Dot NET Concepts Prakash

.
NET GENERAL
What is Microsoft.NET platform?

Microsoft .NET is a software development platform based on virtual machine
based architecture. Dot net is designed from the scratch to support programming
language independent application development. The entire .NET programs are
independent of any particular operating system and physical hardware machine.
They can run on any physical machine, running any operating system that
contains the implementation of .NET Framework. The core component of the .NET
framework is its Common Language Runtime (CLR), which provides the
abstraction of execution environment (Physical machine and Operating System)
and manages the overall execution of any of the .NET based program.
With dot NET, Microsoft introduces a completely new architecture for Windows
applications (WinForm), Data Access (ADO.NET), Web Applications (ASP.NET),
Windows components (Assemblies), Distributed Applications (.NET remoting), and
above all the XML based Web Services. The famous figure for the representation
of dot net is presented below:0
What is the .NET framework?
The .NET framework is a collection of all the tools and utilities required to execute
the .NET managed applications on a particular platform. The MS.NET framework
includes the standard compilers (C#, VB.NET, J#, C++.NET, Jscript.NET), various
utilities like (caspol, ngen, installutil, tlbimp, sn, asmreg, ildasm, etc), runtime
environment (CLR), garbage collector, security manager, thread manager,
assembly loader, just in time compilers, and the standard framework or base
class libraries. It is important to realize that while the implementation of .Net
applications is platform independent; the implementation of .NET framework is
platform specific. In fact, it is this particular specific implementation of the .NET
framework that makes the managed .NET applications platform independent.
What is the VB.NET and C# language comparisons?

VB.NET and C# both are integral part of the .NET framework. Both of the
languages have a lot of similarities in language constructs and language design
with minor differences in the syntax. C# is more like C++ and Java in its syntax
while VB.NET lends its syntax from VB6 a great deal; although VB.NET can not be
seen as the successor of Visual Basic at the level of overall language design and
the vision of its creators.
The general conception is that most of the VB6 developers will upgrade to VB.NET
while developers coming from Java or C++ to .NET are likely to go for C#. Since
web developers for Windows using ASP are familiar with VB and VB Scripts,
therefore, most of the web development with ASP.NET at the start is likely to be
dominated by VB.NET; but after sometime C# will be able to attract at least half
of these developers. Keeping technical side away, C++ and thus C# developers
are generally paid more than those of VB developers. So, this might also be the
factor for making C# the language of choice on .NET framework.
What is the difference between Console, Windows,

Web applications and Web services?
Console applications are light weight programs run inside the command prompt
(DOS) window. They are commonly used for test applications. Windows
Applications are form based standard Windows desktop applications for common
day to day tasks. Microsoft word is an example of a Windows application.
Web applications are programs that used to run inside some web server (e.g.,
IIS) to fulfill the user requests over the http. A typical example of web application
is Hotmail and Google.
Web services are web applications that provide services to other applications over
the internet. Google search engine’s web service, e.g., allows other applications
to delegate the task of searching over the internet to Google web service and use
the result produced by it in their own applications.
What is meant by language interoperability and

language integration?
Prior to the introduction of .Net, the code written in one programming language is
considered to be usable only in the programs written with the same programming
languages. For example, an algorithm implemented in Perl programming
language can not be reused in the programs written in the C++. At Windows
platform, Microsoft introduced the standards for COM (Component Object Model)
which allows components written in one programming language to be used in
other programming language. In Java, JNI (Java Native Interface) is presented to
use-up the code written in non-Java languages into Java programs. But both the
standards (COM and JNI) are too complex and have their own limitations. They
also don’t allow the language integration, which means that you can use the
components written in other programming languages but you can’t extend the
functionality of the components.
In Microsoft.Net, the code written in any programming language is compiled to

the same Intermediate Language (Microsoft Intermediate Language - MSIL or
Common Intermediate Language – CIL) and to same component standard
(assembly). Hence, it is possible for developers to employ the language
interoperability by using and extending the solution implemented by other
developers which might be using different programming language provided
developers at both end are using.Net compliant programming languages.
What is a .Net Assembly?

The .NET assembly is the standard for components developed with the
Microsoft.NET. Dot NET assemblies may or may not be executable, i.e., they
might exist as the executable (.exe) file or dynamic link library (DLL) file. All the
.NET assemblies contain the definition of types, versioning information for the
type, meta-data, and manifest. The designers of .NET have worked a lot on the
component (assembly) resolution.
There are two kind of assemblies in .NET; private and shared. Private assemblies
are simple and copied with each calling assemblies in the calling assemblies
folder. Shared assemblies (also called strong named assemblies) are copied to a
single location (usually the Global assembly cache). For all calling assemblies
within the same application, the same copy of the shared assembly is used from
its original location. Hence, shared assemblies are not copied in the private
folders of each calling assembly. Each shared assembly has a four part name
including its face name, version, public key token and culture information. The
public key token and version information makes it almost impossible for two
different assemblies with the same name or for two similar assemblies with
different version to mix with each other.
An assembly can be a single file or it may consist of the multiple files. In case of
multi-file, there is one master module containing the manifest while other
assemblies exist as non-manifest modules. A module in .NET is a sub part of a
multi-file .NET assembly. Assembly is one of the most interesting and extremely
useful areas of .NET architecture along with reflections and attributes, but
unfortunately very few people take interest in learning such theoretical looking
topics.
What are the differences between a .NET Assembly, a

Windows DLL and a COM Component?
A Windows DLL contains library code to be used by any program running on
Windows. A DLL may contain either structured or object oriented libraries.
COM (Component Object Model) is the component model based on the object
oriented design, which means that the components represented by the COM
component exists in the form of classes and objects implementing a standard
specification defined by COM. COM components can be used by any program
running on Windows Operating System; be it is written with VB, C++, Java or
even some .NET compliant language like C# and VB.NET.
Dot NET assembly is the component standard specified by the .NET. Hence, dot
net assemblies are understandable to only Microsoft.NET and can be used only in
.NET managed applications.
What is the difference between an executable

assembly and a class library?
An executable assembly exists as the .exe file while a class library exists as the
.dll file. Executable assembly represent executable applications having some
entry (e.g., Main() method in C#). A class library, on the other hand, contains
components and libraries to be used inside various applications. A Class library
can not be executed and thus it does not have any entry point.
What does one need to build or execute .NET

applications?
To execute a standalone .NET application (Windows or Console application), one
needs to first compile all its constituent assemblies and modules including the
executable assembly. Once, the constituent assemblies are compiled, one needs
to make sure that the target system contains the .NET framework. The
application can now be executed by running its executable assembly (the .exe
file). The executable assembly (.exe) is a Win32 executable that hosts the .Net
CLR (Common Language Runtime), which exists as a COM component, in its
process space and initializes it. Once the CLR is hosted and initialized, the starting
point of the .NET executable assembly is passed to the hosted CLR which starts
the execution of the program by translating and executing the parts of the
program code.
What does it mean by managed code?

By managed code, it means that the complete life cycle and execution is
managed by the .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR). The .NET CLR manages
the memory on behalf of the managed code, performs garbage collection on the
managed heap, perform assembly validation and assembly (component)
resolution on behalf of the program. The CLR also maintains the security
constraints applied to the managed code.
What is meant by un-safe code?

By un-safe code, it means that the managed program can access the memory
address using pointers. There are two points to remember here;
• Un-safe code is different from un-managed as it is still managed by the

CLR
• You still can not perform pointer arithmetic in un-safe code.
What is the difference between Unmanaged and

Unsafe code?
Un-managed code runs outside the Common Language Runtime (CLR) control
while the unsafe code runs inside the CLR’s control. Both un-safe and un-
managed codes may use pointers and direct memory addresses.
What about the MS.NET standardization?

Microsoft has secured certification for both C# and CLI from ECMA and ISO/IEC
as Industry standards. This is a very important step for Microsoft and .Net
platform because this enhances the credibility of the newer .Net platform and
allures a larger portion of technology industry into adopting .Net as their
development platform. Several companies and government organizations only
utilize ISO certified technologies; for example, in Australia anything ISO certified
is also considered Australian standard according to the rules of the Australian
government. Several academic institutions will now be interested in teaching
standard C#. Another major outcome of having an open industry standard
specification is .Net platform could be getting ported to other platforms like Linux
and UNIX; best example is the Mono Project by Ximian- it is an open source
implementation of .Net platform for UNIX and Linux based on ECMA approved
Public Domain Specification of C# and CLI.
Microsoft submitted the specifications to ECMA, which in turn fast-tracked them

through ISO. In doing so, Microsoft released all intellectual property in the core
C#/CLI platform to the public domain. No one needs a license to implement
C#/CLI. This will also help everybody in better understanding the
implementations of C# and CLI which are at the core of .Net platform. However,
the whole of .Net platform is not a Public domain standard- Microsoft still owns
complete Intellectual property rights to several class libraries and API within the
.Net platform.
What about the implementation of .NET other than

Microsoft.Net on Windows Operating System?
Microsoft has implemented .NET framework for all of its operating system suits
(excluding MS Windows 95 and earlier) on all supported hardware platforms. For
handheld and small devices, Microsoft has released a compact framework of .NET
(http://msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/device/compact.aspx ). But, there are
various other implementations being developed on platforms other than Microsoft
Windows. You can read the discussion on the portability of .NET at (See
http://zdnet.com.com/2100-1107-960049.html)
The most popular implementation, after MS.NET, is the open source ‘Mono’
Project on Linux (See www.go-mono.com)
Microsoft has released almost all the source code of their .NET framework for
FreeBSD and Mac OS under the title of Shared Source Common Language
Infrastructure (SSCLI). Check out the SSCLI 1.0 release - which already builds on
WindowsXP, FreeBSD, and Mac OS X 10.2, released under Microsoft's Shared
Source Initiative. http://msdn.microsoft.com/net/sscli/
http://www.microsoft.com/resources/sharedsource/default.mspx
What is the difference between traditional

development and .NET development?
In traditional programming languages, the source code of a program is compiled
to a specific platform’s assembly language and then machine language code.
Later the library code required by the program is linked to it. Finally the operating
system executes the program when desired by the user. The complete process is
depicted in the following figure:
In the presence of dot net framework, a program is not compiled to the native
machine executable code; rather it gets compiled to an intermediate language
code called Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) or Common Intermediate
Language (CIL). The Dot Net Common Language Runtime (CLR) then converts
this intermediate code at runtime to the machine executable code. The
optimization is carried out at runtime. A program also does not call the operating
system APIs directly; rather it delegates this task to the CLR which performs the
desired operations on behalf of the program and returns the results of the
operations back to the program. The CLR also performs the memory
management, garbage collection, security and thread management on behalf of
the program. Dot NET framework is shipped with the supporting object oriented
framework of common code libraries, called the .NET Framework Class Library
(FCL), to facilitate the common operations. Hence the .Net manages the overall
execution of an application. This is the reason why the code running on .Net
framework is sometimes called the managed code. The complete process is
depicted in the following Figure. Note that only the CLR (and thus the .Net
framework and not the user application) is interacting and coupled with the
platform and operating system.
What are the basic components of .NET platform?

The basic components of .NET platform (framework) are:
Common Language Runtime (CLR):

The most important part of the .NET Framework is the .Net Common Language
Runtime (CLR) also called .Net Runtime in short. It is a framework layer that
resides above the Operating System and handles/manages the execution of the
.NET applications. Our .Net programs don’t directly communicate with the
Operating System but through CLR
MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language) Code:
When we compile our .Net Program using any .Net compliant language like (C#,
VB.NET, C++.NET) it does not get converted into the executable binary code but
to an intermediate code, called MSIL or IL in short, understandable by CLR. MSIL
is an OS and H/w independent code. When the program needs to be executed,
this MSIL or intermediate code is converted to binary executable code, called
native code. The presence of IL makes it possible the Cross Language
Relationship as all the .Net compliant languages produce the similar standard IL
code.
Just In Time Compilers (JITers)

When our IL compiled code needs to be executed, CLR invokes JIT compilers
which compile the IL code to native executable code (.exe or .dll) for the specific
machine and OS. JITers in many ways are different from traditional compilers as
they, as their name suggests, compile the IL to native code only when desired
e.g., when a function is called, IL of function’s body is converted to native code;
just in time of need. So, the part of code that is not used by particular run is not
converted to native code. If some IL code is converted to native code then the
next time when its needed to be used, the CLR uses the same copy without re-
compiling. So, if a program runs for sometime, then it won’t have any just in time
performance penalty. As JITers are aware of processor and OS exactly at runtime,
they can optimize the code extremely efficiently resulting in very robust
applications. Also, since JITer knows the exact current state of executable code,
they can also optimize the code by in-lining small function calls (like replacing
body of small function when its called in a loop, saving the function call time).
Although, Microsoft stated that C# and .Net are not competing with languages
like C++ in efficiency, speed of execution, JITers can make your code even faster
than C++ code in some cases when program is run over extended period of time
(like web-servers).
Framework Class Library (FCL)

.NET Framework provides huge set of Framework (or Base) Class Library (FCL)
for common, usual tasks. FCL contains thousands of classes to provide the access
to Windows API and common functions like String Manipulation, Common Data
Structures, IO, Streams, Threads, Security, Network Programming, Windows
Programming, Web Programming, Data Access, etc. It is simply the largest
standard library ever shipped with any development environment or programming
language. The best part of this library is they follow extremely efficient OO design
(design patterns) making their access and use very simple and predictable. You
can use the classes in FCL in your program just as you use any other class and
can even apply inheritance and polymorphism on these.
Common Language Specification (CLS)

Earlier we used the term ‘.NET Compliant Language’ and stated that all the .NET
compliant languages can make use of CLR and FCL. But what makes a language
‘.NET compliant language’? The answer is Common Language Specification (CLS).
Microsoft has released a small set of specification that each language should meet
to qualify as a .NET Compliant Language. As IL is a very rich language, it is not
necessary for a language to implement all the IL functionality, rather it meets the
small subset of it, CLS, to qualify as a .NET compliant language, which is the
reason why so many languages (procedural and OO) are now running under .Net
umbrella. CLS basically addresses to language design issues and lays certain
standards like there should be no global function declaration, no pointers, no
multiple inheritance and things like that. The important point to note here is that
if you keep your code within CLS boundary, your code is guaranteed to be usable
in any other .Net language.
Common Type System (CTS)

.NET also defines a Common Type System (CTS). Like CLS, CTS is also a set of
standards. CTS defines the basic data types that IL understands. Each .NET
compliant language should map its data types to these standard data types. This
makes it possible for the 2 languages to communicate with each other by
passing/receiving parameters to/from each other. For example, CTS defines a
type Int32, an integral data type of 32 bits (4 bytes) which is mapped by C#
through int and VB.Net through its Integer data type.
Garbage Collector (GC)

CLR also contains Garbage Collector (GC) which runs in a low-priority thread and
checks for un-referenced dynamically allocated memory space. If it finds some
data that is no more referenced by any variable/reference, it re-claims it and
returns the occupied memory back to the Operating System; so that it can be
used by other programs as necessary. The presence of standard Garbage
Collector frees the programmer from keeping track of dangling data.
What is the software development and execution flow

in Microsoft.NET?
With .NET development environment, a developer can write his/her code in any
.NET compliant programming language like C#, VB.NET, J#, C++.NET, etc. In
fact, various modules, components, projects of an application can be written and
compiled in different .Net based programming languages. All these components
are compiled to the same Intermediate language code (MSIL or CIL)
understandable by the .NET CLR.
At runtime, the .NET assembly (compiled IL code) is translated to native machine

code and executed by the CLR.
How is MS.NET compared with Java based platforms

(J2EE)?
At root level architecture and components, MS.NET and J2EE platforms are very
similar. Both are virtual machine based architecture having CLR and Java Virtual
Machine (JVM) as the underlying virtual machine for the management and
execution of programs. Both provide memory, security and thread management
on behalf of the program and both try to decouple the applications with the
execution environment (OS and physical machine). Both, basically, target the
Web based applications and especially the XML based web services. Both provide
managed access to memory and no direct access to memory is allowed to their
managed applications.
However, there are few contrasts in the architecture and design of the two virtual
machines. Microsoft .NET framework’s architecture is more coupled to the
Microsoft Windows Operating System which makes it difficult to implement it on
various operating systems and physical machines. Java, on the other hand, is
available on almost all major platforms. At the darker side, J2EE architecture and
JVM is more coupled to the Java programming language while Microsoft.NET has
been designed from the scratch to support language independence and language
integration. Microsoft.NET covers the component development and integration in
much more detail than Java. The versioning policy of .NET is simply the best
implemented versioning solution in the software development history. Java has
got the support of industry giants like Sun, IBM, Apache and Oracle while the
Microsoft.NET is supported by giants like Microsoft, Intel, and HP.
Why should one use MS.NET for software

development?
Well, most of the software development all over the world is done on and for
Microsoft Windows Operating System. Dot Net is now the standard software
development environment for the Microsoft Windows operating system. It
dramatically simplifies the development of windows, web based, data access
applications, components, controls and web services. Dot net comes with
amazing features like XML configuration, reflection, and attributes to ease the
overall software development life cycle. Finally, the dot net is supported by the
Microsoft Visual Studio Integrated Development Environment; the best IDE
available for any software development environment. Visual Studio .NET (VS.NET)
supports all the areas of software development from project creation to
debugging and installation.
What are the shortcomings of MS.NET platform?

The foremost short coming of .NET platform is that it is still the propriety of
Microsoft. It is more coupled with the Microsoft Windows operating system and is
implemented only on Microsoft Windows successfully. MS.NET desktop
applications can run only on Microsoft Windows, Web based applications and web
services can only be deployed on Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS).
Since, dot net framework contains a lot of utilities, components, and framework
class libraries, the size of downloadable framework is quite large (25MB compared
to 5MB size of JVM). Not all types of applications can be written in .NET managed
applications, for example, you can’t write CLR or Operating System in your
managed applications. The managed .Net applications are somewhat slower to
start and run than the traditional Win32 applications. The compiled code of .Net
managed applications is easier to de-compile back to the source code.
How true it is that .NET and Java programs are quite

in-efficient when compared to C++?
The startup of managed .NET and Java programs is definitely slower than the
traditional C++ programs as it involves the hosting of CLR into managed
application process in .NET and starting the JVM in a new process in case of Java.
The execution also is a bit slower during the initial period of program execution as
the intermediate code is translated to the machine code on the fly at runtime. But
as the program runs various parts repeatedly, the execution gets pace too. Since,
the CLR and JVM optimizes the code more efficiently than the static C++
compilers, the execution speed of the program may actually be faster after
sometime of the program startup when most of the code is translated. Hence, in
the longer run, the .Net and Java based programs should not be in-efficient when
compared to C++. We used ‘should’ here as the actual performance depends on
the particular implementation and implementation strategy.
What are XML Doc comments (comments start with

three slashes ///)?
The XML Doc comments are special kind of comments that can be recognized by
Document utility to automatically generate the documentation of your methods,
types and regions.
Using COM components in .NET and How to add a

reference to a COM component?
The .NET does not encourage the use of COM component directly inside the
managed application! Although, the .NET framework contains utilities that enable
COM components to be used inside the .Net applications seamlessly. How it is
done? The .NET utilities like TlbImp generates the wrapper .NET assembly for the
COM component which provides the same calling interface to the client as
exposed by the COM component. Inside the wrapper methods, it calls the actual
methods of the COM component and returns the result back to the caller. The
generated wrapper .NET assembly is called the ‘Runtime Callable Wrapper’ or
RCW.
To use a COM component in your Visual Studio.NET project, you need to add a
reference of the COM component in the Reference node of the project node of the
solution inside the solution explorer window. The great thing about Visual
Studio.Net is that it allows you to add a reference to the COM component in
exactly the similar way as you add the reference to the .NET assembly. The Visual
Studio.NET automatically creates the runtime callable wrapper assembly for the
referenced COM component.
To add a reference to a COM component, right click the ‘Reference’ node under
the project node inside the solution explorer and select the ‘Add Reference…’
option. It will show you a user interface screen where you browse for the target
COM component. When you have selected the component, press the ‘Select’
button and then press OK. This will add a new reference node in the Reference
sub tree of the project. By selecting the added reference node, you can edit its
properties from the properties window.
Note: The process of importing a COM component into .NET is called ‘COM
interoperability with .NET’
What is .NET Framework and what are CLR, CTS and

CLS?
. NET is a software platform. It's a language-neutral environment for developing
.NET applications that can easily and securely operate within it.
The .NET Framework has two main components: the Common Language Runtime
(CLR) and the .NET Framework class library.
The Runtime can be considered an agent that manages code at execution time.
Thus providing core services such as memory management, thread management,
and remoting. Also incorporating strict type safety, security and robustness.
The class library is a comprehensive collection of reusable types that you can use
to develop traditional command-line, WinForm (graphical user interface)
applications, Web Forms and XML Web services.
The .NET Framework provides a Runtime environment called the Common
Language Runtime or (CLR) that handles the execution of the code and provides
useful services for the implementation of the application. CLR takes care of code
management upon program execution and provides various services such as
memory management, thread management, security management and other
system services. The managed code targets CLR benefits by using useful features
such as cross-language integration, cross-language exception handling,
versioning, enhanced security, deployment support, and debugging.
Common Type System (CTS) describes how types are declared, used and
managed. CTS facilitates cross-language integration, type safety, and high
performance code execution. The CLS is a specification that defines the rules to
support language integration. This is done in such a way, that programs written in
any language (.NET compliant) can interoperate with one another. This also can
take full advantage of inheritance, polymorphism, exceptions, and other features.
What is MSIL / IL? What is JIT (Just In Time)?

