COURSE INFORMATION SHEET

PROGRAMME: B.Tech Mechanical Engineering

COURSE: HEAT TRANSFER Semester : VI CREDITS: 4
COURSE CODE: R16ME3203 COURSE TYPE (CORE /ELECTIVE / BREADTH/ S&H): CORE
REGULATION: R16
COURSE AREA/DOMAIN: THERMAL PERIODS: 5 Per Week.

COURSE PRE-REQUISITES:
COURSE NAME DESCRIPTION SEM
Thermodynamics Knowledge of Thermodynamic laws and relations are required III
Fluid mechanics Knowledge of Fluid Properties, flow phenomena and Boundary layer concepts III
Differential Equations An ability to solve ordinary and partial differential equations I
COURSE OUTCOMES:
SNO Course Outcome Statement
CO1 Apply basic principles of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics for design of heat transfer
systems [K1 and K2]
CO2 Identify heat and momentum transfer systems to show predictive correlations [K4 and K3].
CO3 Comprehend the terms of convective heat transfer [K2 and K3].
CO4 Articulate the basics of boiling, condensation and radiation heat transfer [K4].

SYLLABUS:
UNIT DETAILS
INTRODUCTION: Modes and mechanisms of heat transfer – Basic laws of heat transfer,
applications of heat transfer
I CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER: General heat conduction equation in Cartesian,
Cylindrical and Spherical coordinates. Steady, unsteady and periodic heat transfer - Initial and
boundary conditions.
ONE DIMENSIONAL STEADY STATE CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER:
Homogeneous slabs, hollow cylinders and spheres – overall heat transfer coefficient – electrical
analogy – Critical radius of insulation. Systems with Heat generation. Extended surface (fins)
II Heat Transfer – Long Fin, Fin with insulated tip and Short Fin.
ONE DIMENSIONAL TRANSIENT CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER: Systems with
negligible internal resistance – Significance of Biot and Fourier Numbers - Chart solutions of
transient conduction systems.
CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER: Classification of convective heat transfer – dimensional
analysis – Buckingham Pi Theorem for forced and free convection, Significance of non-
dimensional numbers ~ concepts of continuity, momentum and Energy Equations.
III
FORCED CONVECTION: EXTERNAL FLOWS: Concepts about hydrodynamic and
thermal boundary layer and use of empirical correlations for convective heat transfer -Flat plates
and Cylinders.
INTERNAL FLOWS: Concepts about Hydrodynamic and Thermal Entry Lengths - Use of
empirical relations for Horizontal Pipe Flow and annulus flow.
IV FREE CONVECTION: Development of Hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer along a
vertical plate – Use of empirical relations for Vertical plates and pipes.

HEAT EXCHANGERS: Classification of heat exchangers – overall heat transfer Coefficient

and fouling factor – Concepts of LMTD and NTU methods- Problems using LMTD and NTU
methods.
HEAT TRANSFER WITH PHASE CHANGE: Boiling, pool boiling, Regimes, calculations
V on Nucleate boiling, critical heat flux and film boiling.
CONDENSATION: Film wise and drop wise condensation, Nusselt’s theory of
 condensation on a vertical plate. Film condensation on vertical and horizontal cylinders
using empirical correlations.
RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER: Emission characteristics and laws of black-body radiation
– Irradiation– laws of Planck, Wien, Kirchoff, Lambert, Stefan and Boltzmann– heat exchange
VI
between two black bodies – concepts of shape factor – Emissivity – heat exchange between grey
bodies, radiation shields, electrical analogy for radiation networks.

