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CHAPTER 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
(CLASS: XI)
NCERT Solved Examples
Problem 1.1
Calculate molecular mass of glucose (C6H12O6) molecule.
Solution
Molecular mass of glucose (C6H12O6) = 6(12.011 u) + 12(1.008 u) + 6(16.00 u)
= (72.066 u) + (12.096 u) + (96.00 u)
= 180.162 u

Problem 1.2
A compound contains 4.07 % hydrogen, 24.27 % carbon and 71.65 % chlorine. Its molar mass is 98.96 g. What are its
empirical and molecular formulas ?
Solution
Step 1. Conversion of mass per cent to grams.
Since we are having mass per cent, it is convenient to use 100 g of the compound as the starting material. Thus, in the
100 g sample of the above compound, 4.07g hydrogen is present, 24.27g carbon is present and 71.65 g chlorine is
present.
Step 2. Convert into number moles of each element
Divide the masses obtained above by respective atomic masses of various elements.
4.07 g
Moles of hydrogen = = 4.04
1.008 g
24.27 g
Moles of carbon = = 2.021
12.01 g
71.65 g
Moles of chlorine = = 2.021
35.453 g
Step 3. Divide the mole value obtained above by the smallest number
Since 2.021 is smallest value, division by it gives a ratio of 2 : 1 : 1 for H : C : Cl.
In case the ratios are not whole numbers, then they may be converted into whole number by multiplying by the suitable
coefficient.
Step 4. Write empirical formula by mentioning the numbers after writing the symbols of respective elements.
CH2Cl is, thus, the empirical formula of the above compound.
Step 5. Writing molecular formula
(a) Determine empirical formula mass
Add the atomic masses of various atoms present in the empirical formula.
For CH2Cl, empirical formula mass is 12.01 + 2 1.008 + 35.453 = 49.48 g
(b) Divide Molar mass by empirical formula mass
Molar mass 98.96 g
= 2 = (n)
Empirical formula mass 49.48 g
(c) Multiply empirical formula by n obtained above to get the molecular formula
Empirical formula = CH2Cl, n = 2.
Hence molecular formula is C2H4Cl2.

Problem 1.3
Calculate the amount of water (g) produced by the combustion of 16 g of methane.
Solution
The balanced equation for combustion of methane is :
CH4 g + 2O2 g CO2 g + 2H2O g

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CHAPTER 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
(CLASS: XI)
(i) 16 g of CH4 corresponds to one mole.
(ii) From the above equation, 1 mol of CH4 (g) gives 2 mol of H2O (g).
2 mol of water (H2O) = 2 (2 + 16)
= 2 18 = 36 g
18 g H2O
1 mol H2O = 18 g H2O =1
1 mol H2O
18 g H2 O
Hence 2 mol H2O =2 18 g H2O = 36 g H2O
1 mol H2 O

Problem 1.4
How many moles of methane are required to produce 22 g CO2 (g) after combustion?
Solution
According to the chemical equation,
CH4 g + 2O2 g CO2(g) + 2H2O (g)
44g CO2 (g) is obtained from 16 g CH4 (g).
[ 1 mol CO2(g) is obtained from 1 mol of CH4(g)]
1 mol CO2 (g)
Now, moles of CO2 (g) in 22 g = 22 g CO2 (g) = 0.5 mol CO2 (g)
44 g CO2 (g)
Hence, 0.5 mol CO2 (g) would be obtained from 0.5 mol CH4 (g) or 0.5 mol of CH4 (g) would be required to produce 22
g CO2 (g).