When compiling the source code to managed code, the compiler translates the
source into Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL). This is a CPU-independent
set of instructions that can efficiently be converted to native code. Microsoft
intermediate language (MSIL) is a translation used as the output of a number of
compilers. It is the input to a just-in-time (JIT) compiler. The Common Language
Runtime includes a JIT compiler for the conversion of MSIL to native code.
Before Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) can be executed it, must be

converted by the .NET Framework just-in-time (JIT) compiler to native code. This
is CPU-specific code that runs on the same computer architecture as the JIT
compiler. Rather than using time and memory to convert all of the MSIL in a
portable executable (PE) file to native code. It converts the MSIL as needed whilst
executing, then caches the resulting native code so its accessible for any
subsequent calls.
What is Code Access Security (CAS)? How does CAS

work? Who defines the CAS code groups?
Code Access Security (CAS) is part of the .NET security model. CAS determines
whether or not a piece of code is allowed to run and also what resources to use.
For example, CAS will prevent malicious code from entering your system and
causing havoc.
The CAS security policy revolves around two key concepts - code groups and
permissions. Each .NET assembly is a member of a particular code group and
each code group is granted the permissions specified in a named permission set.
An example: Using the default security policy, a control downloaded from a web
site belongs to the 'Zone - Internet' code group which complies to the
permissions defined by the 'Internet' named permission set.
Microsoft defines some default policies but you can modify these and even create
your own. To view the code groups defined on your system; Run 'caspol' from the
command-line and checkout the different options on display.
What is serialization in .NET and what are the ways
to control serialization?
Serialization is the process of converting an object into a stream of bytes. On the
other hand Deserialization is the process of creating an object from a stream of
bytes. Serialization/Deserialization is used to transport or to persist objects.
Serialization can be defined as the process of storing the state of an object to a
storage medium. During this process, the public and private fields of the object
and the name of the class, including the assembly are converted to a stream of
bytes. Which is then written to a data stream. Upon the object's subsequent
deserialized, an exact clone of the original object is created.
Binary serialization preserves Type fidelity, which is useful for preserving the state
of an object between different invocations of an application. For example: An
object can be shared between different applications by serializing it to the
clipboard.
You can serialize an object to a stream, disk, memory, over a network, and so
forth. Remoting uses serialization to pass objects "By Value" from one computer
or application domain to another. XML serialization serializes only public
properties and fields and does not preserve Type fidelity. This is useful when you
want to provide or consume data without restricting the application that uses the
data.
As XML is an open standard, it is an attractive choice for sharing data across the
Web. SOAP is also an open standard, which makes it an attractive choice too.
There are two separate mechanisms provided by the .NET class library -
XmlSerializer and SoapFormatter/BinaryFormatter. Microsoft uses
XmlSerializer for Web Services, and uses SoapFormatter/BinaryFormatter
for remoting. Both are available for use in your own code.
What is Active Directory? What namespace should I

use to use Active Directories?
Active Directory Service Interfaces (ADSI) is a programmatic interface for the
Microsoft Windows Active Directory. It enables your applications to interact with
different directories on a network using a single interface.
Visual Studio .NET and the .NET Framework make it easy to add ADSI
functionality with the DirectoryEntry and DirectorySearcher components.
Using ADSI you can create applications that perform common administrative
tasks, such as backing up databases, accessing printers and managing user
accounts. ADSI allows:
1) Log on once to work with diverse directories. The DirectoryEntry component

class provides username and password properties that can be entered at Runtime
and are passed to the Active Directory object you are bound to.
2) Use of an Application-Programming Interface (API) to perform tasks on

multiple directory systems. This includes multi protocol support. The
DirectoryServices namespace provides the classes to perform most
administrative functions such as creating users.
3) Perform "Rich Querying" on directory systems. ADSI technology supports
searching for objects with two query dialects: SQL and LDAP.
4) Access and use a single or hierarchical tree structure for administering and
maintaining a diverse and complicated network.
5) Integrate directory information with databases such as ?SQL Server. The

DirectoryEntry path may be used as an ADO.NET connection string.
Name space to be imported when working with Active Directories:
System.DirectoryServices
Can I use the Win32 API from a .NET Framework

program?
Using platform invoke it's possible. .NET Framework programs can access native
code libraries by means of static DLL entry points.
Here is an example of C# calling the Win32 MessageBox function:
using System;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
class MainApp
{
[DllImport("user32.dll", EntryPoint="MessageBox")]
public static extern int MessageBox(int hWnd, String
strMessage, String strCaption, uint uiType);
public static void Main()
MessageBox(0, "This is PInvoke in operation!",
".NET", 0 );
How do I send an attachment in an email?

The following code shows how to add an attachment to an email.
Using System.IO;
Using System.Web.Mail;
MailAttachment ma=new MailAttachment("c:\sample.txt");

MailMessage mm=new MailMessage();
mm.To ="xyz@programmersheaven.com";
mm.From="abc@yahoo.com";
mm.Body ="Attachment";
mm.Subject="Check out the attached text file";
mm.Attachments.Add(ma);
SmtpMail.SmtpServer="mail.programmersheaven.com";
SmtpMail.Send(mm);
C# .NET
What is C#?
C# (pronounced C-Sharp) is a new programming language introduced with the
Microsoft .NET framework and is no doubt the language of choice in .NET
environment. It was first created in the late 1990's as part of Microsoft’s whole
.NET strategy. It is a whole new language free of backward compatibility curse
and a whole bunch of new, exciting and promising features. It is an Object
Oriented Programming language, which at its core, has similarities with Java,
C++ and VB.
In fact, C# combines the power & efficiency of C++, simple & clean OO design of
Java, and code simplification of Visual Basic. Like Java, C# also does not allow
multiple inheritance and use of pointers (in safe and managed code) while it does
provide garbage memory collection at runtime, type and memory access
checking. But, contrary to java, C# keeps the different useful concepts of C++
like operator overloading, enumerations, pre-processor directives, pointers (in
unmanaged and un-safe code), function pointers (in the form of delegates), also
promises to have template support (with the name of generics) in next versions.
Like VB it also supports the concepts of properties (context sensitive accessor to
fields).
In addition to this, C# comes up with some new/exciting features like reflections,

attributes, marshalling, remoting, threads, streams, data access with ADO.NET,
etc. C# programming language is designed from the scratch keeping in mind the
Microsoft.Net environment. MS.Net (and thus C#) programs runs on top of the
Common Language Runtime (CLR), which provides the runtime support to them.
Sample C# Application
Using System
Class Sample
{
public static void main()
{
Console.WriteLine (“Hello World”)
}
}
What are Jagged Arrays in C#?

A special type of array is introduced in C#. A Jagged Array is an array of an
array in which the length of each array index can differ.
Example: A Jagged Array can be used is to create a table in which the lengths of
the rows are not same. This Array is declared using square brackets ( [ ] ) to
indicate each dimension.
The following code demonstrates the creation of a two-dimensional jagged array.
Class Jagged
{
{
int [][] jagged=new int [3][];
jagged[0]=mew int[4]
int I;
‘Storing values in first array
for (I=0;I<4;I++)
jagged[0][I]=I;
‘Storing values in second array
for( I=0;I<3;I++)
jagged[1][I]=I;
‘Storing values in third array
for(I=0;I<5;I++)
jagged[2][I]=I;
‘Displaying values from first array
for (I=0;I<4;I++)
Console.WriteLine(jagged[0][I])
‘Displaying values from second array
for (I=0;I<3;I++)
‘Displaying values from third array
for(I=0;I<5;I++)
}
What is the difference between "Value Types" and
"Reference Types"?
Many programming languages provide built-in data types such as integers and
floating-point numbers. These are copied when they are passed in to arguments
i.e. they are passed "By Value". In .NET terms, these are called Value Types".
The RunTime supports two kinds of Value Types:
1 Built-in value types
The .NET Framework defines built-in value types such as System.Int32 and
System.Boolean which correspond and are identical to primitive data types used
in programming languages.
2 User-defined value types
The language you are using will provide functionality to define your own Value
Types. These user defined Types derive from System.ValueType. If you want to
define a Type representing a value that is a complex number (two floating-point
numbers), you might choose to define it as a value type. Why? Because you can
pass the Value Type efficiently "By Value". If the Type you are defining could be
more efficiently passed "By Reference", you should define it as a class instead.
Variables of Reference Types are referred to as objects. These store references to
the actual data.
The following are the Reference Types:
• class
• interface
• delegate
This following are the "built-in" Reference Types:
• object
• string
ADO .NET
What is ADO.Net?
Most of the today’s applications need to interact with database systems to persist,
edit or view data. In .Net data access service is provided through ADO.Net
(ActiveX Data Object in Dot Net) components. ADO.Net is an object oriented
framework that allows you to interact with database systems. We usually interact
with database systems through SQL queries or stored procedures. ADO.Net
encapsulates our queries and commands to provide a uniform access to various
database management systems.
ADO.Net is a successor of ADO (ActiveX Data Object). The prime features of
ADO.Net are its disconnected data access architecture and XML integration.
What does it mean by disconnected data access

architecture of ADO.Net?
ADO.Net introduces the concept of disconnected data architecture. In traditional
data access components, you make a connection to the database system and
then interact with it through SQL queries using the connection. The application
stays connected to the DB system even when it is not using DB services. This
commonly wastes the valuable and expensive database resource as most of the
time applications only query and view the persistent data. ADO.Net solves this
problem by managing a local buffer of persistent data called data set. Your
application automatically connects to the database server when it needs to pass
some query and then disconnects immediately after getting the result back and
storing it in dataset. This design of ADO.Net is called disconnected data
architecture and is very much similar to the connection less services of http over
the internet. It should be noted that ADO.Net also provides the connection
oriented traditional data access services.
Traditional Data Access Architecture
ADO.Net Disconnected Data Access Architecture
Another important aspect of the disconnected architecture is that it maintains the

local repository of data in the dataset object. The dataset object stores the tables,
their relationship and different constraints. The user performs operations like
update, insert, delete to this dataset locally and finally the changed dataset is
stored in actual database as a batch when needed. This greatly reduces the
network traffic and results in the better performance.
What does it mean by connected data access

architecture of ADO.Net?
In the connected environment, it is your responsibility to open and close the
database connection. You first establish the database connection, perform the
interested operations to the database and when you are done, close the database
connection. All the changes are done directly to the database and no local
(memory) buffer is maintained.
What's the difference between accessing data with

dataset or data reader?
The dataset is generally used when you like to employ the disconnected
architecture of the ADO.Net. It reads the data into the local memory buffer and
perform the data operations (update, insert, delete) locally to this buffer.
The data reader, on the other hand, is directly connected to the database
management system. It passes all the queries to the database management
system, which executes them and returns the result back to the application.
Since no memory buffer is maintained by the data reader, it takes up fewer

resources and performs more efficiently with small number of data operations.
The dataset, on the other hand is more efficient when large number of updates
are to be made to the database. All the updates are done in the local memory
and are updated to the database in a batch. Since database connection remains
open for the short time, the database management system does not get flooded
with the incoming requests.
What are the performance considerations when using

dataset?
Since no memory buffer is maintained by the data reader, it takes up fewer
resources and performs more efficiently with small number of data operations.
The dataset, on the other hand is more efficient when large number of updates
are to be made to the database. All the updates are done in the local memory
and are updated to the database in a batch. Since database connection remains
open for the short time, the database management system does not get flooded
with the incoming requests.
However, since the dataset stores the records in the local buffer in the
hierarchical form, it does take up more resources and may affect the overall
performance of the application.
How to select dataset or data reader?
The data reader is more useful when you need to work with large number of
tables, database in non-uniform pattern and you need not execute the large no.
of queries on few particular table.
When you need to work on fewer no. of tables and most of the time you need to
execute queries on these fewer tables, you should go for the dataset.
It also depends on the nature of application. If multiple users are using the
database and the database needs to be updated every time, you must not use
the dataset. For this, .Net provides the connection oriented architecture. But in
the scenarios where instant update of database is not required, dataset provides
optimal performance by making the changes locally and connecting to database
later to update a whole batch of data. This also reduces the network bandwidth if
the database is accessed through network.
Disconnected data access is suited most to read only services. On the down side,
disconnected data access architecture is not designed to be used in the
networked environment where multiple users are updating data simultaneously
and each of them needs to be aware of current state of database at any time
(e.g., Airline Reservation System).
How XML is supported in ADO.Net?

The dataset is represented in the memory as an XML document. You can fill the
dataset by XML and can also get the result in the form of XML. Since XML is an
international and widely accepted standard, you can read the data using the
ADO.Net in the XML form and pass it to other applications using Web Service.
These data consuming application need not be the essentially Dot Net based.
They may be written with Java, C++ or any other programming language and
running on any platform.
What are the different components of ADO.Net?

The famous diagram of the ADO.Net architecture and its components is presented
in the figure below:
All generic classes for data access are contained in the System.Data namespace.
A short description of the core classes of ADO.Net is presented below:
Class Description
The DataSet is a local buffer of tables or a collection of disconnected
DataSet
record sets
DataTable is used to contain the data in tabular form using rows and
DataTable
columns. DataRow Represents a single record or row in DataTable
DataRow Represents a single record or row in DataTable
DataColumn Represents a column or field of DataTable
DataRelation Represents the relationship between different tables in a data set.
Represents the constraints or limitations that apply to a particular field or
Constraint
column.
ADO.Net also contains some database specific classes. This means that different
database system providers may provide classes (or drivers) optimized for their
particular database system. The provider for such classes are called the Dot Net
Framework Data Providers. Microsoft itself has provided the specialized and
optimized classes for their SQL server database system. The name of these
classes start with ‘Sql’ and these are contained in System.Data.SqlClient
namespace. Similarly, Oracle has also provided its classes (driver) optimized for
Oracle DB System. Microsoft has also provided the general classes which can
connect your application to any OLE supported database server. The name of
these classes start with ‘OleDb’ and these are contained in System.Data.OleDb
namespace. In fact, you can use OleDb classes to connect to SQL server or Oracle
database but using the database specific classes generally provides optimized
performance.
The core objects that make up a data provider are:
Class Description
Connection Represents a connection to the database system
Represents SQL query or command to be executed at the database
Command
management system
A class that connects to the database system, fetch the record and fill the
DataAdapter dataset. It contains four different commands to perform database
operations; Select, Update, Insert, Delete.
DataReader A stream that reads data from the database in connected design
Parameter Represents a parameter to a stored procedure
What is a dataset?
A dataset is the local repository of the data used to store the tables and
disconnected record set. When using disconnected architecture, all the updates
are made locally to dataset and then the updates are performed to the database
as a batch.
What is a data adapter?

A data adapter is the component that exists between the local repository
(dataset) and the physical database. It contains the four different commands
(SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE). It uses these commands to fetch the
data from the DB and fill into the dataset and to perform updates done in the
dataset to the physical database. It is the data adapter that is responsible for
opening and closing the database connection and communicates with the dataset.
What is a database connection?

A database connection represents a communication channel between you
application and database management system (DBMS). The application uses this
connection to pass the commands and queries to the database and obtain the
results of the operations from the database.
What is a database command?

A database command specifies which particular action you want to perform to the
database. The commands are in the form of SQL (Structured Query Language).
There are four basic SQL statements that can be passed to the database.
SQL SELECT Statement
This query is used to select certain columns of certain records from a database
table.
SELECT * from emp
selects all the fields of all the records from the table name ‘emp’
SELECT empno, ename from emp
selects the fields empno and ename of all records from the table name ‘emp’
SELECT * from emp where empno < 100
selects all those records from the table name ‘emp’ that have the value of the
field empno less than 100
SELECT * from article, author where article.authorId = author.authorId
selects all those records from the table name ‘article’ and ‘author’ that have same
value of the field authorId
SQL INSERT Statement
This query is used to insert a record to a database table.
INSERT INTO emp(empno, ename) values(101, ‘John Guttag’)
inserts a record to emp table and set its empno field to 101 and its ename field to
‘John Guttag’
SQL UPDATE Statement
This query is used to edit an already existing record in a database table.
UPDATE emp SET ename =‘Eric Gamma’ WHERE empno = 101
updates the record whose empno field is 101 by setting its ename field to ‘Eric
Gamma’
SQL DELETE Statement
This query is used to delete the existing record(s) from the database table
DELETE FROM emp WHERE empno = 101
deletes the record whose empno field is 101 from the emp table
What is a data reader?

