Modes of Heat Transfer

Review of Heat Transfer & Fluid Flow

Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
http://zahurul.buet.ac.bd/

T946

• Q̇cond = kA ∆T
∆x = UA∆T =
∆T
1/UA = ∆T
Rcond :→ Rcond = ∆x
kA = 1
UA
(Ts −T∞ ) (Ts −T∞ ) 1
• Q̇conv = hA(Ts − T∞ ) = 1/hA = Rconv :→ Rconv = hA
ME 307: Heat Transfer Equipment Design
http://zahurul.buet.ac.bd/ME307/
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Heat Conduction Through Plain Wall

k(T ) = k0 (1 + βk T )

T944

Temperature distribution for steady-state T945

T949
conduction through a plane wall, and analogy
Variable thermal conductivity
between thermal and electrical circuits. Variation of thermal conductivity. (a) gases and (b) liquids.

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 Heat Convection Non-dimensional Numbers in Heat Convection

hL
≡ Nu = f(Re, Pr, · · · )
k

• Reynolds number, Re ≡ ρVL inertia force

µ = viscous force
c µ
• Prandtl number Pr ≡ αν = pk = molecular diffusivity of momentum
molecular diffusivity of heat
• Nusselt number Nu ≡ hLk
T948 • Peclet number Pe ≡ RePr
T947
• Graetz number, Gz ≡ Pe dx
(a) Forced convection. (b) Natural convection.
(c) Boiling. (d) Condensation.

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Conduction + Convection

Heat Radiation Heat Conduction + Convection through Plain Wall

Q̇rad = hr A(Ts − Tsur ) : hr ≡ ǫσ(Ts + Tsur )(Ts2 + Tsur

2
)

T954

Radiation exchange: (a) at a surface and (b) between a surface and large T950

surroundings. (a) Temperature distribution. (b) Equivalent thermal circuit.

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 Conduction + Convection Conduction + Convection

Heat Conduction + Convection: Hollow Cylinder

T952
T951

Hollow cylinder with convective surface conditions.

Equivalent thermal circuit for a series composite wall.
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Conduction + Convection Heat Transfer Correlations

Simplified Equations for Air: Free Convection

T661
T953

Temperature distribution for a composite cylindrical wall.

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 Heat Transfer Correlations Heat Transfer Correlations

Flow inside Circular Duct

Sieder & Tate: [Laminar flow]

 0.14
µb RePr
Num = 1.86(Gz)1/3 ; Gz = Holman Ex. 10-1 ⊲ Hot water at 98o C flows through a 2-in schedule 40
µw L/D
horizontal steel pipe [k = 54 W/mo C] and is exposed to atmospheric air at 20o C.

µb
0.14 The water velocity is 25 cm/s. Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient for
0.48 < Pr < 16700; 0.044 < µb /µw < 9.75; (Gz)1/3 >2
µw this situation, based on the outer area of pipe.

Dittus-Boelter: [Turbulent flow]


0.4 : heating
Num = 0.023Re0.8 Prn ; n=
0.3 : cooling

0.7 < Pr < 16700; Re > 10000; L/D > 60

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HTX fouling HTX fouling

Heat Exchanger: Fouling

During operation, heat exchangers become fouled with an accumulation of

deposits of one kind or another on the heat transfer surface areas. Major
categories of fouling:
1 scaling or precipitation fouling
2 particulate fouling
3 chemical reaction fouling
4 corrosion fouling
5 biological fouling
T1013
6 solidification fouling

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 HTX fouling HTX fouling

Cengel Ex. 11-2 ⊲ Effect of fouling on overall heat transfer coefficient.

Double-pipe (shell-and-tube) heat exchanger made of steel, k = 15.1 W/m-K,
inner-diameter of outside shell is 3.2 cm.