TEXT BOOKS
T BOOK TITLE/AUTHORS/PUBLISHER
T1 Fundamentals of Engineering Heat and Mass Transfer - R.C.Sachdeva / New Age International.
T2 Heat Transfer – P.K.Nag/ TMH.
T3 Heat Transfer – S.P.Sukhatme/ University Press.
REFERENCE BOOKS
R BOOK TITLE/AUTHORS/PUBLISHER
R1 Heat Transfer / HOLMAN/TMH
R2 Heat and Mass Transfer –Cengel / McGraw Hill.
R3 F Heat and Mass Transfer – R.K. Rajput / S.Chand& Company Ltd.
R4 Heat and Mass Transfer – D.S.Kumar / S.K.Kataria& Sons.
R5 Heat Transfer –Ramakrishna & P.C. Sharma / New Age Publications.
TOPICS BEYOND SYLLABUS/ADVANCED TOPICS:
SNO DESCRIPTION Associated PO & PSO
1 Heat Pipe Technology PO5, PSO2
2 Introduction to Mass transfer PO1,PO3, PSO3
WEB SOURCE REFERENCES:
1 Student Resources provided in SCET Mechanical website: http://www.swarnandhra.ac.in/student-resources
Link to heat Transfer: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0Bw9aHO9qmpbQdXl1SDdxR2tnWFU
2 http://nptel.ac.in/courses/112101097/ Heat and Mass Transfer-Prof.S.P.Sukhatme&Prof.U.N.Gaitonde-IITB
3 http://nptel.ac.in/courses/112106155/ Conduction and Radiation -Prof.C.Balaji-IITM
4 http://nptel.ac.in/courses/112101002/ Convective Heat and Mass Transfer -Prof.A.W.Date-IITB
5 http://nptel.ac.in/112108149/ Heat and Mass Transfer(Web)- Prof. Pradip Dutta-IISc Bangalore
6 http://heattransfer.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org
7 www.vlab.co.in : Virtual Labs

DELIVERY/INSTRUCTIONAL METHODOLOGIES:

☐Chalk & Talk ☐ PPT ☐Active Learning

☐Web Resources ☐ Students Seminars ☐Case Study
☐Blended Learning ☐ Quiz ☐Tutorials
☐Project based learning ☐NPTEL/MOOCS ☐ Simulation
☐Flipped Learning ☐Industrial Visit ☐Model Demonstration
☐Brain storming ☐Role Play ☐Virtual Labs
MAPPING CO’S WITH PO’S
CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2

C311.1 3 3 1 1 - - - - - - - 2 - 3

C311.2 3 3 2 2 - - - - - - - 2 - 3

C311.3 3 3 2 2 1 - - - - - - 2 - 3

C311.4 3 3 2 2 - - - - - - - 2 - 3

Average 3.00 3.00 1.75 1.75 1.00 - - - - - - 2.00 - 3.00

MAPPING COURSE WITH POs & PSOs

Course PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2

C311 3.00 3.00 1.75 1.75 1.00 - - - - - - 2.00 - 3.00

COURSE OUTCOME RUBRIC (ASSESMENT PER STUDENT):

ASSESMENT ATTAINMENT ATTAINMENT ATTAINMENT ATTAINMENT
TOOL WITH METHOD LEVEL 3 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 1 LEVEL 0
WEIGHTAGE (EXCELLENT) (GOOD) (AVERAGE) (POOR)

Student secured ≥ Student secured Student secured Student secured

Internal tests 60% marks of ≥ 60% and < 50% ≥ 50% and <40% < 40% marks of
Direct
(40%) allocated marks for marks of allocated marks of allocated allocated marks
that CO marks for that CO marks for that CO for that CO
Student secured Student secured Student secured Student secured
Assignments ≥ 80% marks ≥ 70% and <80% ≥ 60% and <70% < 60% of marks
Direct
(20%) allocated for that marks allocated marks allocated allocated for that
CO for that CO for that CO CO
End Semester Student secured Student secured Student secured Student secured
Examination Direct grades A*&S* in grades C*&B* in grades D*&E* in grades F* in
(30%) External Exam External Exam External Exam External Exam

Course end Student selected Student selected Student selected Student selected
Indirect
Survey (10%) option option option option

* Grade Definition: S: >= 90%; A: 80%-89%; B: 70%-79%; C: 60%-69%; D: 50%-59%; E: 40%-49%; F: <40%

Course Coordinator Module Coordinator Head of the Department

 ANNEXURE I:
(A) PROGRAM OUTCOMES(POs) Engineering Graduates will be able to:
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an
engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems
reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system components
or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the
cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of
experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5.Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools
including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal
and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and
environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in
multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community and with
society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and management
principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long
learning in the broadest context of technological change.