The data reader is a component that reads the data from the database
management system and provides it to the application. The data reader works in
the connected manner; it reads a record from the DB, pass it to the application,
then reads another and so on.
How do different components of ADO.Net interact

with each other in disconnected architecture?
The Data Adapter contains in it the Command and Connection object. It uses the
connection object to connect to the database, execute the containing command,
fetch the result and update the DataSet.
How do different components of ADO.Net interact
with each other in connected architecture?
Here, the Command object contains the Connection object. The Command object
uses the containing connection (that must be opened) to execute the SQL query
and if the SQL statement is SELECT, returns the DataReader object. The data
reader object is the stream to the database which reads the resulting records
from the DB and passes them to the application
What does it mean by Dot Net Framework Data

Provider?
Dot Net Framework Data Provider is a set of classes that establishes the database
communication between an application and the database management system
based on the standards of ADO.Net framework. Different data providers provide
specialized and optimized connectivity to particular database management
system or to a particular class of DBMS. For example, the MS SQL Server data
provider provides the optimized connectivity between dot net application and MS
SQL Server DBMS while the OLEDB data provider provides the uniform
connectivity between dot net application and the OLEDB databases.
What are the core objects that make up a dot net

framework data provider?
The core objects that make up a data provider are:
Class Description
Connection Represents a connection to the database system
Represents SQL query or command to be executed at the database
Command
management system
A class that connects to the database system, fetch the record and fill the
DataAdapter dataset. It contains four different commands to perform database
operations; Select, Update, Insert, Delete.
DataReader A stream that reads data from the database in connected design
Parameter Represents a parameter to a stored procedure
What are the standard dot net framework data

providers that are shipped with the Dot Net
Framework 1.1?
The Dot Net Framework 1.1 is shipped with four different data providers:
• Dot Net Framework data provider for Microsoft SQL Server DBMS
• Dot Net Framework data provider for Oracle DBMS (available only in
Framework 1.1)
• Dot Net Framework data provider for OLEDB supporting DBMS
• Dot Net Framework data provider for ODBC supporting data sources
(available only in Framework 1.1)
Why should one use a specialized data provider when

the data can be accessed with general data providers?
The specialized data providers (e.g., SQL Server and Oracle) are built specially for
a particular kind of DBMS and works much more efficiently than the general data
providers (e.g., OLEDB and ODBC). In practice, the specialized data providers are
many times efficient than the general data providers.
What is the Dot Net Framework data provider for SQL

Server?
The dot net framework data provider for SQL Server is the optimized data
provider for Microsoft SQL Server 7 or later. It is recommended to use SQL Server
data provider to access the SQL Server DB than general provider like OLEDB. The
classes for this provider are present in the System.Data.SqlClient namespace.
What is the Dot Net Framework data provider for

Oracle?
The dot net framework data provider for Oracle is the optimized data provider for
Oracle DBMS. It is recommended to use Oracle data provider to access the Oracle
DB than general provider like OLEDB. It supports the Oracle Client version 8.1.7
and later. The classes for this provider are present in the
System.Data.OracleClient namespace. This provider is included in the .Net
framework 1.1 and was not available in the Dot Net framework 1.0.

OLEDB?
The dot net framework data provider for OLEDB provides connectivity with the
OLEDB supported database management systems. It is the recommended middle
tier for the SQL Server 6.5 or earlier and Microsoft Access Database. It is a
general data provider. You can also use it to connect with the SQL Server or
Oracle Database Management Systems. The classes for this provider are present
in the System.Data.OleDBClient namespace.

ODBC?
The dot net framework data provider for ODBC provides connectivity with the
ODBC supported database management systems and data sources. It is a general
data provider. You can also use it to connect with the SQL Server or Oracle
Database Management Systems. The classes for this provider are present in the
System.Data.ODBCClient namespace. This provider is included in the .Net
framework 1.1 and was not available in the Dot Net framework 1.0.
What are the basic steps involved in data access with

ADO.Net in disconnected environment?
Data access using ADO.Net involves the following steps:
• Defining the connection string for the database server

• Defining the connection (SqlConnection, OleDbConnection, etc) to the
database using the connection string
• Defining the command (SqlCommand, OleDbCommand, etc) or command
string that contains the query
• Defining the data adapter (SqlDataAdapter, OleDbDataAdapter, etc) using
the command string and the connection object
• Creating a new DataSet object
• If the command is SELECT, filling the dataset object with the result of the
query through the data adapter
• Reading the records from the DataTables in the datasets using the
DataRow and DataColumn objects
• If the command is UPDATE, INSERT or DELETE, then updating the dataset
through the data adapter
• Accepting to save the changes in the dataset to the database
Which namespaces I need to add to my project for

each of the standard data provider?
You need to add following namespaces for the specified data providers:
Data Provider Namespace

MS SQL Server System.Data.SqlClient
Oracle Database System.Data.OracleClient
OLE DB Databases System.Data.OleDBClient
ODBC Data Sources System.Data.ODBCClient
How do I define a connection string for the database
server?
For MS SQL Server, used with the SQL Server data provider, we can write the
connection string like:
C# Version
// for Sql Server
string connectionString = "server=P-III; database=programmersheaven;" +_
"uid=sa; pwd=;";
VB.Net Version
' for Sql Server
Dim connectionString As String = "server=P-III; database=programmersheaven;"
+ _ "uid=sa; pwd=;"
First of all we have defined the instance name of the server, which is P-III on my
system. Next we defined the name of the database, user id (uid) and password
(pwd). Since my SQL server doesn't have a password for the System
Administrator (sa) user, I have left it blank in the connection string. (Yes I know
this is very dangerous and is really a bad practice - never, ever use a blank
password on a system that is accessible over a network)
For Oracle Database Server, used with the Oracle data provider, we can write the
C# Version
string connectionString = "Data Source=Oracle8i;User Id=username;" +
"Password=pwd; Integrated Security=no;";
VB.Net Version
Dim connectionString As String = "Data Source=Oracle8i;User Id=username;" +
_
"Password=pwd; Integrated Security=no;"
For MS Access Database, used with the OLE DB data provider, we can write the
C# Version
// for MS Access
string connectionString = "provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;" +
"data source = c:\\programmersheaven.mdb";
VB.Net Version
' for MS Access
Dim connectionString As String = "provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;" + _
"data source =
c:\programmersheaven.mdb"
First we have defined the provider of the access database. Then we have defined
the data source which is the address of the target database.
For MS SQL Server, used with the ODBC data provider, we can write the
C# Version
string connectionString = "Driver={SQL
Server};Server=FARAZ;Database=pubs;Uid=sa;Pwd=;";
VB.Net Version
Dim connectionString As String = "Driver={SQL
Server};Server=FARAZ;Database=pubs;Uid=sa;Pwd=;"
How do I find the connection string for the database

server?
Usually the connection string options are provided in the documentation, you can
also find the connection strings on the internet. A good website for the
connections strings is http://www.connectionstrings.com
How do I define the connection to database?

A connection is defined using the connection string. The Connection object is used
by the data adapter or data reader to connect to and disconnect from the
database. For SQL Server used with SQL Server data provider, the connection is
created like this:
C# Version
SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(connectionString);
VB.Net Version
Dim conn As New SqlConnection(connectionString)
For Oracle Database Server used with Oracle data provider, the connection is
created like this:
C# Version
OracleConnection conn = new OracleConnection(connectionString);
VB.Net Version
Dim conn As New OracleConnection(connectionString)
For OLE DB provider, the connection is created like this:
C# Version
OleDbConnection conn = new OleDbConnection(connectionString);
VB.Net Version
Dim conn As New OleDbConnection(connectionString)
For ODBC data provider, the connection is created like this:
C# Version
OdbcConnection conn = new OdbcConnection(connectionString);
VB.Net Version
Dim conn As New OdbcConnection(connectionString)
Here we have passed the connection string to the constructor of the connection
object.
How do I create a command and supply the SQL query

to ADO.Net? (Command object and command string)
First of all, you create a command object (SqlCommand, OracleCommand,
OleDbCommand, OdbcCommand) using the connection object (SqlConnection,
OracleConnection, OleDbConnection, OdbcConnection) and set its CommandText
property to the SQL query to execute.
C# Version
OdbcCommand cmd = conn.CreateCommand();
cmd.CommandText = "select * from authors";
VB.Net Version
Dim cmd As OdbcCommand
cmd = conn.CreateCommand()
cmd.CommandText = "select * from authors"
How do I define a data adapter?

The data adapter stores your command (query) and connection and using these
connect to the database when asked, fetch the result of query and store it in the
local dataset.
The DataAdapter class (SqlDataAdapter, OracleDataAdapter, OleDbDataAdapter,

OdbcDataAdapter) may be instantiated in three ways:
1. by supplying the command string (SQL Select command) and connection

string
2. by supplying the command string (SQL Select command) and a connection
object
3. by supplying the command object (SqlCommand, OracleCommand,
OleDbCommand, OdbcCommand)
For example, with SQL Server, the data adapter is created as
C# Version
// for Sql Server
SqlDataAdapter dataAdapter = new SqlDataAdapter(commandString, conn);
VB.Net Version
Dim da As New SqlDataAdapter(commandString, conn)
Here we have created a new instance of data adapter and supplied it command
string and connection object in the constructor call.
For Access, the data adapter is created like
C# Version
// for MS Access
OleDbDataAdapter dataAdapter = new OleDbDataAdapter(commandString,
connectionString);
VB.Net Version
Dim da As New OleDbDataAdapter(commandString, connectionString)
Here we have created a new instance of data adapter and supplied it command
string and connection string in the constructor call.
How do I get the result of my command and fill it to

the dataset?
DataSet is a local and offline container of the data. The DataSet object is created
simply like
C# Version
DataSet ds = new DataSet();
VB.Net Version
Dim ds As New DataSet()
Now we need to fill the DataSet with the result of the query. We will use the
dataAdapter object for this purpose and call its Fill() method. This is the step
where data adapter connects to the physical database and fetch the result of the
query.
C# Version
dataAdapter.Fill(ds, "prog");
VB.Net Version
da.Fill(ds, "prog")
Here we have called the Fill() method of dataAdapter object. We have supplied it
the dataset to fill and the name of the table (DataTable) in which the result of
query is filled.
This is all we needed to connect and fetch the data from the database. Now the
result of query is stored in the dataset object in the prog table which is an
instance of DataTable. We can get a reference to this table by using the indexer
property of dataset object’s Tables collection
C# Version
DataTable dataTable = ds.Tables["prog"];
VB.Net Version
Dim dataTable As DataTable
dt = ds.Tables("prog")
The indexer we have used takes the name of the table in dataset and returns the
corresponding DataTable object. Now we can use the tables Rows and Columns
collection to access the data in the table.
How do I read records from the data tables?

You can read the records from the data table using its Rows collection. With the
Rows collection, you need to specify the row number and column name or
number to access a particular field of the specified row. For example, if we have
read the ‘Student’ table in our data table, we can access its individual fields as:
C# Version
DataTable dt = ds.Tables["student"];
string stId = dt.Rows[0]["StudentID"].ToString();
string stName = dt.Rows[0]["StudentName"].ToString();
string stDateOfBirth = dt.Rows[0][2].ToString();
VB.Net Version
Dim dt As DataTable
dt = ds.Tables("student")
Dim stId As String
stId = dt.Rows(0)("StudentID").ToString()
Dim stName As String
stName = dt.Rows(0)("StudentName").ToString()
Dim stDateOfBirth As String
stDateOfBirth = dt.Rows(0)(2).ToString()
Here we have retrieved various fields of the first record of the student table read
in the dataset. As you can see, we can either specify the column name in string
format or we can specify the column number in integer format. Also note that the
field value is returned in the form of Object, so we need to convert it to the string
before using it. Similarly, you need to cast variables of other data types before
using them.
C# Version
int stAge = int.Parse(dt.Rows(0)("Age").ToString());
VB.Net Version
Dim stage As Integer
stAge = Integer.Parse(dt.Rows(0)("Age").ToString())
How do I save the changes, made in the dataset, to

the database?
We update the dataset and table by calling the Update method of the data
adapter. This saves the changes in the local repository of data: dataset. To save
the changed rows and tables to the physical database, we call the
AcceptChanges() method of the DataSet class.
C# Version
dataAdapter.Update(ds, "student");
ds.AcceptChanges();
VB.Net Version
da.Update(ds, "student")
ds.AcceptChanges()
Here ‘da’ is the reference to the data adapter object, ‘ds’ is the reference to the
dataset, and ‘student’ is the name of table we want to update.
Note: For the next four FAQs, we will demonstrate sample applications. For these
applications to work, you need following database and tables created in your
database server. A database named ‘ProgrammersHeaven’ is created. It has a
table named ‘Article’. The fields of the table ‘Article’ are
Field Name Type Description

artId (Primary Key) Integer The unique identity of article
Title String The title of the article
Topic or Series name of the article like ‘Multithreading in
Topic String
Java’ or ‘C# School’
authorId (Foreign
Integer Unique identity of author
Key)
Lines Integer No. of lines in the article
dateOfPublishing Date Date of publishing of the article
The ‘ProgrammersHeaven’ database also contains a table named ‘Author’ with the
following fields
Field Name Type Description

authorId (Primary Key) Integer The unique identity of author
Name String Name of author
How do I make my first “Hello, ADO.Net” Application

in C#?
Let’s now create a demonstration application for accessing data. First create a
windows form application and make the layout like the following snapshot
We have set the Name property of the text boxes (from top to bottom) as
txtArticleID, txtArticleTitle, txtArticleTopic, txtAuthorId, txtAuthorName,
txtNumOfLines and txtDateOfPublishing. Also we have set the ReadOnly property
of all the text boxes to true as don’t want the user of application to change the
text. The names of buttons (from top to bottom) are btnLoadTable, btnNext and
btnPrevious. Initially we have disabled the Next and Previous buttons (by setting
their Enabled property to false).
We have also defined three variables in the Form class as
public class ADOForm : System.Windows.Forms.Form

{
DataTable dataTable;
int currRec=0;
int totalRec=0;
The dataTable object will be used to reference the table returned as a result of
the query. The currRec and totalRec integer variables are used to keep track of
the current record and total records in the table.
Loading table
For LoadTable button, we have written the following event handler
private void btnLoadTable_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)

{
// for Sql Server
string connectionString = "server=P-III;
database=programmersheaven;" +
"uid=sa; pwd=;";
// for MS Access
/*string connectionString =
"provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;" +
"data source =
c:\\programmersheaven.mdb";*/
// for Sql Server
// for MS Access
//OleDbConnection conn = new OleDbConnection(connectionString);
string commandString = "SELECT " +
"artId, title, topic, " +
"article.authorId as
authorId, " +
"name, lines,
dateOfPublishing " +
"FROM " +
"article, author " +
"WHERE " +
"author.authorId =
article.authorId";
// for Sql Server
SqlDataAdapter dataAdapter = new SqlDataAdapter(commandString,

conn);
// for MS Access
//OleDbDataAdapter dataAdapter = new OleDbDataAdapter(commandString,

conn);

dataAdapter.Fill(ds, "prog");
dataTable = ds.Tables["prog"];
currRec = 0;
totalRec = dataTable.Rows.Count;
FillControls();
btnNext.Enabled = true;
btnPrevious.Enabled = true;
In the start, we have created the connection, data adapter and filled the dataset
object which we have discussed earlier. It should be noted that we have
commented the code for OleDb provider (MS-Access) and are using the SQL
Server specific code. If you like to use Access database, you can simply comment
the SQL server code and de-comment the Access code.
Next we assigned the data table resulted from query to the dataTable object
which we declared at class level, assigned zero to currRec variable and assigned
the number of rows in the dataTable to totalRec variable
dataTable = ds.Tables["prog"];
currRec = 0;
totalRec = dataTable.Rows.Count;
Then we called the FillControls() method which fills the controls (text boxes) on
the form with the current record of table “prog”. Finally we have enabled the Next
and Previous Button
Filling the controls on the Form
The FillControls() method in our program fills the controls on the form with the
current record of the data table. The method is defined as
private void FillControls()

{
txtArticleId.Text = dataTable.Rows[currRec]["artId"].ToString();
txtArticleTitle.Text = dataTable.Rows[currRec]["title"].ToString();
txtArticleTopic.Text = dataTable.Rows[currRec]["topic"].ToString();
txtAuthorId.Text = dataTable.Rows[currRec]["authorId"].ToString();
txtAuthorName.Text = dataTable.Rows[currRec]["name"].ToString();
txtNumOfLines.Text = dataTable.Rows[currRec]["lines"].ToString();
txtDateOfPublishing.Text =
dataTable.Rows[currRec]["dateOfPublishing"].ToString();
}
Here we have set the Text property of the text boxes to the string values of the
corresponding fields of current record. We have used the Rows collection of the
dataTable and using its indexer we have got the DataRow representing the
current record. We then accessed the indexer property of this DataRow using the
column name to get the data in the respective field. If this explanation looks
weird to you, you can simplify the above statements as
DataRow row = dataTable.Rows[currRec]; // getting current row

object data = row["artId"]; // getting data in the artId field
string strData = data.ToString(); // converting to string
txtArticleId.Text = strData; // display in the text box
which is equivalent to
txtArticleId.Text = dataTable.Rows[currRec]["artId"].ToString();
Hence when you start the application and press the LoadTable button, you will see
the following output
How do I navigate through the records?

Navigating through the records is again very easy. For the Next button, we have
written the following simple event handler
Private Sub btnNext_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, _

ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnNext.Click
currRec += 1
If currRec >= totalRec Then
currRec = 0
End If
FillControls()
End Sub
Here we first increment the integer variable currRec and check if it has crossed
the last record (using the totalRec variable) in the table. If it has, then we move
the current record to the first record. We then call the FillControls() method to
display the current record on the form. Similarly the event handler for the
Previous button looks like this:
Private Sub btnPrevious_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, _
ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnPrevious.Click
currRec -= 1
If currRec < totalRec Then
currRec = totalRec - 1
End If
FillControls()
End Sub
Here we decrement the currRec variable and check if has crossed the first record
and if it has then we move it to the last record. Once again, we call the
FillControls() method to display the current record. Now you can navigate through
the records using the Next and Previous buttons.
How do I update tables in the dataset?