T1248

Q̇ = Uo Ao ∆TLM

1 1 1 Rd,i ln (Do /Di ) Rd,o 1

Uo Ao = Ui Ai =R= hi Ai + Ai + 2πkL + Ao + ho Ao

1 1 1 1 1
Uo ≃ hi + ho ; U ≃ Uo + Rd,i + Rd,o T704

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Condensation & Condensers Condensation & Condensers

Condensation Correlations Condensation on inclined surfaces: [Laminar (Re <1800)]

1/4
gρl (ρl − ρv )hfg k3l

Ahm (Tv −Tw ) 4ṁ hm = 0.943 ϕ
Rate of condensation, ṁ = ; Re = sin
hfg µl P µl (Tv − Tw )L
hfg evaluated at Tv
 Condensation on horizontal tube: [Laminar (Re <1800)]
 πD for vertical tube of outside diameter D
1/4
Wetted perimeter, P = 2L for horizontal tube of length L gρl (ρl − ρv )hfg k3l

 hm = 0.725
w for vertical or inclined plate of width w µl (Tv − Tw )D

Condensation on vertical surfaces: [Laminar (Re <1800)]

Comparison of vertical tube of length L and horizontal tube of diameter D:

gρl (ρl − ρv )hfg kl 3 1/4  1/4
hm = 1.2×0.943 hm,vert D
µl (Tv − Tw )L = 1.56
hm,horz L

• Properties are evaluated at film temperature, Tf = 21 (Tw + Tv ) If L = 100D → hm,horz ≃ 2.0hm,vert . For condensation, horizontal tube
• Flow is laminar if Re < 1800. arrangements are generally preferred.
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 Condensation & Condensers Condensation & Condensers

Condensation on horizontal tube banks:

1
hm |N tubes = hm |1 tube
N1/4

Condensation inside horizontal tube: Ozikik Ex. 10.1 ⊲ Air free saturated steam at 65o C, P = 25.03 kPa condenses on
the outer surface of a 2.3 cm OD, 3-m long vertical tube maintained at constant
′ k3 1/4 temperature of 35o C by the flow of the cooling water. Estimate average heat
" #
gρl (ρl − ρv )hfg l
hm = 0.555 transfer coefficient and the rate of condensate flow at the bottom of the tube.
µl (Tv − Tw )D
Ozikik Ex. 10.2 ⊲ Redo Ozisik Ex. 10.1 assuming horizontal tube
ρ v uv D
′
hfg = hfg + 83 cp,l (Tv − Tw ); Rev = µv ≤ 35000

Turbulent film-wise condensation: vertical tube

1/3
µ2l

hm = 0.0077Re0.4
k3l ρ2l g

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Condensation & Condensers Flow inside Tubes/Ducts

Flow Parameters: Flow inside Tubes/Ducts

Dewitt Ex. 10-4 ⊲ The tube bank of a steam condenser consists of a square
array of 400 tubes, each 6 mm in diameter. If horizontal, unfinned tubes are • Turbulent flow inside circular duct, if Ref ≥ 2300.
exposed to saturated steam at a pressure of 0.15 bar and the tube surface is • Pressure drop, ∆P = f DL 1
( 2 ρu2m )
maintained at 25o C, what is the rate at which steam is condensed per unit length
of the tube bank?
• Pumping power, Ẇ = V̇∆P = Vav A∆P

ξcorr [64/Ref ] for laminar flow
• f= −2
(1.82 log 10 Ref − 1.64) for turbulent flow

Ref ≡ ρumµDh = Reynolds number for friction analysis

ReQ ≡ ρumµ De = Reynolds number for heat transfer analysis
f = (Darcy) friction factor
T721 Dh ≡ 4A/Pwetted = hydraulic diameter
De ≡ 4A/Pheat = equivalent diameter
um = mean flow velocity

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 Flow inside Tubes/Ducts Flow inside Tubes/Ducts

012
312
Penoncello Ex. 5-10 ⊲ The outer pipe of a double pipe heat exchanger is 4-in
schedule 40 commercial steel. The inside tube is 3 std type M copper. Water at
an average temperature of 30o C is flowing in the annulus at a rate of 10 m3 /h.

T761
314 Determine the Reynolds numbers of the annular flow for use in hydraulic analysis
and heat transfer analysis.
• Pipe area:
• De = Dh = IDp
L
• ∆P = f ID ( 1 ρp Vp2 ), ξcorr = 1
p 2
• Annular area:
ID2 2
a −ODp
• Dh = IDa − ODp , De = ODp
• 1 1+κ2 1+κ
ξcorr = (1−κ)2
+ (1−κ) ln(κ) , κ = ODp /IDa
L 1
• ∆P = (f Dh + 1)( 2 ρa Va2 )
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