Problem 1.5
50.0 kg of N2 (g) and 10.0 kg of H2 (g) are mixed to produce NH3 (g). Calculate the NH3 (g) formed. Identify the limiting
reagent in the production of NH3 in this situation.
Solution
A balanced equation for the above reaction is written as follows :
Calculation of moles :
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)
1000 g N2 1 mol N2 2
Moles of N2 = 50.0 kg N2 = 17.86 10 mol
1 kg N2 28.0 g N2
1000 g H2 1 mol H2 3
Moles of H2= 10.00 kg H2 = 4.96 10 mol
1 kg H2 2.016 g H2
2
According to the above equation, 1 mol N2 (g) requires 3 mol H2 (g), for the reaction. Hence, for 17.86 10 mol of N2,
2 3 mol H2 (g) 3
the moles of H2 (g) required would be = 17.86 10 mol N2 = 5.36 10 mol H2
1 mol N2 (g)
3
But we have only 4.96 10 mol H2. Hence, dihydrogen is the limiting reagent in this case. So NH3(g) would be formed
3
only from that amount of available dihydrogen i.e., 4.96 10 mol
Since 3 mol H2(g) gives 2 mol NH3(g)
3 2 mol NH3 (g) 3
4.96 10 mol H2 (g) = 3.30 10 mol NH3 (g)
3 mol H2 (g)
3
3.30 10 mol NH3 (g) is obtained.
If they are to be converted to grams, it is done as follows :
1 mol NH3 (g) = 17.0 g NH3 (g)
3 17.0 g NH3 (g) 3 3
3.30 10 mol NH3 (g) = 3.30 10 17 g NH3 (g) = 56.1 10 g NH3= 56.1 kg NH3
1 mol NH3 (g)

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CHAPTER 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
(CLASS: XI)

Problem 1.6
A solution is prepared by adding 2 g of a substance A to 18 g of water. Calculate the mass per cent of the solute.
Solution
Mass of A 2g 2g
Mass per cent of A = 100 100 100 = 10 %
Mass of solution 2 g of A 18 g of water 20 g

Problem 1.7
Calculate the molarity of NaOH in the solution prepared by dissolving its 4 g in enough water to form 250 mL of the
solution.
Solution
No. of moles of solute
Since molarity (M)
Volume of solution in litres
Mass of NaOH / Molar mass of NaOH
0.250 L
4 g / 40 g 0.1 mol –1
= 0.4 mol L = 0.4 M
0.250 L 0.250 L
Note that molarity of a solution depends upon temperature because volume of a solution is temperature dependent.

Problem 1.8
–1
The density of 3 M solution of NaCl is 1.25 g mL . Calculate molality of the solution.
Solution
–1
M = 3 mol L
Mass of NaCl in 1 L solution = 3 58.5 = 175.5 g
–1
Mass of 1 L solution = 1000 1.25 = 1250 g (since density = 1.25 g mL )
Mass of water in solution = 1250 – 175.5 = 1074.5 g
No. of moles of solute 3 mol
Molality = 2.79 m
Mass of solvent in kg 1.0745 kg

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CHAPTER 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
(CLASS: XI)
NCERT Exercise
1.1 Calculate the molar mass of the following:
(i) H2O (ii) CO2 (iii) CH4
Ans: (i) H2O = 2 + 16 = 18 g
(ii) CO2 = 12 + 32 = 44 g
(iii) CH4 = 12 + 4 = 16 g

1.2 Calculate the mass per cent of different elements present in sodium sulphate (Na2SO4).
Mass of Na 46
Ans: Mass percentage of Na 100 100 32.4 %
Molar mass of Na 2SO 4 142
Mass of S 32
Mass percentage of S 100 100 22.53%
Molar mass of Na 2SO 4 142
Mass percentage of O = 100 – 32.4 + 22.53= 45.07%

1.3 Determine the empirical formula of an oxide of iron which has 69.9% iron and 30.1% dioxygen by
mass.
Ans:
Element Mass % Atomic mass No. of moles Ratio Simple ratio
69 1.232
Fe 69.9% 56 1.232 1 2
56 1.232
30.1 1.88
O 30.1% 16 1.88 1.53 3
16 1.232
Formula = Fe2O3

1.4 Calculate the amount of carbon dioxide that could be produced when
(i) 1 mole of carbon is burnt in air.
(ii) 1 mole of carbon is burnt in 16 g of dioxygen.
(iii) 2 moles of carbon are burnt in 16 g of dioxygen.
Ans: (i) C O2 CO2
1 mol 1 mol 44 g

Mass of CO2 produced = 44 g

(ii) C O2 CO2
1 mol 16 g

Here, O2 is the limiting reagent

1 mol of O2 gives 1 mol CO2
or 32 g of O2 gives 44 g CO2
16 g of O2 gives = 22 g CO2
(iii) C O2 CO2
2 mol 16 g