Updating a table in ADO.Net is very interesting and easy. You need to follow these
steps to update, insert and delete records:
• The Data Adapter class (SqlDataAdapter) has properties for each of the
insert, update and delete commands. First of all we need to prepare the
command (SqlCommand) and add it to the data adapter object. The
commands are simple SQL commands with parameters. You may use the
Visual Studio .Net designer to easily create these commands.
• Secondly we need to add parameters to these commands. The parameters
are simply the names of the data table fields involved in the particular
command. Visual Studio .Net also build it for you in its Data Adapter
configuration wizard.
• The two steps described above are done only once in the application. For
each insert, update and delete; we insert, update and delete the
corresponding data row (DataRow) of the data table (DataTable) object.
• After any update we call the Update() method of the data adapter class by
supplying to it, the dataset and table name as parameters. This updates
our local dataset.
• Finally we call the AcceptChanges() method of the dataset object to store
the changes in the dataset to the physical database.
How do I use a CommandBuilder object to prepare the

update commands in my dataset?
Each data provider has a command builder object that prepares the update,
insert and delete commands for you. You can use these (SqlCommandBuilder,
OracleCommandBuilder, OleDbCommandBuilder, OdbcCommandBuilder) objects
to generate commands automatically using the Select command you specified
when defining the data adapter. In the following code, we have created and set
the update, insert and delete commands using the SqlCommandBuilder object
C# Version
SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection("server=FARAZ;
database=programmersheaven; uid=sa; pwd=;");
string cmdStr = "select * from article";
SqlDataAdapter da = new SqlDataAdapter(cmdStr, conn);

da.Fill(ds, "Article");
SqlCommandBuilder cmdBuilder = new SqlCommandBuilder(da);

da.InsertCommand = cmdBuilder.GetInsertCommand();
da.UpdateCommand = cmdBuilder.GetUpdateCommand();
da.DeleteCommand = cmdBuilder.GetDeleteCommand();
VB.Net Version
Dim conn As New SqlConnection("server=FARAZ; database=programmersheaven;
uid=sa; pwd=;")
Dim cmdStr As String
cmdStr = "select * from article"
Dim da As New SqlDataAdapter(cmdStr, conn)
Dim ds As New DataSet

da.Fill(ds, "Article")
Dim cmdBuilder As New SqlCommandBuilder(da)
da.InsertCommand = cmdBuilder.GetInsertCommand()
da.UpdateCommand = cmdBuilder.GetUpdateCommand()
da.DeleteCommand = cmdBuilder.GetDeleteCommand()
What are the general steps for updating the records in

dataset?
• The Data Adapter class (SqlDataAdapter) has properties for each of the
insert, update and delete commands. First of all we need to prepare the
command (SqlCommand) and add it to the data adapter object.
• Secondly we need to add parameters to these commands.
• The two steps described above are done only once in the application. For
each insert, update and delete; we insert, update and delete the
corresponding data row (DataRow) of the data table (DataTable) object.
• After any update we call the Update() method of the data adapter class by
supplying to it, the dataset and table name as parameters. This updates
our local dataset.
• Finally we call the AcceptChanges() method of the dataset object to store
the changes in the dataset to the physical database.
How do I update the dataset with the updates in

records?
You can update the dataset by calling the Update() method of the data adapter.
C# Version
DataTable dt = ds.Tables["Article"];
dt.Rows[2]["lines"] = 600;
da.Update(ds, "Article");
VB.Net Version
Dim dt = ds.Tables("Article")
dt.Rows(2)("lines") = 700
da.Update(ds, "Article")
Here ‘da’ and ‘ds’ are the references of the DataAdapter and DataSet objects
respectively.
How do I update the physical database with the
changes in the dataset?
You can update the physical database by calling the AcceptChanges() method of
the data set.
C# Version
ds.AcceptChanges();
VB.Net Version
ds.AcceptChanges()
Here ‘da’ and ‘ds’ are the references of the DataAdapter and DataSet objects
respectively.
How do I update a record in the table using ADO.Net

dataset?
Once you have the UpdateCommand prepared in the data adapter, you can
update individual records simply by updating the field values in the data table’s
rows. The above code demonstrate how we can update the ‘lines’ field of the third
record of the table ‘Article’
C# Version
ds.AcceptChanges();
VB.Net Version
ds.AcceptChanges()
How do I insert a record in the table using ADO.Net

dataset?
To insert a record in the data table, you create an object of the DataRow using
the DataTable object. Then you set the appropriate field values and finally add it
to the DataTable’s Rows collection.
C# Version
// Insert
DataRow dr = dt.NewRow();
dr[0] = 4;
dr[1] = "MFC Programming";
dr[2] = "VC++ MFC Library";
dr[3] = 3;
dr[4] = 3000;
dr[5] = DateTime.Parse("8/14/1999");
dt.Rows.Add(dr);
ds.AcceptChanges();
VB.Net Version
Dim dt As DataTable
dt = ds.Tables("Article")
' Insert
Dim dr As DataRow
dr = dt.NewRow()
dr(0) = 4
dr(1) = "MFC Programming"
dr(2) = "VC++ MFC Library"
dr(3) = 3
dr(4) = 3000
dr(5) = DateTime.Parse("8/14/1999")
dt.Rows.Add(dr)
ds.AcceptChanges()
How do I delete a record in the table using ADO.Net

dataset?
To delete a record, you first get the DataRow object from the DataTable object.
Then you simply call the Delete() method of the data row object to delete a
record from the data table.
C# Version
// Delete
DataRow dr = dt.Rows[3];
dr.Delete();
ds.AcceptChanges();
VB.Net Version
Dim dt As DataTable
dt = ds.Tables("Article")
' Delete
Dim dr As DataRow
dr = dt.Rows(3)
dr.Delete()
ds.AcceptChanges()
What is the architecture of connected environment of

data access in ADO.Net?
The connected environment of data access is the traditional procedure for
accessing data programmatically. The differentiating property of the connected
data access environment is that here you (the programmer) is required to
manage the connection with the database. You can only perform database
operations when, there exists an open connection to the database. Hence, before
performing any database operation (select, update, insert, delete), the
programmer opens a database connection and close the database connection
after performing the database operations.
The important objects for working in the connected environment are:
• Connection (SqlConnection, OleDbConnection, etc): It represents a

connection to the database. All the connection objects in the ADO.Net
implement the System.Data.IDbConnection interface.
• Command (SqlCommand, OleDbCommand, etc): It represents the SQL
command sent to the database, e.g., SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT, DELETE.
All commands in ADO.Net implements IDbCommand interface
• DataReader (SqlDataReader, OleDbDataReader, etc): It represents a data
stream that can be used to read the result of your query returned by the
database server. Using this object, you read the individual records and
their fields returned as a result of your query to the database server. All
the data readers in ADO.Net implement the System.Data.IDataReader
interface.
How do I read data (or records) from database using

data reader?
To read data from the database, you first make a connection object
(SqlConnection, etc) and open it.
C# Version
string connString = "server=FARAZ; database=programmersheaven;" +
"uid=sa; pwd=";
SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(connString);
conn.Open();
VB.Net Version
Dim connString As String = "server=siraj;
database=programmersheaven;" + _
"uid=sa; pwd="
Dim conn As New SqlConnection(connString)
conn.Open()
Then you create a command using this connection and the command text.
C# Version
string cmdString = "select * from author";
SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(cmdString, conn);
VB.Net Version
Dim cmdString As String = "select * from author"
Dim cmd As New SqlCommand(cmdString, conn)
Then you execute the command with the command object’s ExecuteReader()
method. The ExecuteReader method returns the object of type IDataReader
C# Version
SqlDataReader reader = cmd.ExecuteReader();
VB.Net Version
Dim reader As SqlDataReader = cmd.ExecuteReader()
Now you read the individual records using this data reader. To advance to the
next record, you call its Read() method which returns Boolean to indicate if there
exists a next row. If the DataReader’s Read() method returns true then the
DataReader acts as a database row (record). Now you can access the fields of this
particular row specifying the column names (or integral indexes) in its indexers.
C# Version
while(reader.Read())
{
txtData.Text += reader["authorId"].ToString();
txtData.Text += ", ";
txtData.Text += reader["name"].ToString();
txtData.Text += "\r\n";
}
VB.Net Version
While reader.Read()
txtData.Text += reader("authorId").ToString()
txtData.Text += ", "
txtData.Text += reader("name").ToString()
txtData.Text += vbCrLf
End While
Finally, you need to close the database connection opened before performing the
database operation (SELECT, in our case)
C# Version
conn.Close();
VB.Net Version
conn.Close()
Let’s look at the complete code now for review
C# Version
string connString = "server=siraj; database=programmersheaven;" +
"uid=sa; pwd=";
string cmdString = "select * from author";
conn.Open();
SqlDataReader reader = cmd.ExecuteReader();
while(reader.Read())
{
txtData.Text += reader["authorId"].ToString();
txtData.Text += ", ";
txtData.Text += reader["name"].ToString();
txtData.Text += "\r\n";
conn.Close();
VB.Net Version
Dim connString As String = "server=siraj;
"uid=sa; pwd="
Dim cmdString As String = "select * from author"
conn.Open()
Dim reader As SqlDataReader = cmd.ExecuteReader()
While reader.Read()
txtData.Text += reader("authorId").ToString()
txtData.Text += ", "
txtData.Text += reader("name").ToString()
txtData.Text += vbCrLf
End While
conn.Close()
How do I insert records using data reader?

The procedure for updating records using INSERT commands is very similar to the
one we presented in the previous example (of SELECT) except that here the
command does not return anything and thus the method to call on the
SqlCommand object is called ExecuteNonQuery().
C# Version
"uid=sa; pwd=";
// INSERT Query
string cmdString ="INSERT INTO Author " +
"(authorId, name) " +
"VALUES(3, 'Anders Hejlsberg')";
conn.Open();
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
conn.Close();
VB.Net Version
Dim connString As String = "server=FARAZ;
"uid=sa; pwd="
' INSERT Query
Dim cmdString As String = "INSERT INTO Author " + _
"(authorId, name) " + _
"VALUES(3, 'Anders Hejlsberg')"
conn.Open()
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery()
conn.Close()
How do I update records using data reader?

C# Version
"uid=sa; pwd=";
// UPDATE Query
string cmdString = "UPDATE Author " +
"SET name = 'Grady Booch' " +
"WHERE authorId = 3";
conn.Open();
conn.Close();
VB.Net Version
"uid=sa; pwd="
' UPDATE Query
Dim cmdString As String = "UPDATE Author " + _
"SET name = 'Grady Booch' " + _
"WHERE authorId = 3"
conn.Open()
conn.Close()
How do I delete records using data reader?

C# Version
"uid=sa; pwd=";
// DELETE Query
string cmdString = "DELETE FROM Author " +
"WHERE authorId = 3";
conn.Open();
conn.Close();
VB.Net Version
"uid=sa; pwd="
' DELETE Query
Dim cmdString As String = "DELETE FROM Author " +
"WHERE authorId = 3"
conn.Open()
conn.Close()
How do I write common code for different dot net

framework data providers?
The System.Data namespace contains the interfaces implemented by different dot
net framework data providers, such as:
• IDbConnection implemented by SqlConnection, OracleConnection,

OleDbConnection, OdbcConnection classes represents a connection with
the database server
• IDbCommand implemented by SqlCommand, OracleCommand,
OleDbCommand, OdbcCommand classes represents an SQL command
passed to the database server
• IDbDataAdapter implemented by SqlDataAdapter, OracleDataAdapter,
OleDbDataAdapter, OdbcDataAdapter classes represents a data adapter
used to fill the data set in the disconnected environment of the ADO.Net
• IDataReader implemented by SqlDataReader, OracleDataReader,
OleDbDataReader, OdbcDataReader classes represents a data reader used
to read records from the database server, analogous to read only, forward
only cursor
• IDbTransaction implemented by SqlTransaction, OracleTransaction,
OleDbTransaction, OdbcTransaction classes represents a transaction
established with the database server
We strongly recommend the readers to use the references of these interface type
to perform the database operations wherever possible. Using these, you can write
a code that is data provider independent. Consider a data access module which is
supplied the database connection and which performs the database operations
using this connection. This module does not know which data provider the
connection belongs and uses the interface approach. Following code demonstrate
this data access module
C# Version
internal class DataAccessModule
{
private IDbConnection conn;
private IDbCommand cmd;
private const string GetValueCmdText ="SELECT value FROM MyTable

WHERE name = '";
public DataAccessModule(IDbConnection conn)
this.conn = conn;
cmd = conn.CreateCommand();
conn.Open();
public string GetValue(string name)
cmd.CommandText = GetValueCmdText + name + "'";
IDataReader reader = cmd.ExecuteReader();

if(reader.Read())
return reader["value"].ToString();
else
return null;
// more functions...
VB.Net Version
Friend Class DataAccessModule
Private conn As IDbConnection
Private cmd As IDbCommand
Private Const GetValueCmdText As String ="SELECT value FROM MyTable

WHERE name = '"
Public Sub New(ByVal conn As IDbConnection)
Me.conn = conn
cmd = conn.CreateCommand()
conn.Open()
End Sub
Public Function GetValue(ByVal name As String) As String
cmd.CommandText = GetValueCmdText + name + "'"
Dim reader As IDataReader = cmd.ExecuteReader()

If (reader.Read()) Then
Return reader("value").ToString()
Else
Return Nothing
End If
End Function
' More Functions....
End Class
What is a stored procedure?

A stored procedure is a precompiled executable object that contains one or more
SQL statements. A stored procedure may be written to accept inputs and return
output.
What is the advantage of using stored procedure over

the SQL queries?
Writing the SQL statements inside our code is usually not a good idea. In this way
you expose your database schema (design) in the code which may be changed.
Hence most of the time programmers use stored procedures instead of plain SQL
statements. A stored procedure is a precompiled executable object that contains
one or more SQL statements. Hence you can replace your complex SQL
statements with a single stored procedure. Since, stored procedures are
precompiled objects they execute faster at the database server. Most of the time,
stored procedures contain more than one command; in this case, the time to pass
the individual commands to the database server from the program is saved. The
database is issued just one command (to execute the stored procedure) and the
DB server executes all the commands and returns the result in the end. Hence,
the overall interaction time with the DB server reduces in a great deal. This can
result in a huge optimization in case where the DB server is accessed via a slow
network.
How do stored procedure look like, can you provide

some sample stored procedures?
Here we are presenting a brief review of four basic type of stored procedure for
SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE operations. In SQL Server, you can create
and add stored procedures to your database using the SQL Server Enterprise
Manager.
UPDATE Stored Procedure
A simple stored procedure to update a record is
CREATE PROCEDURE UpdateProc (
@artId as int,
@title as varchar(100),
@topic as varchar(100),
@authorId as int,
@lines as int,
@dateOfPublishing as datetime)
AS
UPDATE Article SET
title=@title, topic=@topic, authorId=@authorId,
lines=@lines, dateOfPublishing=@dateOfPublishing
WHERE artId=@artId
GO
The name of stored procedure is UpdateProc and it has the input parameters for
each of the fields of our Article table. The query to be executed when the stored
procedure is run updates the record with the supplied primary key (@artId) using
the supplied parameters. It is very similar to the code we have written to initialize
command in the previous example and we hope you don’t have any problem in
understanding this even you are not familiar with stored procedure.
INSERT Stored Procedure

A simple stored procedure to insert a record is
CREATE PROCEDURE InsertProc (
@artId as int,
@title as varchar(100),
@topic as varchar(100),
@authorId as int,
@lines as int,
@dateOfPublishing as datetime)
AS
INSERT INTO article (artId, title, topic, authorId, lines,
dateOfPublishing)
VALUES(@artId, @title, @topic, @authorId, @lines, @dateOfPublishing)
GO
The stored procedure above is named InsertProc and is very similar to the
UpdateProc except that here we are using the INSERT SQL statement instead of
the UPDATE command.
DELETE Stored Procedure

A simple stored procedure to delete a record is
CREATE PROCEDURE DeleteProc (@artId as int)
AS
DELETE FROM article WHERE artId = @artId
GO
Here we have used only one parameter as to delete a record you only need its
primary key value.
SELECT Stored Procedure

A simple stored procedure to delete a record is
CREATE PROCEDURE SelectProc
AS
SELECT * FROM Article
GO
This probably is the simplest of all. It does not take any parameter and only
selects all the records from the Article table.
All the four stored procedures presented above are kept extremely simple so that
the reader does not find any difficulty in understanding the use of stored
procedure in his C#/VB.Net code. The real world stored procedures are much
more complex and off course useful than these!
How do I call a stored procedure from my application

using ADO.Net?
Using stored procedures with ADO.Net in C# is extremely simple, especially when
we have developed the application with SQL commands. All we need is:
• Create a command object (SqlCommand, etc) and specify the stored

procedure name
• Set the CommandType property of the command object to the
CommandType.StoredProcedure enumeration value. This tells the runtime
that the command used here is a stored procedure.
That’s it! The sample code to use with data adapter is:
C# Version
// Preparing Insert SQL Command
SqlCommand insertCommand = new SqlCommand("InsertProc", conn);
insertCommand.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
dataAdapter.InsertCommand = insertCommand;
insertCommand.UpdatedRowSource = UpdateRowSource.None;
...
VB.Net Version
' Preparing Insert SQL Command
Dim insertCommand = New SqlCommand("InsertProc", conn)
insertCommand.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure
dataAdapter.InsertCommand = insertCommand
insertCommand.UpdatedRowSource = UpdateRowSource.None
How do I make my first application to call stored

procedure using ADO.Net?
Please download the attached source code for the sample application using the
stored procedures to access the data with ADO.Net in VB and C#.
What are the important points when developing a

data access app with ADO.Net?
• Always try to use the base interfaces for connection, command, data
reader and other objects.
• Always try to use the SqlClient, SqlServerCe and OracleClient to connect
with the Sql Server, Sql Server CE and Oracle Database servers as they
are specialized and optimized for the specific database servers.
• Still remember to reference the data provider specific objects
(SqlConnection, OracleCommand) to reference with the base interface
(IDbConnection, IDbCommand)
C# Version
IDbConnection conn = new SqlConnection();
...
IDbCommand cmd = new OracleCommand();
VB.Net Version
Dim conn As IDbConnection
conn = New SqlConnection();
...
Dim cmd As IDbCommand
cmd = new OracleCommand();
• Do not write the connection string in your code as it may change. Either
write it in a text file or an xml file and read it on the application startup.
For security purposes, you may also write the encrypted connection string
in the text/xml file
• Try to use the stored procedures wherever possible especially when you
are to write a series of queries whose individual results are not required to
be used in the code in between this series of queries.
• Do not use the complex queries in the source code. If the query is getting
complex, try to make the views inside the database server and use the
views instead.
• Practice using the transactions when it makes sense, especially with error
handling codes
• Put special consideration in the error handling code. The database
operation may fail due to various reasons such as invalid connection
string, invalid table/field name in the query, database server failure,
connection failure, too many connections on the server or the server busy,
invalid query, etc You need to consider all these while writing the code for
error handling.
• Using Visual Studio.Net’s debugger is a very good and useful practice to
find the possible errors. Remember, Ado.Net exception messages are not
much useful (or quite vague) in general for debugging; hence the use of
watch and quick watch debugger windows is extremely useful and helpful
in when debugging the code.
• When using dataset and disconnected architecture, we don’t update the
data source (by calling DataAdapter’s Update() method and DataSet’s
AcceptChanges() method) for each update. Instead we make the changes
local and update all these changes later as a batch. This provides
optimized use of network bandwidth. BUT, this off course is not a better
option when multiple users are updating the same database. When
changes are not to be done locally and need to be reflected at database
server at the same time, it is preferred to use the connected oriented
environment for all the changes (UPDATE, INSERT and DELETE) by calling
the ExecuteNonQuery() method of your command (SqlCommand or
OleDbCommand) object.
• Disconnected data access is suited most to read only services. In common
practice clients are often interested in reading and displaying data. In this
type of situation, the disconnected data access excels as it fetches the
whole data in a single go and store it in the local buffer (dataset). This
local storage of data eliminates the need of staying connecting to the
database and fetching single record at a time. On the down side,
disconnected data access architecture is not designed to be used in the
networked environment where multiple users are updating data
simultaneously and each of them needs to be aware of current state of
database at any time (e.g., Airline Reservation System).
What is data grid and what is the use of it?
Data Grid is the standard control for viewing data in .Net environment. A data
grid control is represented in .Net by System.Windows.Forms.DataGrid class. The
data grid control can display the data from a number of data sources e.g. data
table, dataset, data view and array.
How can I make my first application with DataGrid

using the data from ADO.Net?
Let’s create a simple application first that loads a table data from database server
to the data grid control. First of all, add a data grid control and a button to your
form from Visual Studio toolbox. We have set the Name property of data grid to
‘dgDetails’ and its CaptionText property to ‘ProgrammersHeaven Database’. The
name of button is ‘btnLoadData’. The event handler for button is:
C# Version
private void btnLoadData_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
{
string connectionString = "server=FARAZ;
"uid=sa; pwd=;";
string cmdString = "SELECT * FROM article";
SqlDataAdapter dataAdapter = new SqlDataAdapter(cmdString, conn);
dataAdapter.Fill(ds, "article");
dgDetails.SetDataBinding(ds, "article");
VB.Net Version
Private Sub btnLoadData_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, _
ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnLoadData.Click
Dim connectionString As String = "server=P-III;