(B) PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs) :

1. Design, model, simulate and analyze various mechanical systems or processes.
2. Obtain additional skills and knowledge to develop and implement thermal engineering systems

Cognitive levels as per Revised Blooms Taxonomy:

Cognitive LEVEL Key words

Domain

Remember K1 Defines, describes, identifies, knows, labels, lists, matches, names, outlines,
recalls, recognizes, reproduces, selects, states.
Understand K2 Comprehends, converts, defends, distinguishes, estimates, explains, extends,
generalizes, gives an example, infers, interprets, paraphrases, predicts,
rewrites, summarizes, translates.
Apply K3 Applies, changes, computes, constructs, demonstrates, discovers,
manipulates, modifies, operates, predicts, prepares, produces, relates, shows,
solves, uses.
Analyse K4 Analyzes, breaks down, compares, contrasts, diagrams, deconstructs,
differentiates, discriminates, distinguishes, identifies, illustrates, infers,
outlines, relates, selects, separates.
Evaluate K5 Appraises, compares, concludes, contrasts, criticizes, critiques, defends,
describes, discriminates, evaluates, explains, interprets, justifies, relates,
summarizes, supports
Create K6 Categorizes, combines, compiles, composes, creates, devises, designs,
explains, generates, modifies, organizes, plans, rearranges, reconstructs,
relates, reorganizes, revises, rewrites, summarizes, tells, write
 Unit wise Sample assessment questions
SNO Course Outcome Statement
CO1 Apply basic principles of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics for design of heat transfer
systems [K1 and K2]
CO2 Identify heat and momentum transfer systems to show predictive correlations [K4 and K3].
CO3 Comprehend the terms of convective heat transfer [K2 and K3].
CO4 Articulate the basics of boiling, condensation and radiation heat transfer [K4].

KNOWLEDGE
S NO QUESTION CO
LEVEL

UNIT I
Explain three different modes of heat transfer and its mechanisms along with its
1 K2 CO1
governing equations

Derive starting from fundamentals, general conduction equation in Cartesian co-

2 ordinates and deduce it to one dimensional steady state condition with no internal heat K2 CO1
generation

A cubical tank of water of volume 1m3 is kept at a steady state temperature of 650C by
3 a 1KW heater is switched off. How long does the tank to cool to 500C if the room K2 CO1
temperature is 150C.

UNIT 2

An exterior wall of a house may be approximated by a 100 mm layer of

common brick (k = 0.7 W/mK) followed by 50 mm of gypsum plaster (k = 0.48
1 W/mK). What thickness of loosely packed rock-wool insulation (k = 0.065 K3 CO2
W/mK) should be added to reduce the heat loss (or gain) through the wall by 80
percent.

Consider two long, slender rods of the same diameter but different materials.
One end of each rod is attached to a base surface maintained at 100o C, while
the surfaces of the rods are exposed to ambient air at 20o C. By traversing the
2 length of each rod with a thermocouple, it was observed that the temperature of K3 CO2
the rods were equal at the positions XA = 0.15 m and XB = 0.075 m, where x is
measured from the base surface. If the thermal conductivity of rod A is known
to be KA = 70 W/mK, determine the value of KB for rod B.

3 Derive a relation for the critical radius of insulation for a sphere. K3 CO2

Steel balls 12 mm diameter are annealed by heating to 1150 K and then slowly
cooling to 400 K in an air environment for which T ∞ =325 K and h = 20 W/m
4 2 K. Assuming the properties of the steel to be k = 40 W/mK, and C = 600 J/kg K4 CO2
K, estimate the time required for the cooling process? Analyze the results by
changing heat transfer coefficient to 15 W/m2 K and 25 W/m2 K.

UNIT 3
Bring out the essential differences between forced convection and free convection heat
1 transfer. Give various examples of forced and free convective heat transfer in industry.
K2 CO3

2 Air at 200C and at a pressure of 1 bar is flowing over a flat plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. K3 CO3
if the plate is 280mm wide and at 560C, calculate the following quantities at
 X=280mm. (a)Boundary layer thickness (b)Local friction coefficient (c) Average
friction coefficient,(D) Shear stress due to friction, (e)Thickness thermal boundary
layer(f) Local convective heat transfer coefficient, (g) Average convective heat transfer
coefficient, (h) rate of heat transfer by convection, (i) Total drag force on the plate and
(J) Total mass flow rate through the boundary.

Describe the functional form of equation generally used for correlation for free
convection heat transfer data. (or) Sketch the temperature and velocity profiles in free
3 K2 CO3
convection on a vertical wall and also derive the expression for heat transfer coefficient
in terms of dimensionless parameters.