Here also, the limiting reagent is O2

1 mol of O2 gives 1 mol CO2
or 32 g O2 gives = 44 g CO2
16 g O2 gives = 22 g CO2

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CHAPTER 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
(CLASS: XI)
1.5 Calculate the mass of sodium acetate (CH3COONa) required to make 500 mL of 0.375 molar aqueous
–1
solution. Molar mass of sodium acetate is 82.0245 g mol .
Given mass 1000
Ans: Molarity
Molar mass Volume of solution (mL)
Given mass 1000
0.375
82.0245 500
0.375 82.0245 500
Given mass = 15.38 M
1000

1.6 Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in moles per litre in a sample which has a density, 1.41 g
–1
mL and the mass per cent of nitric acid in it being 69%.
Ans: Concentration in moles per litre = Molarity = ?
Mass % of nitric acid (HNO3) = 69%
In other words 69 g of HNO3 are present in 100 g solution.
Given mass of solute (HNO 3) = 69 g
Molar mass of solute (HNO3) = 63 g
Mass of solution = 100 g
Density of solution = 1.41 g/mL
Mass 100
Volume of solution = 70.92 mL
Density 1.41
Putting all the values in the formula,
Given mass 1000 69 1000
Molarity = 15.44 M
Molar mass Volume of Solution (mL) 63 70.92

1.7 How much copper can be obtained from 100 g of copper sulphate (CuSO 4)?
Ans: 1 CuSO4 gives 1 Cu
or 1 mol CuSO4 gives 1 mol Cu
1 mol CuSO4 = 63.5 + 32 + 4(16) = 159.5 g
Now, 1 mol Cu = 63.5 g
159.5 g CuSO4 gives = 63.5 g Cu
63.5
1 g CuSO4 gives g Cu
159.5
63.5
100 g CuSO4 gives 100 g Cu = 39.82 g Cu
159.5

1.8 Determine the molecular formula of an oxide of iron in which the mass per cent of iron and oxygen
are 69.9 and 30.1 respectively.
Ans: Same as Q 1.3

1.9 Calculate the atomic mass (average) of chlorine using the following data :
% Natural Abundance Molar Mass
35
Cl 75.77 34.9689
37
Cl 24.23 36.9659
(75.77 34.9689) (24.23 36.9659)
Ans: Average atomic mass = 35.45
100

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CHAPTER 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
(CLASS: XI)
1.10 In three moles of ethane (C2H6), calculate the following :
(i) Number of moles of carbon atoms.
(ii) Number of moles of hydrogen atoms.
(iii) Number of molecules of ethane.
23 23
Ans: (i) 6 moles (ii) 18 moles (iii) 3 6.023 10 = 18.069 10 molecules
–1
1.11 What is the concentration of sugar (C 12H22O11) in mol L if its 20 g are dissolved in enough water to
make a final volume up to 2L?
Given mass 1000 20 1000
Ans: Molarity = 0.0292 M
Molar mass Volume of Solution (mL) 342 2000

–1
1.12 If the density of methanol is 0.793 kg L , what is its volume needed for making 2.5 L of its 0.25 M
solution?
Ans: First, we calculate the mass of methanol required.
Given mass 1000
Molarity
Molar mass Volume of Solution (mL)
Molarity = 0.25 M
Molar mass of methanol (CH3OH) = 12 + 4 + 16 = 32
Volume of solution = 2.5 L = 2500 mL
Given mass 1000
0.25
32 2500
0.25 32 2500
Given mass = 20 g = 0.020 kg
1000
Next, we calculate volume of CH3OH required.
Mass
Density
Volume
0.020
0.793
Volume
0.020
or Volume L = 0.025 L
0.793

1.13 Pressure is determined as force per unit area of the surface. The SI unit of pressure, pascal is as
–2 –2
shown below: 1Pa = 1N m . If mass of air at sea level is 1034 g cm , calculate the pressure in pascal.
Ans: Pressure = Force/Area = (Mass x Acceleration)/Area
-2 -2
Mass per unit area = 1034 g cm = 10340 kg m
-1
Acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 ms .
Putting all the values, pressure = 10340 x 9.8 = 101332 Pa.