"uid=sa; pwd=;"
Dim cmdString As String = "SELECT * FROM article"
Dim dataAdapter As New SqlDataAdapter(cmdString, conn)
dataAdapter.Fill(ds, "article")
dgDetails.SetDataBinding(ds, "article")
End Sub
Here we first created data adapter and filled the data set using it as we used to
do in other applications. The only new thing is the binding of “article” table to the
data grid control which is done by calling the SetDataBinding() method of the
DataGrid class. The first parameter of this method is the dataset while the second
parameter is the name of table in the dataset.
C# Version
dgDetails.SetDataBinding(ds, "article");
VB.Net Version
When you execute this program and select the Load button you will see the
output presented in the previous figure.
How can I make my data grid to view data from

multiple related tables?
Let’s see how we can use Data Grid control to show multiple related tables. When
two tables are related, one is called the parent table while the other is called the
child table. The child table contains the primary key of parent table as a foreign
key. For example in our ProgrammersHeaven database, table Author is the parent
table of the Article table as the Article table contains ‘AuthorId’ as foreign key
which is a primary key in the Author table.
In this example, we will use data grid to show the related records from article and
author table. In order to specify the relationship between the two tables we need
to use the DataRelation class as:
C# Version
DataRelation relation = new DataRelation("ArtAuth",
ds.Tables["author"].Columns["authorId"],
ds.Tables["article"].Columns["authorId"]
);
VB.Net Version
Dim relation As New DataRelation("ArtAuth", _
ds.Tables("author").Columns("authorId"), _
ds.Tables("article").Columns("authorId") _
)
Here the first argument of DataRelation constructor is the name for the new
relation while second and third arguments are the columns of the tables which
will be used to relate the two tables. After creating this relationship we need to
add it to the Relations collection of the dataset.
C# Version
ds.Relations.Add(relation);
VB.Net Version
ds.Relations.Add(relation)
Hence the modified code for the Load Data button is:
C# Version
private void btnLoadData_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
{
string connectionString = "server=P-III;
"uid=sa; pwd=;";
string cmdString = "SELECT * FROM article";
SqlDataAdapter dataAdapter = new SqlDataAdapter(cmdString, conn);
dataAdapter.Fill(ds, "article");
cmdString = "SELECT * FROM author";
dataAdapter = new SqlDataAdapter(cmdString, conn);
dataAdapter.Fill(ds, "author");
DataRelation relation = new DataRelation("ArtAuth",
ds.Tables["author"].Columns["authorId"],
ds.Tables["article"].Columns["authorId"]
);
ds.Relations.Add(relation);
DataView dv = new DataView(ds.Tables["author"]);
dgDetails.DataSource = dv;
VB.Net Version
Private Sub btnLoadData_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, _
ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles btnLoadData.Click
Dim connectionString As String = "server=P-III;
"uid=sa; pwd=;"
Dim cmdString As String = "SELECT * FROM article"
Dim dataAdapter As New SqlDataAdapter(cmdString, conn)
dataAdapter.Fill(ds, "article")
cmdString = "SELECT * FROM author"
dataAdapter = New SqlDataAdapter(cmdString, conn)
dataAdapter.Fill(ds, "author")
Dim relation As New DataRelation("ArtAuth", _
ds.Tables("author").Columns("authorId"), _
ds.Tables("article").Columns("authorId") _
ds.Relations.Add(relation)
Dim dv As New DataView(ds.Tables("author"))
dgDetails.DataSource = dv
End Sub
In the above code we first filled the dataset with the two tables, defined the
relationship between them and then added it to the dataset. In the last two lines,
we created an instance of DataView class by supplying the parent table in its
constructor call and then set the DataSource property of data grid to this data
view.
When we compile and execute this application, the data grid will show the records
of parent table with ‘+’ button on the left of each record
When you press the ‘+’ button on the left of the record, it will expand to show the
name of relationship as a link
Now when you click the relation name, the data grid will show all the related
records in the child table
Still you can see the parent record at the top of all the rows of the child table. You
can go back to the parent table using the back arrow button (ç) at the title bar of
the data grid.
What are the issues related to the deployment of data

access application?
Some of the basic issues related to the deployment of the data access
applications are:
• Can we suppose the required database exists at the target location?

• If the database does exist then how can we get the connection string of it?
Should we get it at the installation time? Or at the first run?
• If the database does not exist then how it can be created? Is it the
responsibility of human installing our application? Or the application should
create it at the time of installation?
• If the database is to be created by the application installation, then how
does the installation setup know where (on which machine) to create the
database? And what user name and password the setup should use to
create the database?
• Once, the database is created or its connection string is found at the setup
time, then how to store the connection string for later use (regular
execution)?
• What if the database address (connection string) is changed during the
application life cycle then what should be the application behavior? How
can the application be aware of the new connection string?
• If the database schema is hard-coded in the code (like table and field
names) and the DB schema is changed (table/field name or data type is
changed or new field/table added or some fields/tables deleted) because
of any reason, then how to fix this problem?
You can see from the above points that the basic issue is the identification of the
address (or connection string) of the database server. The most important point
to remember here is that the application must perform in any condition and must
not be crashed because of any condition and most of the problems (if not all)
should be handled without any change in the code or any update patch
installation
How do I solve the deployment issues (mentioned in

the previous FAQ)?
Ok, let’s discuss some of the issues and their solution briefly. The specific detail of
these solutions is given in the next FAQs.
• The easiest and very sound solution is to provide the database script to
create necessary database and tables along with the installation and ask
your user to run the script on the target database server to create the
required database. Then ask the user to supply the connection string at
the installation setup time.
• You can create the database with the installation by executing the
database creation script with the installation. But before this, you have to
ask the user the location (the computer on the network) where the
database server exists, and the user name, password to login to the
database.
• The connection string should be stored in a text or binary or xml file. You
can also encrypt the connection string before writing it to the file. The
application, thus, is required to decrypt and load the connection string in
the memory at each startup.
• The application should load the connection string at each startup and
attempt to connect to the database. If the connection attempt fails then it
should inform the user that the database is not available and ask the user
to setup the database and try again. The application should also allow the
user to change the database connection string any time and, it the
application logic permits, let the user specify to work without database. If
the user specifies a new connection string during the application startup or
regular execution, the application should save it for later use.
• One solution to the schema changed problem is to use views and stored
procedure wherever possible. But if this is not done or the change is too
big to be catered by the views and/or stored procedure then you can
supply a new data access module update (a new DLL may be). For this
reason, it is advised to separate the data access code in a separate
physical and logical module (or assembly in .Net language) so you can
change it without affecting the overall application. But when using this, the
interface (the method signatures) should be made that abstract that they
does not exactly map to the physical database schema but to the logical
schema. Finally, if the database schema change is major (which is not a
very good sign for the application overall design) then there is no solution
but to change the code and ship the installation again!!!
How do I set the connection string at installation

:specific data provider?
Well this is quite tricky and interesting. Connection strings are database
dependent and different database servers allow connection strings in different
formats.
If you are using the database specific provider classes (like those from
System.Data.SqlClient or System.Data.OracleClient) then you can generate the
connection string easily by taking the specific inputs from the user. For example,
if you are using SQL Server and the classes from the System.Data.SqlClient
namespace then we can ask user the SQL Server instance name, the user name,
password of if he/she is using the Windows Authentication to log in and the
database name.
How do I set the connection string at installation

:general data provider?
The problem arises when you are using the general data providers such as classes
from System.Data.OleDb and System.Data.Odbc namespaces. You can’t make a
general GUI to generate the connection string for all the database servers. Then
what to do now? The solution is the DataLink Dialog. You must have seen the
dialog which looks like this in many windows applications:
So how you can use this dialog in your program? For this you need add a
reference to COM component ‘Microsoft OLE DB Service Component 1.0 Type
Library’ which should be available if you have installed Microsoft ActiveX Data
Components. Once you have added the component, you can show the Data Link
Properties dialog box by making an object of type MSDASC.DataLink class and
calling its PromptNew() method.
C# Version
MSDASC.DataLinks udl = new MSDASC.DataLinksClass();
udl.PromptNew();
VB.Net Version
Dim udl As MSDASC.DataLinks
udl = New MSDASC.DataLinksClass
udl.PromptNew()
The above code will show the Data Link Properties dialog box. But how can we get
the connection string generated by the dialog box? The PromptNew() method
returns a connection type object which can be captured in an object of type
ADODB.Connection. Hence for this, add a reference to ‘adodb’ .Net assembly in
your project, and get the connection string using the ConnectionString property
of this object. The following code snippets demonstrate this:
C# Version
string connStr = "";
ADODB.Connection conn = (ADODB.Connection) udl.PromptNew();
if(conn != null)
connStr = conn.ConnectionString;
VB.Net Version
Dim connStr As String
Dim udl As MSDASC.DataLinks
udl = New MSDASC.DataLinksClass
Dim conn As ADODB.Connection = udl.PromptNew()
If Not conn Is Nothing Then
connStr = conn.ConnectionString
End If
You can use this code in the overrided Install() method of your project’s installer
class (the class derived from System.Configuration.Install.Installer class), and
add the project output in the ‘Custom Actions’ of the setup project.
How do I supply the connection string during first run

or during the regular execution?
Well that should be very simple Just add the Data Link Properties dialog box at
the start of the application or during the regular execution of the application
whenever you need it. Alternatively, you can also provide your own designed user
interface for connection string related properties, if your application supports
specific .Net data providers (like System.Data.SqlClient or
System.Data.OracleClient)
How do I store / retrieve the connection string in /

from a text file?
You can store the connection string in the text file or an xml file and later retrieve
it. Let’s see some example code to write a connection string to the text file and
read it back
C# Version
// get connection string in the connStr variable
// Write connection string to text file
StreamWriter sw = new StreamWriter(@"C:\ConnectionString.txt");
sw.WriteLine(connStr);
// ...
// Read connection string from the text file
StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(@"C:\ConnectionString.txt");
connStr = sr.ReadLine();
VB.Net Version
Dim connStr As String = ""
' get connection string in the connStr variable
' Write connection string to text file
Dim sw As New StreamWriter("C:\ConnectionString.txt")
sw.WriteLine(connStr)
' ...
' Read connection string from the text file
Dim sr As New StreamReader("C:\ConnectionString.txt")
connStr = sr.ReadLine()
How do I store / retrieve the connection string in /

from an XML file?
Once you get the connection string, you can store the connection string in the
text file or an xml file and later retrieve it. Let’s see some example code to write
a connection string to an XML file and read it back
C# Version
// get connection string in the connStr variable
// Write connection string to xml file
XmlDocument xmlDoc = new XmlDocument();
XmlNode xn = xmlDoc.CreateNode(XmlNodeType.Element,
"ConnectionString", "");
xn.InnerText = connStr;
xmlDoc.AppendChild(xn);
xmlDoc.Save(@"C:\ConnectionString.xml");
// ...
// Read connection string from the text file
xmlDoc.Load(@"C:\ConnectionString.xml");
XmlNode xn = xmlDoc.SelectSingleNode("ConnectionString");
connStr = xn.InnerText;
VB.Net Version
Dim connStr As String = ""
' get connection string in the connStr variable
' Write connection string to xml file
Dim xmlDoc As New XmlDocument
Dim xn As XmlNode
xn = xmlDoc.CreateNode(XmlNodeType.Element, "ConnectionString", "")
xn.InnerText = connStr
xmlDoc.AppendChild(xn)
xmlDoc.Save("C:\ConnectionString.xml")
' ...
' Read connection string from the xml file
Dim xmlDoc As New XmlDocument
xmlDoc.Load("C:\ConnectionString.xml")
Dim xn As XmlNode
xn = xmlDoc.SelectSingleNode("ConnectionString")
connStr = xn.InnerText
How do I make my first “Hello, Data Access

Application Deployment” setup program?
We will start with the assumption that you have a data access application. Note
that we are only providing here the C# example. The VB.Net example is exactly
similar. Why we didn’t include the VB.Net example? Because, the intent here is
not to explain the code but the procedure of how to create the data accessing
application’s deployment project which is independent of the language being
used. All the code we will present here has already been presented in the
previous FAQs and explained in much detail.
The first step, then, is to add an installer class. The easiest way to do is to right
click the project icon in the solution explorer and select ‘Add New Item…’ and in
the pop-up window, select Installer class, name it appropriately and select ‘Open’
button to add it. Now right click the newly added installer class and select view
code. You will notice that this new class is automatically inherited from the
System.Configuration.Install.Installer class
public class Installer1 : System.Configuration.Install.Installer
The only thing you need to do now in this class is to override the Install() method
of the base class, write the code you want to execute when the installation setup
is executed. We have written the code to display the Data Link Properties dialog
box and save the resulted connection string into an xml file, so later the
application can use it.
public override void Install(IDictionary stateSaver)

{
base.Install (stateSaver);
ADODB.Connection conn = (ADODB.Connection) udl.PromptNew();
if(conn != null)
connStr = conn.ConnectionString;
// Write connection string to xml file
XmlNode xn = xmlDoc.CreateNode(XmlNodeType.Element,
"ConnectionString", "");
xn.InnerText = connStr;
xmlDoc.AppendChild(xn);
xmlDoc.Save(@"C:\ConnectionString.xml");
This is all for the setup, we have added a button to our database deployment
application form which displays the connection string in a message box. It
retrieves the connection string from the xml file generated by the installation
setup program.
private void btnShowConnStr_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)

{
// Read connection string from the xml file
xmlDoc.Load(@"C:\ConnectionString.xml");
XmlNode xn = xmlDoc.SelectSingleNode("ConnectionString");
connStr = xn.InnerText;
MessageBox.Show(connStr, "Connection String from XML

file");
Now the application is ready. We will start building our setup project. For this, add
a new ‘Setup and Deployment’ project to the solution by right clicking the solution
and selecting ‘Add New Project…’ in the pop-up window, selecting the ‘Setup
Project’ from the ‘Setup and Deployment Projects’ section. Once the setup project
is added to the solution, right click it in the solution explorer and select View--
>File System. Here right click the application folder icon and select Project Output
--> Primary Out put of your data access project. This will automatically add the
project dependencies. Now right click the ‘Primary Output of your project’ and
create its short cut. Copy this shortcut to the Desktop folder and the User
Program Menu and rename shortcut appropriately.
Now to ask the setup project run our custom installation code (we have written in
the Installer class in the data access application), we need to add the primary
output of our project to the custom actions of the setup project. To do this, right
click the setup project in the solution explorer, and select View --> Custom
Actions. Here right click ‘Install’ and select ‘Add Custom Action’. In the popup
window, select the primary output of the database access application from the
application folder and click OK.
This is all we need to do! Rebuild the solution and remove any minor bugs (if they
do popup). When your setup project will be built, it will generate a Setup.exe file
in its debug (or release folder depending on the project configuration). Run this
setup.exe to install this application. The setup will ask you the connection string
and save it in the xml file.
After installation is complete, run the application using its desktop icon. When you
will click the button on the form, it will read the connection string from the xml
file and display it in the message box.
How to use relation objects in a dataset?
DataSet's that contain multiple DataTable objects can use DataRelation
objects to relate one table to another. Adding a DataRelation to a DataSet adds
by default a UniqueConstraint to the parent table and a ForeignKeyConstraint to
the child table.
The code sample below creates a DataRelation using two DataTable objects in
a DataSet. Each DataTable contains a column named CustID which serves as a
"relation" between two the DataTable objects. The example adds a single
DataRelation to the Relations collection of the DataSet. The first argument in the
sample specifies the name of the DataRelation being created. The second
argument sets the parent DataColumn and the third argument sets the child
DataColumn.
custDS.Relations.Add("CustOrders",
custDS.Tables["Customers"].Columns["CustID"],
custDS.Tables["Orders"].Columns["CustID"]);
OR
private void CreateRelation()

{
DataColumn parentCol;
DataColumn childCol;
parentCol = DataSet1.Tables["Customers"].Columns["CustID"];
childCol = DataSet1.Tables["Orders"].Columns["CustID"];
DataRelation relCustOrder;
relCustOrder = new DataRelation("CustomersOrders",
parentCol, childCol);
DataSet1.Relations.Add(relCustOrder);
DataReader Vs DataSet?
The ADO.NET DataReader is used to retrieve "read-only" / "forward-only" data
from a database. Using the DataReader increases application performance and
reduces system overheads. This is due to one row at a time is stored in memory.
You create a DataReader by calling Command.ExecuteReader after creating
an instance of the Command object.
The following line of code is used to retrieve rows from a data source.
SqlDataReader myReader = myCommand.ExecuteReader();
The Read method of the DataReader object is used to obtain a row from the
results of the query, like so.
(myReader.Read()) Console.WriteLine("\t{0}\t{1}",
myReader.GetInt32(0), myReader.GetString(1));
myReader.Close();
The DataSet is a in-memory representation of data that provides a consistent

relational programming model regardless of the data source. It can be used with
multiple data sources. The DataSet represents a complete set of data including
related tables, constraints, and relationships among the tables. The methods and
objects in a DataSet are consistent with those in the relational database model.
The DataSet can also persist and reload its contents as XML and its schema as
XML Schema definition language (XSD) schema.
The DataAdapter acts as a bridge between a DataSet and a data source for
retrieving and saving data. The DataAdapter provides this bridge by "mapping
Fill". Which changes the data in the DataSet to match the data in the data
source. Upon this an Update occurs, which changes the data in the data source
to match the data in the DataSet.
On connecting to a Microsoft ?SQL Server database, an increase in overall

performance can be obtained by using the SqlDataAdapter along with its
associated SqlCommand and SqlConnection. For other OLE DB-supported
databases, use the DataAdapter with its associated OleDbCommand and
OleDbConnection.
How do I access a SQL stored procedure?

You can access SQL stored procedures the same way as executing other SQL
commands.
Set the query string as the name of the stored procedure and then set the
CommandType to be CommandType.StoredProcedure. Below is an example
of one input and one output parameter.
if(myConn.State == ConnectionState.Closed)myConn.Open();
SqlCommand myCmd = new
SqlCommand("sp_my_stored_procedure",myConn);
myCmd.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
SqlParameter parm;
parm = myCmd.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter("@custid",

SqlDbType.VarChar,50));
parm.Direction = ParameterDirection.Input;
myCmd.Parameters["@custid"].Value = OrderID;
parm = myCmd.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter("@custName",
SqlDbType.VarChar,50));
parm.Direction = ParameterDirection.Output;
SqlDataAdapter da = new SqlDataAdapter();
da.TableMappings.Add("your mapping","your mapping");
da.SelectCommand = myCmd;
da.Fill(ds);
DataTable resultTable = ds.Tables[0];
Methods of the Command Objects with databases?

The Command object is represented by two corresponding classes:
SqlCommand and OleDbCommand. Command objects are used to execute
statements (commands) to a database via a data connection. The Command
objects can be used to execute stored procedures on the Database, SQL
statements, or return complete tables directly. Command objects provide three
methods that are used to execute commands on the database:
• ExecuteNonQuery. Executes direct SQL commands, such as INSERT,

UPDATE or DELETE.
• ExecuteScalar. Returns a single value from a Database Query.
• ExecuteReader. Returns a result set by way of a DataReader object.
How do I display a data table in a data grid?

The following code queries an MS Access Table, then displays all the columns of
that table in a Data Grid.
'Establish a connection to the data source.

Dim ConnString As String
ConnString = "Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;" & "Data
Source=C:\Test.mdb"
Dim Conn As New System.Data.OleDb.OleDbConnection(ConnString)
Conn.Open()
Dim dapt As New System.Data.OleDb.OleDbDataAdapter("Table1", Conn)
Dim dst As New DataSet
dapt.Fill(dst, "Table1")
DataGrid1.SetDataBinding(dst, "Table1")
Conn.Close()
Upon running the above code, Table1 from the a "Test" database will be displayed
in a DataGrid.
How do I insert data entered in a textbox into the

database?
The data you enter in the textboxes will be inserted into the database when of the
click of a Button.
The working senario is a database called "Emp" with a table named "Table1" with
three columns. Also a Form with three TextBoxes and one Command Button.
Imports System.Data.OleDb
Dim cn As OleDbConnection
Dim cmd As OleDbCommand
Dim dr As OleDbDataReader
Dim icount As Integer
Dim str As String
Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As

System.EventArgs) Handles_ Button2.Click
Try
cn = New OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data
Source=C:\emp.mdb;Persist Security_ Info=False")
cn.Open()
str = "insert into table1 values(" & CInt(TextBox1.Text) & ",'" &
TextBox2.Text & "','" & TextBox3.Text & "')" 'string stores the command
'and CInt is used to convert number, to string
cmd = New OleDbCommand(str, cn)

icount = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery
MessageBox.Show(icount) 'displays number of records inserted
Catch
End Try
End Sub
How do I access SQL server in VB.NET?