UNIT 4

1 Derive the expression for LMTD in Counter flow heat exchanger K2 CO3
In a double pipe heat exchanger oil flows through the annulus with a convective heat
transfer coefficient of 1500 W/m2K which is heated by using hot water flowing through
the Cu tube (K=300W/mK) of inside diameter 2cm and outer diameter 2.54 cm having
2 convective heat transfer coefficient of 2500 W/m2K. The fouling factor on water side is K2 CO3
0.0004 m2 0C/W and the fouling factor on oil side is 0.0009 m2 0C/W. (a) Determine
the overall heat transfer coefficient based on outside area per meter length. (b) Also
find the overall heat transfer coefficient neglecting fouling resistances on both sides.

In a heat exchanger hot fluid enters at 1800C and leaves at 1180C. The cold fluid enters
at 990C and leaves at 1190C. Find the LMTD and Effectiveness in the following cases.
3 (a) Counter flow (b) One shell and multiple tube passes (c) Two shell pass and multiple K3 CO3
tube passes, (d) Cross flow both fluids unmixed (e) Cross flow the cold fluid unmixed,
Also find the NTU values.

UNIT 5

1 Explain the Boiling Heat transfer Phenomena , its types and applications. K3 CO3
show the various regimes in Pool Boiling and discuss the heat transfer mechanisms in
2 each region indetatil.
K3 CO3

An electrically heated Cu spherical heating element of dia 15 cm is immersed in water

at atmospheric pressure and saturation temperature. The surface temperature of the
3 K3 CO3
element is maintained at 1150C. Calculate (a)Surface heat flux (b) Rate of evaporation
(c) Peak heat flux.

UNIT 6

1 Differentiate Specular reflection and diffuse reflection. K4 CO4

After sunset, radiant energy can be sensed by a person standing near the brick wall.
Such walls have surface temperatures around 320 K and typical brick emissivity value
2 K3 CO4
are of order of 0.92. Make calculation for the radiant thermal flux per square meter
from a brick wall at this temperature.

Two large parallel planes at 800 K and 600 K have emissivities of 0.5 and 0.8
respectively. A radiation shield having an emissivity of 0.1 on one side and an
3 emissivity of 0.05 on the other side is placed between the plates. Calculate the K4 CO4
heat transfer rate by radiation per square meter with and without radiation
shield. Also find the reduction in heat transfer. Analyze the results.
 Model Question Paper -I
TIME: 3 Hrs Max.Marks:60M

Note: 1. Question Paper consists of two parts (Part-A and Part-B)

2. Answer ALL the question in Part-A
3. Answer any FOUR Questions from Part-B

PART –A 2X 6=12M
1. a) Give some examples of heat transfer in engineering?
b) What is the difference between the fin effectiveness and the fin efficiency?
c) Clearly differentiate between natural convection and forced convection
d) Discuss the development of hydrodynamic boundary layer along a vertical plate
e) Explain the Nusselt’s theory of Condensation
f) Explain Lambert and Stefan Boltzmann’s laws

PART –B 4X12=48M

2. a) Derive three dimensional conduction equation in spherical coordinates? 6M

b) A steam pipe of 200 mm outer diameter is covered with 25 mm thick layer of insulation
material with an average thermal conductivity of 0.08 W/mK. The temperature of the pipe surface
is 4000C and that of the outer surface of insulation is 500C. Find the loss of heat from a length of
10 m of the pipe line.
6M

3. a) Derive an expression for heat flow through solid sphere with heat generation. 6M
b) Describe the temperature distribution along the length of a fin for four various boundary
conditions at tip. 6M

4. a) What are the advantages and limitations of dimensional analysis? 6M

b) Determine the thickness of velocity boundary layer and local shear stress at x=2m from the
leading edge of the plate for the boundary layer flow of air at atmosphere pressure of 80 0C
with a velocity of 2m/s.
6M

5. a) Determine the heat transfer rate by free convection from a plate 0.3m×0.3m for which one
surface is insulated and the other surface is maintained at 110 0C and exposed to atmosphere air
at 300 C for the following arrangements:
i) The plate is vertical
ii) The plate is horizontal with the heating surface facing up 6M
b) Derive the equation for parallel flow heat exchanger using NTU method. 6M

