) 15 / 19 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HX: Energy Balance and LMTD Method ME 307 (2020) 16 / 19
 LMTD Method with Corrections LMTD Method with Corrections

Holman Ex. 10-4 ⊲ In a counterflow double-pipe heat exchanger, water at the Cengel Ex. 11-6 ⊲ Cooling of Water in an Automotive Radiator: The radiator
rate of 68 kg/min is heated from 35 to 75o C by an oil having a specific heat of has 40 tubes of internal diameter 0.5 cm and length 65 cm in a closely spaced
1.9 kJ/kgoC. Oil enters the exchanger at 110o C and leaves at 75o C. Given that, plate-finned matrix. Hot water enters the tubes at a rate of 0.6 kg/s. Determine
Uo = 320 W/m2o C. Estimate heat transfer area, A. the overall heat transfer coefficient Ui of this radiator based on the inner surface
area of the tubes.
Holman Ex. 10-5 ⊲ Instead of the double-pipe heat exchanger of Ex. 10-4, it is
desired to use a shell-and-tube exchanger with the water making one shell pass
and the oil making two tube passes. Calculate the area, A, assuming that the
overall heat-transfer coefficient remains at 320 W/m2o C.

Holman Ex. 10-7 ⊲ A cross-flow heat exchanger, one fluid mixed and one
unmixed, is used to heat an oil in the tubes (c = 1.9 kJ/kg o C) from 15o C to
85o C. Steam (5.2 kg/s, c = 1.86 kJ/kgo C) blows across the outside of the tube,
enters at 130o C and leaves at 110o C. Uo = 275 W/m2 o C . Calculate A.
T709

© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HX: Energy Balance and LMTD Method ME 307 (2020) 17 / 19 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HX: Energy Balance and LMTD Method ME 307 (2020) 18 / 19

LMTD Method with Corrections

Ozisik Ex. 11-2 ⊲ A heat exchanger is to be designed to cool 8.7 kg/s an ethyl
alcohol solution [cp,h = 3840 J/kgo C] from 75o C to 45o C with cooling water [cp,c
= 4180 J/kgo C entering the tube side at 15o C at a rate of 9.6 kg/s. Given, Uo =
500 W/m2o C. Estimate heat transfer area, for:
1 parallel flow, shell and tube
2 counter flow, shell and tube
3 one shell pass and two tube pass
4 cross-flow, both fluids unmixed.
5 cross-flow, one fluid unmixed,

© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) HX: Energy Balance and LMTD Method ME 307 (2020) 19 / 19