To access data from a table in ?SQL Server you need to import the namespace
System.Data.SqlClient and establish a connection from the application to the
server.
The following code demonstrates how to connect to a ?SQL Server and display
data from the "Discounts" table in the sample database "PUBS".
Imports System.Data.SqlClient
Public Class Form1 Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form
Dim myConnection As SqlConnection

Dim myCommand As SqlCommand
Dim dr As New SqlDataReader()
'declaring the objects need

Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As_
System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
myConnection = New
SqlConnection("server=localhost;uid=sa;pwd=;database=pubs")
'establishing connection
Try
myConnection.Open()
'opening the connection
myCommand = New SqlCommand("Select * from discounts", myConnection)
'executing the command and assigning it to connection

dr = myCommand.ExecuteReader()
While dr.Read()
'reading from the datareader
MessageBox.Show("discounttype" & dr(0).ToString())
MessageBox.Show("stor_id" & dr(1).ToString())
MessageBox.Show("lowqty" & dr(2).ToString())
MessageBox.Show("highqty" & dr(3).ToString())
MessageBox.Show("discount" & dr(4).ToString())
'displaying the data from the table
End While
dr.Close()
myConnection.Close()
Catch e As Exception
End Try
End Sub
End Class
How to insert an image in Access Database?
The following code asks for a path of a Gif image. Then inserts the Gif image to
an Access database.
File name is Image.vb
Imports System
Imports System.IO
Imports System.Data
Public Class SaveImage

Shared Sub main()
Dim o As System.IO.FileStream
Dim r As StreamReader
Dim gifFile As String
Console.Write("Enter a Valid .Gif file path")

gifFile = Console.ReadLine
If Dir(gifFile) = "" Then

Console.Write("Invalid File Path")
Exit Sub
End If
o = New FileStream(gifFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read)

r = New StreamReader(o)
Try
Dim FileByteArray(o.Length - 1) As Byte

o.Read(FileByteArray, 0, o.Length)
Dim Con As New _
System.Data.OleDb.OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.3.51;Persist
Security Info=False;Data
Source=Test.mdb")
Dim Sql As String = "INSERT INTO Images (Pic,FileSize) VALUES (?,?)"

Dim Cmd As New System.Data.OleDb.OleDbCommand(Sql, Con)
Cmd.Parameters.Add("@Pic", System.Data.OleDb.OleDbType.Binary,
o.Length).Value = FileByteArray
Cmd.Parameters.Add("@FileSize", System.Data.OleDb.OleDbType.VarChar,
100).Value = o.Length
Con.Open()
Cmd.ExecuteNonQuery()
Con.Close()
Catch ex As Exception
Console.Write(ex.ToString)
End Try
End Sub
End Class
A file will be inserted in the Database each time the code is executed.
ASP.NET
What is the difference between ASP and ASP.NET?

Web application development in .NET with ASP.NET has evolved a great deal. The
overall architecture of web applications in .Net is much more improved and
robust. The enhanced features in ASP.NET make it the best available technology
for web application development. The code behind the ASP.Net scripts can be in
written in any .Net compliant programming language.
The script (ASP.NET scripts), logic (code behind) and presentation (view) are
separated from each other so they may evolve independently. There are much
more server controls now available in .Net including the standard calendar and
amazingly useful data grid controls. The ASP.Net web applications can now use
.NET assemblies and COM components to serve the client requests. ASP.NET
pages are now compiled contrary to the ASP pages which are interpreted by the
ISA server. Truly speaking, there is no comparison between ASP and ASP.NET...
ASP.NET simply rules!
What is ASP.NET?
ASP.NET is a powerful programming platform for developing web-based
applications and services. It comes with rich set of web controls to create
dynamic, fast and interactive web pages. Web pages built using ASP.NET are
called ASP.NET web pages or web forms. ASP.NET simplifies web development by
using WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) editors. ASP.NET helps to build
complex web applications with the use of drag and drop control support. Visual
Studion.NET helps us to build web applications (ASP.NET) using either the C# or
VB programming language. The following features are making developers choose
ASP.NET over other technologies:
• ASP.NET applications can be designed and developed using RAD (Rapid

Application Development) tools.
• ASP.NET web forms support a variety of controls and also support user
created and third party controls.
• Any .NET FrameWork language can be used to develop ASP.NET
applications.
• ASP.NET uses the Common Language Runtime (CLR) resource and benefits
from it's features.
What is the use of Web.config file?

ASP.NET configuration files are XML-based text files. Each "web.config" file applies
configuration settings to the directory it is located in and to all virtual sub
directories under it.
Settings in sub directories can optionally override or modify settings specified in

main directories. The root configuration file
"WinNT\Microsoft.NET\Framework\<version>\config\machine.config"
provides default configuration settings for the entire machine.
ASP.NET configures IIS to prevent direct browser access to "web.config" files. This
ensures that their values cannot become public (Attempts to access them will
cause ASP.NET to return 403: Access Forbidden). At run time, ASP.NET uses these
"web.config" configuration files to hierarchically compute a unique collection of
settings for each incoming URL target request. These settings are calculated only
once and then cached across subsequent requests. ASP.NET automatically
watches for file changes and will invalidate the cache if any of the configuration
files change.
What are Web Services and the underlying protocol

used with it?
Web Services are applications that provide services on the internet. Web services
allow for programmatic access of business logic over the Web. Web services
typically rely on XML-based protocols, messages, and interface descriptions for
communication and access.
Web services are designed for use by other programs or applications rather than
directly by end user. Programs invoking a Web service are called clients. SOAP
over HTTP is the most commonly used protocol for invoking Web services.
There are three main uses of Web services. Application integration Web services
within an intranet are commonly used to integrate business applications running
on different platforms. For example, a .NET client running on Windows 2000 can
easily invoke a Java Web service running on a mainframe or Unix machine to
retrieve data from a legacy application.
Business integration Web services allow trading partners to engage in e-business

allowing them to leverage the existing Internet infrastructure. Organizations can
send electronic purchase orders to suppliers and receive electronic invoices. Doing
e-business with Web services means a low barrier to entry because Web services
can be added to existing applications running on any platform without changing
legacy code.
Commercial Web services focus on selling content and business services to clients
over the Internet similar to familiar Web pages. Unlike Web pages, commercial
Web services target applications as their direct users.
Example, Continental Airlines exposes flight schedules and status Web services
for travel Web sites and agencies to use in their applications. Like Web pages,
commercial Web services are valuable only if they offer services that are needed.
It makes sense to sell real-time weather information or stock quotes as a Web
service. Technology can help you add value to your services and explore new
markets. However ultimately customers pay for contents and/or business
services, not for technology.
How to generate a WebService proxy? What are

SOAP, WSDL, and UDDI?
SOAP is an XML-based messaging protocol designed for exchanging formatted
data (messages) over the Internet. Using SOAP you can send request and reply
messages. SOAP is simple, easy to use, light weight and completely neutral with
respect to operating systems, programming languages, and distributed computing
platforms. After SOAP came into existence as a mechanism for exchanging XML
messages among enterprises, a function was needed to describe the messages
and how they are exchanged.
The Web Services Description Language (WSDL) is a particular form of an XML
Schema. Developed by Microsoft and IBM for the purpose of defining the XML
message, operation, and protocol mapping of a web service accessed using SOAP
or other XML protocol. WSDL defines web services in terms of "endpoints" that
operate on XML messages. The WSDL syntax allows both the messages and the
operations on the messages to be defined abstractly, so they can be mapped to
multiple physical implementations. The current WSDL specification describes how
to map messages and operations to SOAP 1.1, HTTP GET/POST and MIME. WSDL
creates web service definitions by mapping a group of endpoints into a logical
sequence of operations on XML messages. The same XML message can be
mapped to multiple operations (or services) and bound to one or more
communications protocols using "ports".
The "Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration" (UDDI) defines a data

model (in XML). Also SOAP API's for registration and searching business
information, web services that a business exposes to the Internet are also
covered. UDDI is an independent consortium of vendors founded by Microsoft,
IBM and Ariba. This project purpose of developing an Internet standard for web
service description registration and discovery.
Microsoft, IBM and Ariba also are hosting the initial deployment of the UDDI
service. This is conceptually patterned after DNS (the Internet service that
translates URLs into TCP addresses).
UDDI uses a private agreement profile of SOAP (UDDI doesn't use the SOAP
serialization format because it's not well suited to passing complete XML
documents (it's aimed at RPC style interactions). The main idea is that businesses
use SOAP APIs to register themselves with UDDI. Other businesses search the
UDDI when they want to discover a trading partner.
The information in UDDI is categorized according to industry type and

geographical location, allowing UDDI subscribers to search through lists of
potentially matching businesses. Once a specific business is chosen, another call
to UDDI is made to obtain the specific contact information for that business. The
contact information includes a pointer to the target business's WSDL or other XML
schema file describing the web service that the target business publishes.
What is the trace utility used for?

Using the SOAP Trace Utility
The Microsoft Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) Toolkit 2.0 includes a TCP/IP
trace utility, MSSOAPT.EXE. You use this trace utility to view the SOAP messages
sent by HTTP between a SOAP client and a service on a server. In order to use the
Trace Utility, perform the following steps on the server. Open the Web Services
Description Language (WSDL) file.
1) In the WSDL file, locate the <soap:address> element that corresponds to the
service and change the location attribute for this element to port 8080.
For example, change
<http://MyServer/VDir/Service.wsdl>
to
<http://MyServer:8080/VDir/Service.wsdl>
.
2) Run MSSOAPT.exe.
3) File menu, New, Click "Formatted Trace" (if you don't want to see HTTP
headers) or click Unformatted Trace (if you want to see HTTP headers). 4) In the
Trace Setup dialog box, click OK to accept the default values.
Using the Trace Utility on Client
To see all send/receive messages from a service, do the following steps on the
client.
1) Copy the WSDL file from the server to the client.
2) Modify location attribute of the <soap:address> element in the local copy of

the WSDL document to direct the client to
localhost:8080
Make a note of the current host and port.
For example, Change
<http://MyServer/VDir/Service.wsdl>
to
<http://localhost:8080/VDir/Service.wsdl>
and make note of "MyServer". 3) On the client, run MSSOPT.exe.
4) File menu, New, and either click Formatted Trace (if you don't want to see
HTTP headers) or click Unformatted Trace (if you do want to see HTTP headers).
5) In the Destination host box, enter the host specified in Step 2.
6) In the Destination port box, enter the port specified in Step 2.
7) Click OK.
How do I upload a file from my ASP.NET page?

To upload a file with your ASP.NET page, you need the use of two classes:
System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlInputFile class and the
System.Web.HttpPostedFile.
The HtmlInputFile class represents an HTML input control that the user will use
on the client to select a file to upload.
The HttpPostedFile class represents the uploaded file. This is obtained from the
.PostedFile property of the HtmlInputFile control.
In order to use the HtmlInputFile control, you need to add the enctype attribute
to your form tag as follows:
<form id="upload" method="post" runat="server" enctype="multipart/form-

data">
Below is a simple example of how to upload a file via an ASP.NET page using C#.
<%@ Import Namespace="System" %>

<%@ Import Namespace="System.Web" %>
<%@ Import Namespace="System.Web.UI.HtmlControls" %>
<%@ Import Namespace="System.IO" %>
<%@ Import Namespace="System.Drawing" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>upload_cs</title>
</head>
<script language="C#" runat="server">
public void UploadFile(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (loFile.PostedFile != null)
{
try
{
String strFileName, strFileNamePath, strFileFolder;
strFileFolder = Context.Server.MapPath(@"data\");
strFileName = loFile.PostedFile.FileName;
strFileName = Path.GetFileName(strFileName);
strFileNamePath = strFileFolder + strFileName;
loFile.PostedFile.SaveAs(strFileNamePath);
lblFileName.Text = strFileName;
lblFileLength.Text = loFile.PostedFile.ContentLength.ToString();
lblFileType.Text = loFile.PostedFile.ContentType;
pnStatus.Visible = true;
}
catch (Exception x)
{
Label lblError = new Label();
lblError.ForeColor = Color.Red;
lblError.Text = "Exception occurred: " + x.Message;
lblError.Visible = true;
this.Controls.Add(lblError);
}
}
}
</script>
<body>
<form id="upload_cs" method="post" runat="server" enctype="multipart/form-
data">
<P>
<INPUT type="file" id="loFile" runat="server">
</P>
<P>
<asp:Button id="btnUpload" runat="server" Text=" Upload "
OnClick="UploadFile"></asp:Button></P>
<P>
<asp:Panel id="pnStatus" runat="server" Visible="False">
<asp:Label id="lblFileName" Font-Bold="True" Runat="server"></asp:Label>
uploaded<BR>
<asp:Label id="lblFileLength" Runat="server"></asp:Label> bytes<BR>
<asp:Label id="lblFileType" Runat="server"></asp:Label>
</asp:Panel></P>
</form>
</body>
</html
Tip
The /data directory is the only directory with write permissions enabled for an
anonymous user. Therefore, you will need to make sure that your code uploads
the file to the /data directory or one of its subdirectories.
How do I send an email from my ASP.NET page?
Include the System.Web.Mail.MailMessage and the System.Web.Mail.SmtpMail
classes to send email from ASPX pages.
Below is a sample of sending email using said classes in C#.
<%@ Import Namespace="System" %>

<%@ Import Namespace="System.Web" %>
<%@ Import Namespace="System.Web.Mail" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Mail Test</title>
</head>
<script language="C#" runat="server">
private void Page_Load(Object sender, EventArgs e)
{
try
{
MailMessage mailObj = new MailMessage();
mailObj.From = "xyz@programmersheaven.com";
'mail from address
mailObj.To = "abc@hotmail.com";
'mail to address
mailObj.Subject = "New Article Suggestion";
'mail subject
mailObj.Body = "I am sending a link to this article which is really very
interesting";
'mail body
mailObj.BodyFormat = MailFormat.Text;
SmtpMail.SmtpServer = "mail.programmersheaven.com";
'specify mail server name depending on your mail server
SmtpMail.Send(mailObj);
Response.Write("Mail sent successfully");
}
catch (Exception x)
{
Response.Write("Your message was not sent: " + x.Message);
}
}
</script>
<body>
<form id="mail_test" method="post" runat="server">
</form>
</body>
</HTML>
Tip
In order to send email through your mail server, you should set the static
SmtpServer property of the SmtpMail class to mail-fwd.
What is State Management and what are the

different ways to maintain a state in .Net?
Web pages are recreated each time a page is posted to a server. In traditional
Web programming, this would ordinarily mean that all information associated with
the page and the controls within the page would be lost with each round trip.
To overcome this inherent limitation of traditional Web programming, the ASP.NET

page framework includes various options to help you preserve changes when
Managing the State. The page framework includes a facility called view state
that automatically preserves property values of the page and all controls on it
between round trips.
However, you will probably also have application-specific values that you want to
preserve. This can be done using state management options.
Client-Based State Management Options: View State Hidden Form Fields

Cookies Query Strings
Server-Based State Management Options: Application State Session State

Database Support
What server controls come with ASP.NET?

Server controls are supplied with ASP.NET. Server controls in ASP.NET are
different to the normal windows controls as they work within the .NET
FrameWork. The different types of server controls in ASP.NET are:
• HTML Server Controls: These controls refer to the HTML elements that
can be used in server code. The HTML elements can be converted into
HTML server controls.
• ASP.NET Server controls: ASP.NET server controls are the general
controls like textbox, buttons, tables etc.
• Validation Controls: these controls are used to validate user input.
Normally these controls are attached with textboxes, checkboxes and radio
buttons to check the values entered or selected.
• USER Controls: These controls are those controls that are created by the
user and are used just like all other controls.
What is the AdRotator control and it's uses?

AdRotator is a special control in ASP.NET used to display flashing banner
advertisments. The control can display advertisments randomly or sequentially as
set by the developer.
Using the AdRotator control
To use the control, drag it from the toolbox. In the properties window you will
there are three key properties:
.AdvertisementsFile .KeywordFilter .Target
The advertisement file is an XML file which contains information about the image
to be displayed and the page to which the user should be redirected on click.
The following example assumes there are two images named one.gif and two.gif.
Below is the XML to correspond with our
example:
<Advertisement>
<Ad>
<ImageUrl>
one.gif
</ImageUrl>
<NavigateUrl>
http://www.codepedia.com
</NavigateUrl>
<AlternateText>
The Web's fastest growing technical encyclopdia
</AlternateText>
<Impressions>
1
</Impressions>
<Keyword>
Visual Basic
</Keyword>
</Ad>
<Ad>
<ImageUrl>
two.gif
</ImageUrl>
<NavigateUrl>
http://www.programmersheaven.com
</NavigateUrl>
<AlternateText>
Where the pro's are
</AlternateText>
<Impressions>
1
</Impressions>
<Keyword>
Programming
</Keyword>
</Ad>
</Advertisements>
The above tags are explained below:
<ImageUrl>: The image URL that presents the advertisement image.

<NavigateUrl>: The on click redirect URL.
<AlternateText>: Image description/name thats show when the mouse is over
the image ( Optional use ).
<Keyword>: Optional parameter that specifies the keyword (category) like
books, programming etc.
<Impressions>: A number input that indicates the weight of the advertisment.
This can be use to control the order of rotation with respect to other
advertisments in the file. Again, this is optional.
What is a Calendar control and how do I use it?

The Calendar control is used to display the calendar year on a web page. You can
view dates or select a specific day, week or month. The default event of the
Calendar control is Selection Changed event that is called when a selection is
made on the control.
Drag a calendar control and a textbox from the toolbox. We will display the date
selected from the calendar control in the textbox.
The sample code for that is:
Private Sub Calendar1_SelectionChanged (ByVal sender As System.Object,

ByVal_
e As System.EventArgs) Handles
Calendar1.SelectionChanged
TextBox1.Text = Calendar1.SelectedDat
End Sub
In Runtime Mode - Select a date from the calendar control. That date will now be
the .Text Value of the textbox.
What is a RequiredFieldValidator control?

The RequiredFieldValidator is a control that checks whether the value of an
assigned input control is different from its initial value.
To work with this control drag a RequiredFieldValidator control, Command Button

and two TextBoxes from the Toolbox. The intention is to display the text entered
in TextBox1 in TextBox2 when the Command Button is clicked. If there is no value
in TextBox1, an error message ("Saying Textbox1 needs a value") will be
spawned.
All you have to make the RequiredFieldValidator work is to open the properties of
the control. Looking at two properties; ErrorMessage and ControltoValidate
specifically. The ErrorMessage property should be completed with a warning that
the field needs to be completed. Secondly, the ControltoValidate property is used
to tag which control is to be validated.
The sample code for that is:
Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal_

e As System.EventArgs) Handles
Button1.Click
TextBox2.Text = TextBox1.Text
End Sub
What is a CompareValidatorControl?
CompareValidator is used to make sure that a value matches a specified value.
This control is often used when validating passwords. Important properties of this
control are .ControlToValidate and .ControlToCompare.
.ControlTovalidate property is used to set the control to be validated and the

.ControlToCompare property is used to identify the control to be compared.
To work with this control drag a CompareValidatorControl, a Command Button

and two TextBoxes from the ToolBox. The intention is to enter two values the
textboxes. If the two values do not match, an error is generated denoting that
the values are not alike.
Set the following control properties in CompareValidatorControl;
.ControlToCompare property as TextBox1 and .ControltoValidate property as
TextBox2.
Run the code and enter some text in both the textboxes and click the button. If
both the TextBox values are the same then no error message will arise else an
error.
What is a RangeValidator control?