6. a) What are the types of boiling processes? 6M

b) Saturated water at 100 0C is boiled inside a copper pan having a heating surface area 5×10-
2 2
m which is maintained at uniform surface temperature of 110 0C. Calculate the surface heat
flux and the rate of evaporation.
6M

7. a) Define radiation shape factor and also write some notes on radiation shields 6M
b) Two circular disc of diameter 20cm each are placed 2m apart. Calculate the radiant heat
exchange for these plates if these are maintained at 800 0C and 300 0C respectively and their
corresponding emissivity values are 0.3 and 0.5.
6M
 HEAT TRANSFER (Mechanical Engineering)
Model Question Paper -II
TIME: 3 Hrs Max.Marks:60M

Note: 1. Question Paper consists of two parts (Part-A and Part-B)

2. Answer ALL the question in Part-A
3. Answer any FOUR Questions from Part-B

PART –A 2 X 6=12M

1. a) Describe three modes of heat transfer with Examples.

b) Explain the significance of Biot and Fourier number.
c) Bring out the essential differences between forced convection and free convection heat
transfer along with their limitations.
d) Distinguish dropwise condensation and film wise condensation
e) Explain the Fouling effects in heat exchanger
f) Explain the concept of heat exchange between grey bodies

PART –B 4X12=48M
2. a) Derive starting from fundamentals, general conduction equation in Cartesian co-ordinates
and deduce it to one dimensional steady state condition with no internal heat generation.

6M
b) A cubical tank of water of volume 1m3 is kept at a steady state temperature of 650C by a
1kW heater is switched off. How long does the tank to cool to 500C if the room temperature
is 150C.
6M

3. a) Derive a relation for the critical radius of insulation for a cylinder 6M

b) Steel balls 12 mm diameter are annealed by heating to 1150 K and then slowly cooling to
400 K in an air environment for which T ∞ =325 K and h = 20 W/m 2 K. Assuming the
properties of the steel to be k = 40 W/mK, and C = 600 J/kg K, estimate the time required
for the cooling process? Analyze the results by changing heat transfer coefficient to 15
W/m2 K and 25 W/m2 K.
6M

4. a) Sketch the temperature and velocity profiles in free convection on a vertical wall and also
derive the expression for heat transfer coefficient in terms of dimensionless parameters.

6M
b) Air at 200C and at a pressure of 1 bar is flowing over a flat plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. if
the plate is 280mm wide and at 560C, calculate the following quantities at X=280mm. (i)
Boundary layer thickness (ii) Local friction coefficient (iii) Average friction coefficient,(iv)
Shear stress due to friction, (v)Thickness thermal boundary layer(vi) Local convective heat
transfer coefficient.
6M

5. a) Derive the expression for LMTD in Counter flow heat exchanger. 6M

b) In a double pipe heat exchanger oil flows through the annulus with a convective heat
transfer coefficient of 1500 W/m2K which is heated by using hot water flowing through the
Cu tube (K=300W/mK) of inside diameter 2cm and outer diameter 2.54 cm having
convective heat transfer coefficient of 2500 W/m2K. The fouling factor on water side is
0.0004 m2 0C/W and the fouling factor on oil side is 0.0009 m2 0C/W. (i) Determine the
overall heat transfer coefficient based on outside area per meter length. (ii) Also find the
 overall heat transfer coefficient neglecting fouling resistances on both sides.
6M

6. a) show the various regimes in Pool Boiling and discuss the heat transfer mechanisms in
each region indetatil.
6M
b) An electrically heated Cu spherical heating element of dia 15 cm is immersed in water at
atmospheric pressure and saturation temperature. The surface temperature of the element is
maintained at 1150C. Calculate (i)Surface heat flux (ii) Rate of evaporation (iii) Peak heat
flux.
6M

7. a) Enumerate Some Salient features of thermal radiation. What position does thermal
radiation occupy in the electromagnetic spectrum? What limits this band width on the short
and long wavelength sides?
6M
b) Two large parallel planes at 800 K and 600 K have emissivity values of 0.5 and 0.8
respectively. A radiation shield having an emissivity of 0.1 on one side and an emissivity of
0.05 on the other side is placed between the plates. Calculate the heat transfer rate by
radiation per square meter with and without radiation shield. Also find the reduction in heat
transfer. Analyze the results and made a reasonable comment.
6M