1.14 What is the SI unit of mass? How is it defined?

Ans: The S.I. unit of mass is kilogram (kg).

1.15 Match the following prefixes with their multiples:

Prefixes Multiples
6
(i) micro 10
9
(ii) deca 10
–6
(iii) mega 10
–15
(iv) giga 10
(v) femto 10

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CHAPTER 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
(CLASS: XI)
–6
Ans: (i) Micro : 10
(ii) deca : 10
6
(iii) mega : 10
9
(iv) Giga : 10
–15
(v) femto : 10

1.16 What do you mean by significant figures?

Ans: Significant figures means number of certain digits plus one doubtful digit.

1.17 A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with chloroform, CHCl3, supposed
to be carcinogenic in nature. The level of contamination was 15 ppm (by mass).
(i) Express this in percent by mass.
(ii) Determine the molality of chloroform in the water sample.
6
Ans: 15 ppm means 15 parts of chloroform in 10 parts of water.
6
OR 15 g of chloroform in 10 g of water.
Mass of solute 15 –4
(i) Mass % 100 100 = 15 10 %
Mass of solution 106
(ii) Given mass = 15 g
Molar mass of chloroform (CHCl3) = 12 + 1 + 3 (35.5) = 119.5 g
6
Mass of solvent Mass of solution = 10 g
Given mass 1000 15 1000 -4
Molality (m) = 1.25 x 10 m
Molar mass mass of solvent (g) 119.5 106

1.18 Express the following in the scientific notation:

(i) 0.0048 (ii) 234,000 (iii) 8008
(iv) 500.0 (v) 6.0012
–3 5 3
Ans: (i) 4.8 10 (ii) 2.34 10 (iii) 8.008 10
2 0
(iv) 5.00 10 (v) 6.0012 10

1.19 How many significant figures are present in the following?

(i) 0.0025 (ii) 208 (iii) 5005
(iv) 126,000 (v) 500.0 (vi) 2.0034
Ans: (i) Two (ii) Three (iii) Four
(iv) Six (v) Three (vi) Five

1.20 Round up the following upto three significant figures:

(i) 34.216 (ii) 10.4107 (iii) 0.04597 (iv) 2808
Ans: (i) 34.2 (ii) 10.4 (iii) 0.0460 (iv) 2810

1.21 The following data are obtained when dinitrogen and dioxygen react together to form different
compounds :
Mass of dinitrogen Mass of dioxygen
(i) 14 g 16 g
(ii) 14 g 32 g
(iii) 28 g 32 g
(iv) 28 g 80 g
(a) Which law of chemical combination is obeyed by the above experimental data?
Give its statement.

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CHAPTER 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
(CLASS: XI)
(b) Fill in the blanks in the following conversions:
(i) 1 km = ...................... mm = ...................... pm
(ii) 1 mg = ...................... kg = ...................... ng
3
(iii) 1 mL = ...................... L = ...................... dm
Ans: (a) Law of multiple proportions
6 –9
(b) (i) 1 km = 10 mm = 10 pm
–6 –12
(ii) 1 mg = 10 kg = 10 ng
–3 –3 3
(iii) 1 mL = 10 L = 10 dm

8 –1
1.22 If the speed of light is 3.0 10 m s , calculate the distance covered by light in 2.00 ns.
8 –9 –1
Ans: Distance = speed time = 3.0 10 2.00 10 = 6.0 10 m = 0.6 m

1.23 In a reaction
A + B2 AB2
Identify the limiting reagent, if any, in the following reaction mixtures.
(i) 300 atoms of A + 200 molecules of B
(ii) 2 mol A + 3 mol B
(iii) 100 atoms of A + 100 molecules of B
(iv) 5 mol A + 2.5 mol B
(v) 2.5 mol A + 5 mol B
Ans: (i) B2 (ii) A (iii) None (iv) B (v) A