A RangeValidator control is used to determine whether a control value falls within
a specified range. The RangeValidator checks whether the value passed to the
control is within the range specified. This type of watch dog is generally used
when buying products online like tickets etc.
To work with the RangeValidator control, drag a TextBox and a RangeValidator

Control from the toolbox. Open the RangeValidator control properties and enter a
value of 8 in the MaximumValue field, 3 in the MinimumValue field and set
TextBox1 as the control to be validated.
Run the code and try entering some values in the TextBox. If the value entered is
within the specified range ( 8 High, 3 Low ) then nothing happens else an error
message is displayed.
What is a RegularExpressionValidator?
RegularExpressionValidator control is used to check a value against a regular
expression. It checks whether the value of the associated input control matches
the pattern of the regular expression. This Control generally used to check
whether the entered phone number or email address matches a set format. A
notable property of this control is the ValidationExpression property, which is used
to set the validation criteria and which comes with some predefined formats.
To work with a RegularExpressionValidator control; Drag a TextBox and a

Command Button from the ToolBox. Our intention is to check for the format of an
email address and display an error message if the input format is not correct. An
example of a correctly formated inpput would be
"xyz@programmersheaven.com". To implement format definition. In the
properties window of the Regularexpression click on the ellipse button for
ValidationExpression and select Internet E-mail Address from the pop-up window.
When you run the program and enter a value not in the format of abc@xyz.com
the error message is displayed.
What is the difference between a Web User Control

and a Web Custom Control?
Web custom controls are compiled components that run on the server and
encapsulate the user-interface and other related functionality into reusable
packages. They can include all the design-time features of standard ASP.NET
server controls, including full support for Visual Studio design features such as
the Properties window, the visual designer, and the Toolbox. There are several
ways to create Web custom controls:
You can compile a control that combines the functionality of two or more existing
controls. For example, if you need a control that encapsulates a button and a text
box. You can create it by compiling the existing controls together.
If an existing server control almost meets your requirements but lacks some
required features, you can customize the control by deriving from it and
overriding its properties, methods, and events. If none of the existing Web server
controls (or their combinations) meet your requirements, you can create a
custom control by deriving from one of the base control classes. These classes
provide all the functionality like other Web server controls. You only need to write
the logic for the programming features you require.
If none of the existing ASP.NET server controls meet the specific requirements of
your applications, you can create either a Web user control or a Web custom
control that encapsulates the functionality you need.
The main difference between the two controls lies in ease of creation vs. ease of
use at design time. Web user controls are easy to make, but they can be less
convenient to use in advanced scenarios. Web user controls can be developed
almost exactly the same way that you develop Web Form pages.
Like Web Forms, user controls can be created in the visual designer or they can
be written with code separate from the HTML. They can also support execution
events. However, since Web user controls are compiled dynamically at run time
they cannot be added to the Toolbox and they are represented by a simple
placeholder when added to a page.
This makes Web user controls harder to use if you are accustomed to full Visual
Studio .NET design-time support, including the Properties window and Design
view previews. Also the only way to share the user control between applications is
to put a separate copy in each application, which takes more maintenance if you
make changes to the control.
Web custom controls are compiled code, which makes them easier to use but
more difficult to create. Web custom controls must be authored in code. Once you
have created the control you can add it to the Toolbox and display it in a visual
designer with full Properties window support and all the other design-time
features of ASP.NET server controls. In addition you can install a single copy of
the Web custom control in the global assembly cache and share it between
applications, which make maintenance easier.
Windows Forms
What are windows form applications?

Windows form applications are standard applications for Windows operating
system having a user interface. A windows form application usually has one or
more forms containing menus and other user interface controls like buttons, text
boxes, tree view, etc. Windows form applications are like any other application on
Windows except that it has its own Graphical User Interface (GUI). Common
examples of windows form applications include Microsoft Word, Adobe Photoshop
and Winamp. Windows form applications are event based, i.e., they perform
certain operations on user action. For example, Microsoft Word saves the
document into disk file only when you ask the application to do so (selecting File
> Save).
How are the Windows form applications different from
the Console Applications?
Windows applications are facilitated with the Windows standard user interface
controls (like button, text box, list box, picture box and etc) and the standard
events of Windows operating system. On the other hand, the Console Application
can only take user input and output from/to the Console, command or a shell
window. Windows form applications are more responsive and may use a lot of
features like shortcut and icons. On the other hand, console applications are light
weight and are used for testing and background service type applications. Several
Java based web servers are implemented on Windows using Console application.
What support does the Visual Studio.NET provide for

the development of .NET win form applications?
Visual Studio.NET provides an enormous support for the development of Win
Form applications. The key features of Visual Studio.NET IDE include:
• The form designer allows you to design the User Interface (UI) of the
applications by simple drag and drop of the controls.
• The Properties window allows you to set different properties for form and a
number of windows controls
• The Intellisense (help completing the syntax as you place dot (.) with
objects, enumeration and namespace and when you create new objects)
• Project and solution management with solution explorer that helps
manage applications consisting of multiple files, which is what usually
happens
• Standard debugger that allows you to debug your program by putting
break points for observing run-time behavior of the variables and objects
in the program
• Hot compiler that checks the syntax of your code as you type it and report
any errors present
• Dynamic Help on number of topics using Microsoft Development Network
(MSDN) Library
• Compilation and building applications
• Execution of your application with/without debugger
• Deploying your .NET application over the Internet or on CDs
What is the architecture of .NET win form

applications?
C# Version
WinForm Architecture As stated earlier, .NET provides WinForm and other controls
through base classes in the System.Windows.Forms namespace. The class
System.Windows.Forms.Form is the base class of all WinForms in .NET. In order
to design a windows application, we need: 1. Create a Windows Application
project in Visual Studio.NET or add references to System.Windows.Forms and
System.Drawing to your current project. If you are not using Visual Studio at all,
use /reference option of the command line compiler to add these assemblies. 2.
Write a new class to represent the WinForm and derive it from
System.Windows.Forms.Form class as
class MyForm : System.Windows.Form
{
...
}
3. Instantiate various controls, set their appropriate properties and add these to
MyForm’s Controls collection. 4. Write another class containing the Main()
method. In the Main() method, call the System.Application.Run() method by
supplying it an instance of MyForm.
class Test
{
static void Main()
{
Application.Run(new MyForm());
}
}
The Application.Run() method registers your form as a windows application in the
operating system so that it may receive event messages from the Windows
Operating System.
VB.NET Version
WinForm Architecture As stated earlier, .NET provides the WinForm and other
controls through base classes in the System.Windows.Forms namespace. The
class System.Windows.Forms.Form is the base class of all WinForms in .NET. In
order to design a windows application, we need to: 1.Create a Windows
Application project in Visual Studio.NET, or add references to
System.Windows.Forms and System.Drawing to your current project. If you are
not using Visual Studio at all, use the /reference option of the command line
compiler to add these assemblies. 2. Write a new class to represent the WinForm
and derive it from the
System.Windows.Forms.Form class:
Public Class MyForm
Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form
…
End Class
3. Instantiate various controls, set their appropriate properties and add these to
MyForm's Controls collection. 4. Write another class containing the Main()
method. In the Main() method, call the System.Application.Run() method,
supplying it with an instance of
MyForm.
Class Test
Public Sub Main()
Application.Run(New MyForm())
End Sub
End Class
The Application.Run() method registers your form as a windows application in the

operating system so that it may receive event messages from the Windows
Operating System.
Index
How do I make my first “Hello, WinForm” .NET form

application without VS.NET in Visual C#?
C# Version
Building the “Hello WinForm” Application Let’s now build our first windows
application called “Hello WinForm”. The application will present a simple window
with “Hello WinForm” greeting at the center. The source code of the program is:
using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Drawing;
namespace CSharpSchool
class Test
static void Main()
Application.Run(new MyWindow());
class MyWindow : Form
public MyWindow() : base()
this.Text = "My First Windows Application";
this.Size = new Size(300, 300);
Label lblGreeting = new Label();
lblGreeting.Text = "Hello WinForm";
lblGreeting.Location = new Point(100, 100);

this.Controls.Add(lblGreeting);
Understanding the Code
In the start, we included three namespaces to our application
using System;
The System namespace, as we stated in the first lesson, is the necessary

ingredient of all C# applications. In fact, the Application class that we used later
in the Main() method is defined in this namespace. The System.Windows.Forms
namespaces contains the base classes for windows controls like Form, Label and
Button. Finally, including the System.Drawing namespace is necessary as it
contains the useful classes related to the drawing of controls. The Size and Point
classes used later in the program are actually defined in System.Drawing
namespace.
Later, we derived a new class ‘MyWindow’ from the Form class defined in
System.Windows.Forms
{
...
}
In the constructor of MyWindow, we specified the size and title of the form. The
size is defined using the System.Drawing namespace’s Size class. We passed two
integers to the constructor of Size to specify the width and the height of the form.

{
Next in the constructor, we created a text label and added it to the Controls
collection of the Form. A text label is used to write some text on the form. The
System.Windows.Forms.Label class is used to create a text label in windows
applications. We set the text of the Label using its Text property which is of string
type. All the controls contained by a form must be added to its Controls
collection; hence we have also added our label to this collection.

{
this.Controls.Add(lblGreeting);
Finally, we have created a Test class containing the Main() method. In the Main()
method, we have instantiated the MyWindow class and passed its reference to the
Application.Run() method so it may receive messages from the Windows
Operating System.
When we execute the above code, the following screen is presented as output
To close the application, press the close button on the title bar.
Adding Event Handling Let’s now add a button labeled ‘Exit’ to the form. The ‘Exit’
button will close the application when it is clicked. In .NET, Push Buttons are
instances of the System.Windows.Forms.Button class. To associate some action
with the button click, we need to create an event handler and register (or add) it
to the Button’s Click event. Following is the code for this modified application
using System;
class Test
static void Main()
}
// Form
this.StartPosition =
FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
// Label
// Button
Button btnExit = new Button();
btnExit.Text = "Exit";
btnExit.Location = new Point(180, 180);
btnExit.Size = new Size(80, 30);
btnExit.Click += new EventHandler(BtnExitOnClick);
// Adding controls to Form
this.Controls.AddRange(new Control[] {lblGreeting,

btnExit});
public void BtnExitOnClick(object sender, EventArgs e)
Application.Exit();
}
In the constructor of MyWindow, first we have set certain properties of the Form.
In this code, we have also used the StartPosition property of the Form, which sets
the start up position of the form on the screen. The type of this property is an
enumeration called ‘FormStartPosition’. We have set the start position of the form
to the center of the screen.
The new inclusion in the code is the Exit button called ‘btnExit’. We have created
the button using the base class System.Windows.Forms.Button. Later, we set
various properties of the button like its text label (Text), its Location and its Size.
Finally, we have created an event handler method for this button called
BtnExitOnClick(). In the BtnExitOnClick() method, we have written the code to
exit the application. We have also registered this event handler to the btnExit’s
Click event (To understand the event handling in C#, see lesson 10 of the C#
school). In the end, we have added a label and button to the form’s Controls
collection. Note that this time we have used AddRange() method of form class to
add an array of controls to the Controls collection of form. This method takes an
array of type Control as its parameter.
The output of the code will be
Now you can press either the Exit Button or the close button at title bar to exit
the application.
How do I make my first “Hello, WinForm” .NET form

application without VS.NET in Visual Basic.NET?
VB.NET Version
Building the "Hello WinForm" Application Let's build our first windows
application, which we will call "Hello WinForm". The application will present a
simple window with a "Hello WinForm" greeting at the center. The source code of
the program is:
Imports System
Imports System.Windows.Forms
Imports System.Drawing
Class Test
Public Sub Main()
End Sub
End Class
Class MyForm
Inherits Form
Public Sub New()
MyBase.new()
Me.Text = "My First Windows Application"
Me.Size = New Size(300, 300)
Dim lblGreeting As New Label()
lblGreeting.Text = "Hello WinForm"
lblGreeting.Location = New Point(100, 100)
Me.Controls.Add(lblGreeting)
End Sub
End Class
Understanding the Code At the start, we included three namespaces in our

application:
Imports System
The System namespace, as we stated in the first lesson, is the necessary

ingredient of all VB.NET applications. In fact, the Application class that we used
later in the Main() method is defined in this namespace. The
System.Windows.Forms namespaces contains the base classes for windows
controls, e.g. Form, Label and Button. Finally, including the System.Drawing
namespace is necessary as it contains the classes related to the drawing of
controls. The Size and Point classes used later in the program are actually defined
in the System.Drawing namespace. The System.Windows.Forms and
System.Drawing namespaces can not be added to a project just by writing
Imports statement for them. We also need to add references to the assemblies
(for now take assemblies as Windows DLL’s or library files for .NET) that contain
the code of types these namespaces. For this we need to add reference to
System.Windows.Forms.dll and System.Drawing.dll. To add a reference write click
the ‘Reference’ folder under the current project in the solution explorer and select
Add Reference… It will show the following window
From the '.NET' tab of the Add Reference Dialog box, select the
System.Windows.Forms.dll and System.Drawing.dll and select OK. This completes
the process of adding references to assemblies in your project. Lets go back to
our sample application. Later, we derived a new class, 'MyForm', from the Form
class defined in
System.Windows.Forms.
Class MyForm
Inherits Form
...
End Sub
End Class
In the constructor of MyForm, we specified the size and title of the form (by
setting the size and text properties). The size is defined using the
System.Drawing namespace's Size class. We passed two integers to the
constructor of Size to specify the width and the height of the form.
Public Sub New()

MyBase.new()
Next in the constructor, we created a text label and added it to the Controls
collection of the Form. A text label is used to write some text on the form. The
System.Windows.Forms.Label class defines a text label in a Windows application.
We set the text of the Label using its Text property, which is of the string type. All
the controls contained by a form must be added to its Controls collection; hence
we have also added our label to this collection.
Public Sub New()

MyBase.new()
Me.Controls.Add(lblGreeting)
End Sub
Finally, we have created a Test class containing the Main() method. In the Main()
method, we have instantiated the MyForm class and passed its reference to the
Application.Run() method so it may receive messages from the Windows
Operating System. When we execute the above code, the following screen is
displayed: To close the application, press the close button on the title bar.
Adding Event Handling Let's now add a button labeled 'Exit' to the form. The 'Exit'
button will close the application when it is clicked. In .NET, Push Buttons are
instances of the System.Windows.Forms.Button class. To associate some action
with the button click, we need to create an event handler and register (or add) it
to the Button's Click event. Below is the code for this application.
Imports System
Class Test
Public Sub Main()
End Sub
End Class
Class MyForm
Inherits Form
Public Sub New()
MyBase.new()
' Form
' Label

' Button
Dim btnExit As New Button()
btnExit.Text = "Exit"
btnExit.Location = New Point(180, 180)
btnExit.Size = New Size(80, 30)
AddHandler btnExit.Click, AddressOf BtnExitOnClick
Me.Controls.AddRange(New Control() {lblGreeting, btnExit})
End Sub
Public Sub BtnExitOnClick(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)
Application.Exit()
End Sub
End Class
In the constructor of MyForm, first we have set certain properties of the Form. In
this code, we have also used the StartPosition property of the Form, which sets
the position of the form on the screen when the application starts. The type of
this property is an enumeration called 'FormStartPosition'. We have set the start
position of the form to the center of the screen. The new inclusion in the code is
the Exit button called 'btnExit'. We have created the button using the base class
System.Windows.Forms.Button. Later, we have set various properties of the
button, specifically its text label (Text), its Location and its Size. Finally, we have
created an event handler method for this button called BtnExitOnClick(). In the
BtnExitOnClick() method, we have written the code to exit the application. We
have also subscribed this event handler to the btnExit's Click event (To
understand the event handling in VB.Net, see lesson 10 of the VB.Net school). In
the end, we have added both the label and the button to the form's Controls
collection. Note that this time we have used the AddRange() method of form class
to add an array of controls to the Controls collection of form. This method takes
an array of type Control as its parameter. When the code is run, the following
window will be displayed: Now you can press either the Exit Button or the close
button at title bar to exit the application.
Alternate procedure for Event Handling – Using the ‘Handles’ Keyword Note that
in the previous code, we subscribed Exit buttons event handler using the
‘AddHandler’ keyword. We can also do this using the ‘Handles’ keyword with the
Event Handler method. But to use the ‘Handles’ keyword, the Exit button needs to
be instance variable of the form class defined with the ‘WithEvents’ keyword. The
complete source code of the MyForm class is
Class MyForm
Inherits Form
' Form controls are usually private
' instance members of the form class
Private WithEvents btnExit As New Button()
Private lblGreeting As New Label()
Public Sub New()
MyBase.new()
' Form
' Label
' Button
'AddHandler btnExit.Click, AddressOf BtnExitOnClick
End Sub
Handles btnExit.Click
Application.Exit()
End Sub
End Class
This procedure of event handling (using the ‘Handles’ keyword) is usually followed
by Visual Studio.NET standard code for Form based applications (Windows and
Web Applications)
How do I provide the event handling for my form and

controls using VS.NET?
Adding Event Handling You can provide event handling for forms and controls
by implementing their respective event handlers. To implement an event handler
for a form or control, go to Events tab of the properties window, and double click
the desired event handler name. The form designer will add the event handler for
the selected event in the source code of the application and take you there. If you
want to implement a default event handler of the form or control, simply double
click it.
For example, to add the event handling code for the Exit button in the Hello
WinForm application (demonstrated in FAQ 5), simply double click the Exit button
in the designer. It will create a new event handler for the Exit button’s Click event
and take you to the source code as shown in the following figure
C# Version
Write the code to close the application (Application.Exit()) in the event handler.
The IDE in fact has not only created the event handler but also has registered it
with the Exit button’s Click event.
How event handling is implemented in win form and

.NET form controls with C#?
C# Version
Adding Event Handling A control exposes an event by defining its delegate. We
can add our own event handler for the event by writing an event handler method
and adding it to the event’s delegate.
For example, add a button labeled ‘Exit’ to the form of FAQ 8. The ‘Exit’ button
will close the application when it is clicked. In .Net, Push Buttons are instances of
the System.Windows.Forms.Button class. To associate some action with the
button click, we need to create an event handler and register (or add) it to the
Button’s Click event. Following is the code for this modified application
using System;
class Test
static void Main()
// Form
this.StartPosition =
FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
// Label
// Button
Button btnExit = new Button();

btnExit.Text = "Exit";
btnExit.Location = new Point(180, 180);
btnExit.Size = new Size(80, 30);
btnExit.Click += new EventHandler(BtnExitOnClick);
// Adding controls to Form
this.Controls.AddRange(new Control[] {lblGreeting,

btnExit});
public void BtnExitOnClick(object sender, EventArgs e)
Application.Exit();
We have highlighted the interested parts in the above code by bold formatting.
We have created the Exit button called ‘btnExit’ using the class
System.Windows.Forms.Button. Later, we set various properties of the button like
its text label (Text), its Location and its Size. Finally, we have created an event
handler method for this button called BtnExitOnClick(). In the BtnExitOnClick()
method, we have written the code to exit the application. We have also registered
this event handler to the btnExit’s Click event (To understand the event handling
in C#, see lesson 10 of the C# school). In the end, we have added a label and
button to the form’s Controls collection.
The output of the code will be
Now you can press either the Exit Button or the close button at title bar to exit
the application.
How event handling is implemented in win form and