1.24 Dinitrogen and dihydrogen react with each other to produce ammonia according to the following
chemical equation:
N2 (g) + H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)
3 3
(i) Calculate the mass of ammonia produced if 2.00 10 g dinitrogen reacts with 1.00 10 g of
dihydrogen.
(ii) Will any of the two reactants remain unreacted?
(iii) If yes, which one and what would be its mass?
Ans: N2 + 3H2 2NH3
(i) First, we find out the limiting reagent
1 mol N2 requires = 3 mol H2
or 28 g N2 requires = 6 g H2
6
1 g N2 requires g H2
28
3 6 3
2.00 10 g N2 requires = 2.00 103 = 0.428 10 g H2
28
3
But H2 given = 1.00 10 g
The amount of H2 given is more than required. Hence, H2 is excess reagent and N2 is limiting
reagent.
Now, 1 mol of N2 produces = 2 mol of NH3
or 28 g of N2 produces = 34 g of NH3
34
1 g of N2 produces g of NH3
28
3 34 3 3
2.00 10 g of N2 produces 2.00 10 = 2.43 10 g NH3
28
(ii) H2 will be left unreacted.
3 3 3
(iii) Amount of H2 unreacted = (1.00 10 ) – (0.428 10 ) = 0.572 10 g

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CHAPTER 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
(CLASS: XI)
1.25 How are 0.50 mol Na2CO3 and 0.50 M Na2CO3 different?
Ans: 0.5 mol Na2CO3 simply signifies 0.5 moles of Na2CO3 will 0.5 M Na2CO3 means 0.5 moles of Na2CO3 in 1000
mL of solution.

1.26 If ten volumes of dihydrogen gas reacts with five volumes of dioxygen gas, how many volumes of
water vapour would be produced?
Ans: 2H2 O2 2H2O
10 vol 5 vol

Water produced = 10 vol

1.27 Convert the following into basic units:

(i) 28.7 pm (ii) 15.15 pm (iii) 25365 mg
–12 –12 –3
Ans: (i) 28.7 10 m (ii) 15.15 10 m (iii) 25365 10 g = 25.365 g

1.28 Which one of the following will have largest number of atoms?
(i) 1 g Au (s)
(ii) 1 g Na (s)
(iii) 1 g Li (s)
(iv) 1 g of Cl2 (g)
23
Ans: 6.023 10 atoms = Atomic mass
6.023 1023
No. of atoms in 1 g
Atomic mass
No. of atoms in
6.023 1023 21
(i) 1 g Au 3.06 x 10
197
6.023 1023 22
(ii) 1 g Na 2.62 x 10
23
6.023 1023 22
(iii) 1 g Li 8.6 x 10
7
6.023 1023 21
(iv) 1 g Cl2 8.48 x 10
71
1 g Li contains largest number of atoms

1.29 Calculate the molarity of a solution of ethanol in water in which the mole fraction of ethanol is 0.040
(assume the density of water to be one).
Ans: Mole fraction of ethanol = 0.040
Mole fraction of water = 1 – 0.040 = 0.96
Assuming 1 mole:
Mole fraction = No. of moles
No. of moles of ethanol = 0.040 moles
No. of moles of water = 0.96 moles
Mass of water = 0.96 18 = 17.28 g
Density of water = 1 g/mL
Volume of water = 17.28 mL
As the amount of ethanol is very less, we assume volume of water to be nearly equal to volume of solution.
No. of moles 1000 0.040 1000
Molarity 2.314 M
Volume of solution (mL) 17.28

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CHAPTER 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
(CLASS: XI)
12
1.30 What will be the mass of one C atom in g ?
23
Ans: 6.023 10 atoms = 12 g
12 –23
1 atom = 23
= 1.992 10 g
6.023 10

1.31 How many significant figures should be present in the answer of the following calculations?
0.02856 298.15 0.112
(i) (ii) 5 5.364 (iii) 0.0125 + 0.7864 + 0.0215
0.5785
Ans: (i) Three (ii) One (iii) Four

1.32 Use the data given in the following table to calculate the molar mass of naturally occurring argon
isotopes:
Isotope Isotopic molar mass Abundance
36 –1
Ar 35.96755 g mol 0.337%
38 –1
Ar 37.96272 g mol 0.063%
40 –1
Ar 39.9624 g mol 99.600%
(35.96755 0.337) (37.96272 0.063)
(39.9624 99.6) -1
Ans: Average atomic mass of Ar = 39.947 g mol-
100

1.33 Calculate the number of atoms in each of the following (i) 52 moles of Ar (ii) 52 u of He (iii) 52 g of He.
23
Ans: (i) 52 mol of Ar = 52 6.023 10
(ii) 52 u of He :
4 u = 1 atom
1
1u= atoms
4
1
52 u 52 = 13 atoms
4
(iii) 52 g of He :
23
Atomic mass of He = 4 g = 6.023 10 atoms
6.023 1023
1g atoms
4
6.023 1023
52 g 52 atoms = 7.83 x 1024 atoms
4

1.34 A welding fuel gas contains carbon and hydrogen only. Burning a small sample of it in oxygen gives
3.38 g carbon dioxide, 0.690 g of water and no other products. A volume of 10.0 L (measured at STP)
of this welding gas is found to weigh 11.6 g. Calculate (i) empirical formula, (ii) molar mass of the
gas, and (iii) molecular formula.
Ans: Welding fuel + O2 CO2 H2O
3.38 g 0.690 g

44 g CO2 contains = 12 g carbon

12
1 g CO2 contains g carbon
44

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CHAPTER 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
(CLASS: XI)
12
3.38 g CO2 contains 3.38 g carbon = 0.92 g carbon
44
18 g H2O contains = 2 g hydrogen
2
1 g H2O contains g hydrogen
18
2
0.690 g H2O contains 0.690 g hydrogen
18
= 0.0766 g hydrogen
Mass of C
Mass % of carbon 100
Total mass
0.92
100 = 92.31%
(0.92 0.0766)
Mass % of hydrogen = 100 – 92.31 = 7.69%
Element Mass % Atomic mass No. of moles Ratio
92.31 7.69
C 92.31 12 7.69 1
12 7.69
7.69 7.69
H 7.69 1 7.69 1
1 7.69

Empirical formula = CH
Empirical mass = 12 + 1 = 13 g
Now, 10 L of gas at STP = 11.6 g
11.6
1 L of gas at STP g
10
11.6
22.4 L of gas at STP 22.4 = 26 g
10
Molar mass of gas = Mass of 22.4 L of gas at STP = 26 g
Now, Molecular formula :
Molecular mass 26
n 2
Empirical mass 13
Molecular formula = CH 2 = C2 H2

1.35 Calcium carbonate reacts with aqueous HCl to give CaCl2 and CO2 according to the reaction,
CaCO3 (s) + 2 HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O(l)
What mass of CaCO3 is required to react completely with 25 mL of 0.75 M HCl?
Ans: CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
25 mL
0.75 M HCl

First, we calculate moles of HCl :

No. of moles 1000
Molarity
Volume of solution (mL)
n 1000
0.75
25
0.75 25
n = 0.01875 moles
1000

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CHAPTER 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
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Next, we calculate moles of CaCO3 needed :
According to equation,
2 mol HCl react with = 1 mol CaCO3
0.01875
0.01875 mol HCl react with = 0.009375 mol CaCO3
2
Finally, we calculate amount of CaCO3
Amount of CaCO3 = Moles of CaCO3 mol. mass of CaCO3 = 0.009375 100 = 0.93 g CaCO3

1.36 Chlorine is prepared in the laboratory by treating manganese dioxide (MnO2) with aqueous
hydrochloric acid according to the reaction
4 HCl(aq) + MnO2(s) 2H2O(l) + MnCl2(aq) + Cl2 (g)
How many grams of HCl react with 5.0 g of manganese dioxide?
Ans: 4 HCl + MnO2 2H2O + MnCl2 + Cl2
According to equation,
1 mol MnO2 reacts with 4 mol HCl
1 mol MnO2 = 55 + 2(16) = 87 g
1 mol HCl = 36.5 g
4 mol HCl = 4 36.5 = 146.0 g
87 g MnO2 reacts with = 146 g HCl
146
1 g MnO2 reacts with g HCl
87
146
5 g MnO2 reacts with 5 = 8.39 g HCl
87

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