.NET form controls with VB.NET?
VB.NET Version
Adding Event Handling A control exposes an event by defining its ‘delegate’.
We can add our own event handler for the event by writing an event handler
method and adding it to the event's delegate. Let's add a button labeled 'Exit' to
the form. The 'Exit' button will close the application when it is clicked. In .Net,
Push Buttons are instances of the System.Windows.Forms.Button class. To
associate some action with the button click, we need to create an event handler
and register (or add) it to the Button's Click event. Below is the code for this
application.
Imports System
Class Test
Public Sub Main()
End Sub
End Class
Class MyForm
Inherits Form
Public Sub New()
MyBase.new()
' Form
' Label
' Button
Dim btnExit As New Button()

AddHandler btnExit.Click, AddressOf BtnExitOnClick
End Sub
Application.Exit()
End Sub
End Class
The interesting lines defining the event handler for the button is highlighted with
bold formatting. We have created an event handler method for this button called
BtnExitOnClick(). In the BtnExitOnClick() method, we have written the code to
exit the application. We have also subscribed this event handler to the btnExit's
Click event (To understand the event handling in VB.NET, see lesson 10 of the
VB.NET school). Now you can press either the Exit Button or the close button at
title bar to exit the application. Alternate procedure for Event Handling – Using
the ‘Handles’ Keyword Note that in the previous code, we subscribed Exit buttons
event handler using the ‘AddHandler’ keyword. We can also do this using the
‘Handles’ keyword with the Event Handler method. But to use the ‘Handles’
keyword, the Exit button needs to be instance variable of the form class defined
with the ‘WithEvents’ keyword. The complete source code of the MyForm class is
Class MyForm
Inherits Form
' Form controls are usually private
' instance members of the form class
Private WithEvents btnExit As New Button()
Private lblGreeting As New Label()
Public Sub New()

MyBase.new()
' Form
' Label
' Button
'AddHandler btnExit.Click, AddressOf BtnExitOnClick
End Sub

Handles btnExit.Click
Application.Exit()
End Sub
End Class
Note that the button is now instantiated with the ‘WithEvents’ keyword and the
event handler is specifically marked with the ‘Handles’ keyword to qualify it as an
event handler method. This procedure of implementing event handling (using the
‘Handles’ keyword) is usually followed by Visual Studio.NET standard code for
Form based applications (Windows and Web Applications)
What are the lifetime events of a form?
Some important lifetime events of a form include:
Load: This event is fired when the form is first loaded in the program. It is called
when the Form.Show() or Form.ShowDialog() method is called for the first time.
Activated: This event is triggered whenever the form gets the application focus.
It is fired when the form is first loaded (along with Load event), when the form is
brought in front, or when the form is restored from the minimized state.
VisibleChanged: It is called whenever the Visible property of the form is

changed or the form is hidden or shown.
Deactivated: This event is triggered whenever the form loses the application
focus. It is fired when the form is closed, when the form is brought into
background, or when the form is minimized.
Closing: It is fired when the application wishes to be closed, or the application is

in the process of close but has not yet closed.
Closed: It is raised when the application is finally closed.
How do I change the title of my window?

Use the Text property of the Form to change the title of the form.
How do I change the application name?

To change the application name, change the name of the startup project by right
clicking the project node in the solution explorer and selecting properties. It will
show the property pages for the project. Here in the Common Properties ->
General, you can change the assembly name to change the resulting executable
(.exe) file name.
How do I set the startup position of the form?

To change the startup position of the form, select the form in the designer and
change its StartPosition property. The StartPosition is an enumeration and has the
following useful properties:
CenterScreen: The form should be displayed at the center of the screen

WindowsDefaultLocation: The form's startup position should be selected by
the Windows Operating System
CenterParent: The form should be displayed at the center of the parent form.
This option is useful when you are building an MDI (Multiple Document Interface)
application. The MDI child form can be set, in this way, to be displayed at the
center of the MDI parent form.
How do I set the initial (startup) size of the form?

The size property can be used to set the startup size of the form. The data type of
the size property is System.Drawing.Size. The size can be set as:
C# Version
myForm.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(400, 300);
VB.NET Version
myForm.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(400, 300)
What does it mean by Startup Window State of the

form? How do I set the startup window state of the
form?
The startup window state specifies whether the form should be displayed in
normal, maximized or minimized state. It can be set using the WindowState
property of the form. The data type of this property is
System.Windows.Forms.FormWindowState enumeration, which has three
members; Maximized, Minimized and Normal.
C# Version
myForm.WindowState = FormWindowState.Maximized;
VB.NET Version
myForm.WindowState = FormWindowState.Maximized
How do I hide my form?

You can hide your form or any other control by setting its Visible property to
False.
C# Version
myForm.Visible = False;
VB.NET Version
myForm.Visible = False
How do I show my form?

You can show your hidden form or any other control by setting its ‘Visible’
property to True.
C# Version
myForm.Visible = True;
VB.NET Version
myForm.Visible = True
You can also display your form for the first time using the Show() or the
ShowDialog() methods of the form class. The Show() method displays the form in
Non-Modal fashion, while the ShowDialog() method displays the form in Modal
mode. See the following FAQs for the description of Modal and Non-Modal forms
What is the difference between modal and non-modal

dialogs?
The modal form, when displayed on the screen, does not allow you to go and
select any other form of the window. The typical example of the Modal form is the
Message Box; you must select OK (or other appropriate) button to go back to
other forms of the applications.
The Non modal form, on the other hand, does not prevent you from accessing
other form windows of the application, when they are present on the screen using
the Show() method of the form.
C# Version
myForm.Show();
VB.NET Version
myForm.Show()
By default, all the forms are Non-modal.
How do I show my form as a modal dialog?

To show your form as the Modal dialog, call the ShowDialog() method of the form
to display it on the screen.
C# Version
myForm.ShowDialog();
VB.NET Version
myForm.ShowDialog()
It will display the form as a Modal dialog and would not allow the user to access
any other form of the application when it is present on the screen.
How do I minimize, maximize and restore my form

programmatically?
You can minimize, maximize and restore the form by setting the WindowState
property of the form. The following code example will minimize the form, wait for
2 seconds, restore the form, wait for 2 seconds and then maximize the form. I
have written this code on the a button’s Click event.
C# Version
private void button1_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
{
// Minimize the form window
this.WindowState = FormWindowState.Minimized;
Thread.Sleep(2000); // wait for 2 seconds
// Restore the form window
this.WindowState = FormWindowState.Normal;
Thread.Sleep(2000); // wait for 2 seconds
// Maximize the form window
this.WindowState = FormWindowState.Maximized;
VB.NET Version
Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, _
ByVal e As System.EventArgs) _
Handles Button1.Click
' Minimize the form window
Me.WindowState = FormWindowState.Minimized
Thread.Sleep(2000) ' wait for 2 seconds
' Restore the form window
Me.WindowState = FormWindowState.Normal
Thread.Sleep(2000) ' wait for 2 seconds
' Maximize the form window
Me.WindowState = FormWindowState.Maximized
End Sub
Note that the above code snippet is using the System.Threading.Thread class’
Sleep method to suspend the form for 2 seconds. Hence, you would be required
to include the System.Threading namespace to your form class source code.
C# Version
Using System.Threading;
VB.NET Version
Imports System.Threading
How do I hide maximize, minimize and close box at

the form title bar?
To disable the maximize box at the form title bar, set the Maximize property of
the form to false.
To disable the minimize box at the form title bar, set the Minimize property of the
form to false.
You can not hide only the close box from the form title bar using the form’s
property.
Similarly, you can not only hide maximize or minimize boxes from the title
window.
You can hide maximize and minimize boxes from the title bar by setting the
FormBorderStyle property of the form to the FixedToolWindow or the
SizableToolWindow. But remember that with FormBorderStyle set to the
FixedToolWindow or SizableToolWindow, the form will not be displayed in the
Windows task bar or in the window that appears when the user presses ALT+TAB.
You can hide the Control box from the title bar of the form by setting the
ControlBox property of the form to false. This will hide the control box and system
menu from the form window.
How do I make my form non-resizable or fixed

length?
You can make your form non-resizable or fixed length by setting its
FormBorderStyle property to Fixed3D or FixedSingle or FixedDialog
How do I change the icon of my form to be displayed

at title bar?
You can change the icon of the form by changing its icon property. Remember
that this property will only change the icon of the form and not of the application.
To change the icon of the application or assembly, change the icon from the
property pages of the project. The property pages for the project are displayed
when you right click the project and select properties.
How do I make my form not to appear in the task bar?
To make your form not to appear in the task bar, set the ShowInTaskbar property
of the form to false.
How do I make and display a form without title bar?

To display your from without the title bar, set the FormBorderStyle property of the
form to None
How do I close the form programmatically?

To close the form programmatically, call the Close() method of the form.
C# Version
myForm.Close();
VB.NET Version
myForm.Close()
Remember that this will only close the form and not the application. To close or
exit the application, call the Application.Exit() method.
How do I exit my win form application

programmatically?
To exit the win form application programmatically, call the Application.Exit()
method.
C# Version
Application.Exit();
VB.NET Version
Application.Exit()
How do I display a message box in my form

application?
To show the message box, call the MessageBox class’ Show() method. The
message box is the modal form that notifies the user about certain event in the
application and optionally takes the user feedback. The Show() is an static (C#) /
Shared (VB.NET) method of the System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox class. It has
a number of overloaded versions. The simplest one take the message text and
display it in the message box.
C# Version
MessageBox.Show("Welcome to Win Form");
VB.NET Version
MessageBox.Show("Welcome to Win Form")
To add the title to the message box, call the MessageBox.Show() like:
C# Version
MessageBox.Show("Welcome to Win Form", "Greeting");
VB.NET Version
MessageBox.Show("Welcome to Win Form", "Greeting")
The following example code shows the message box with Yes, No, Cancel button
to confirm application close and closes the application if the user selects the Yes
button
C# Version
DialogResult dlgRes = null
dlgRes = MessageBox.Show(
"Are you sure you want to close without saving the document",
"Confirm Document Close",
MessageBoxButtons.YesNoCancel,
MessageBoxIcon.Question);
if(dlgRes == DialogResult.Yes)
Application.Exit();
VB.NET Version
Dim dlgRes As DialogResult
dlgRes = MessageBox.Show( _
"Are you sure you want to close without saving the document", _
"Confirm Document Close", _
MessageBoxButtons.YesNoCancel, _
MessageBoxIcon.Question)
If dlgRes = DialogResult.Yes Then
Application.Exit()
End If
How do I add another form into my win form
application?
To add and design a new form at design time, right click the target project node
in the Solution Explorer and select AddàAdd Windows Form… This will add a new
form; design it by placing controls and setting necessary properties.
To show the new form at run time, instantiate the new form and call its Show() or
ShowDialog() method.
Let we name the new form as ‘MySecondForm’, then on the click event of the
button of our first (startup) form, we can write the following code:
C# Version
MySecondForm frm2 = new MySecondForm();
frm2.Show(); // will present the non-modal form
// frm2.ShowDialog(); // will present the modal form
VB.NET Version
Dim frm2 As New MySecondForm()
frm2.Show() ' will present the non-modal form
' frm2.ShowDialog() 'will present the modal form
How do I set the first form to be loaded at application

startup?
The first form to be loaded at the application startup is called the startup or main
form of the application. You can set the startup form of the application by right
clicking the target project node and selecting properties. It will show you the
property pages for the project. Here in the Common PropertiesàGeneral, you can
set the startup form by selecting its name from the drop down list of ‘Startup
Object’.
C# Note
Remember that only those forms that have a valid Main() method can be selected
as the startup object.
What does it mean by scrollable forms in .NET? How

can make my own form scrollable?
.NET introduces with it a concept of scrollable forms. A scrollable form is just like
an html page that can be scrolled. You can access its controls by scrolling it down
or right; if the contents (controls) don’t fit in the form display area.
You can make a form scrollable by setting its AutScroll property to true
How do I make a splash screen in my win form

application?
There is no built-in support for the splash screen in the Microsoft.NET win form
applications. However, you can create a splash screen by creating a form with no
title bar (by setting its FormBorderStyle to None), making it not appear in the
taskbar (by setting its ShowInTaskbar property to false), making it the top most
form (by setting) its TopMost property to true, and making it appear on the
center of the screen (by setting its StartupPosition as CenterScreen).
You can now show this splash form when the main application is loading.
C# Version
private void Form1_Load(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
{
this.Hide();
Form2 frmSplash = new Form2();
frmSplash.Show();
frmSplash.Update();
Thread.Sleep(5000);
frmSplash.Close();
this.Visible = true;
}
VB.NET Version
Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, _
yVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
Me.Hide()
Dim frmSplash As New Form2
frmSplash.Show()
frmSplash.Update()
Thread.Sleep(5000)
frmSplash.Close()
Me.Visible = True
End Sub
What basics should be remembered while developing
win form apps?
Some Important Points for designing Windows Applications
• Make your form layout simple and easy to understand. It is important that
the user of your application finds it familiar. The behavior should be
expected and should not surprise the user.
• The Format menu of the Visual Studio.NET IDE is very useful when
designing the form layout. It provides a number of useful options for
alignment and size of the controls.
• Almost all the controls have some similar properties like Location, Size,
Enabled, Visible, TabIndex, etc. The TabIndex property is very important.
It describes the sequence followed by the windows focus when the user
presses the Tab button of keyboard.
• Usually we don't change the Name property of labels as we don’t need to
use the label variable in our code most of the time.
• The controls should be named so that their purpose can be recognized,
e.g., you may name the ‘Purchase’ button as btnPurchase, text box for
entering email may be txtEmail and so on.
• Although now it is not a standard convention, but it is useful to add a
three letter prefix to the name of your controls so that they are
recognizable with their name. Most of the developers used to follow the
convention like prefixing Label with lbl (lblGreeting), TextBox with txt
(txtComments), Button with btn (btnPurchase), CheckBox with cbx
(cbxProgCS), RadioButton with rbn (rbnFullPayment) and GroupBox with
gbx (gbxPaymentMode).
How do I change the icon of the application I am

working with?
Changing the Icon of your application is simple. Select Project->Properties. In the
windows "style" section click on the "Icon" Button. Then make your choice.
How do I prevent a user from resizing a form?

The following code shows how a Form's size can be restricted at runtime.
Place the following code in the load event of the form.
Public Class Form2

#Region " Windows Form Designer generated code "
Private Sub Form2_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As

Me.MaximizeBox = False
End Sub
End Class
Controls
What are win form controls? How they are

represented in .NET framework class library?
A form may contain various user interface (UI) controls. The controls represent
the visual components that allow user to interact with the application and perform
the desired task. All the controls, in .Net, are represented by subclasses of
System.Windows.Forms.Control class. Each form has a collection (named
‘Controls’) to store the constituent controls of the form. In fact, a form itself is a
special type of control called Container Control, i.e., the Form class itself is
derived from the ContainerControl class which is a subclass of the Control class. A
container control, as the name suggests, may contain other controls. Other
examples of the Container control include Panel and Tab Control.
Each control, and thus form, exposes a number of events that can be triggered
on certain user action or application behavior. For example, a button raises Click
event whenever it is clicked and the text box raises the TextChanged event
whenever its text is changed. The application developer can write even handler to
catch these events and perform corresponding action. Beside these, a form also
has certain set of events called the form life cycle events. These events are
triggered during the life cycle of form to indicate the current state of the form.
What are the fundamental and common properties of

.NET controls?
Almost all the controls have some similar properties like Location, Size, Enabled,
Visible, TabIndex, Name, Text, BacKColor, ForeColor, Font, etc. The TabIndex
property is very important. It describes the sequence followed by the windows
focus when the user presses the Tab button of keyboard
How do I set the tab order of the controls on the

form?
To set the tab order of the controls on the form, select View -> Tab Order. This
will start a wizard for setting the tab order. You can set the order of tab for the
control by just clicking it in the same sequence as of required tab order.
What does it mean by anchoring of controls?

An anchoring is the property of the control to keep a specific distance with a
particular edge of the window (or other containing control). You can anchor a
control to any edge or side of the window, e.g., left, top, right, bottom, left and
top, etc. If a control is anchored to the left of the window, it will keep the
constant distance from the left side of the window; even when the window is
resized. The constant distance that the control will keep with the window is the
distance it has at the form startup or defined by its Location property. In the
figure below, the button is anchored to the top edge of the window.
When the window is resized, it shifts itself on the form to keep the same distance
from the top, see the figure below:
If we have defined the top and bottom anchoring and the form is resized, the
control will resize itself to have the same distance from top and bottom. Consider
the figure below; here the button is anchored top and bottom
When the form is resized, the button resizes itself to keep the same distance from
top and bottom
The default anchoring of a control is left and top.
How do I set the anchoring property of my controls?

To change the anchoring property of the control, set the Anchor property of the
control from the properties window. When you click the Anchor property of the
control in the properties window, Visual Studio.NET will show you a tab to set the
edges with which you wish to anchor the control
What does it mean by docking of controls?

Docking is the property of the control to attach itself to a particular edge of the
window (or other containing control). You can either dock a control to an edge or
to fill the available space in the parent control or window. Common examples of
docking includes menu bar and toolbars which dock themselves at the top of the
window so that they may remain at top regardless of the size and of the window.
In the figure below, we have docked the button to the top of the window
When the control is resized, the control remains stuck to the top of the window
(Does it remind you the famous outlook bar?)
You can define a control to have a fill dock property so that it may fill all the
available space in the parent window or parent control. In the figure below, we
have docked the tree view control at left and the list view control with fill docking
property
When the form is resized, the tree view will remain at left (changing only its
height and not width) while the list view will expand itself to the rest of the
available space on the form
(Does it remind you the famous Windows Explorer?)
A control is not docked to any edge, by default.
How do I set the docking property of my controls?

To change the docking property of the control, set the Dock property of the
control from the properties window. When you click the Dock property of the
control in the properties window, Visual Studio.NET will show you a tab to set the
edges with which you wish to dock the control
How do I set the width of a ComboBox to fit the
contents?
Move through the index items to find the longest item by character length using
the MeasureString function. Use the this value as the ComboBox width.
System.Drawing.Graphics g = comboBox1.CreateGraphics();
float maxWidth = 0f;
foreach(object o in comboBox1.Items)
float w = g.MeasureString(o.ToString(), comboBox1.Font).Width;

'checking the combobox for the longest text
if(w > maxWidth)
maxWidth = w;
'setting the width by checking the longest text
}
g.Dispose();
comboBox1.Width = (int) maxWidth
How do I set the color and font in a RichEditBox?

Use the SelectionFont and SelectionColor properties to set the font and color
of a RichEditBox. The following code will set the "selected text" to a blue-italic-
verdana font set.
Note. If no text is selected then any all new text will be blue-italic-verdana within
the RichEditBox.
RichTextBox1.Focus();
RichTextBox1.SelectionColor = Color.Blue;
RichTextBox1.SelectionFont = new Font ("Verdana", 12, FontStyle.Italic);
How do I browse and read a text file into a

TextBox?
You use the OpenFileDialog to implement this functionailty.
using System.Text;
using System.IO;
private void button1_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
{
OpenFileDialog ofd = new OpenFileDialog();
ofd.Title = "Open the text file you wish" ;
ofd.InitialDirectory = "c:\" ;
ofd.Filter = "txt files (*.txt)|*.txt|All files (*.*)|*.*" ;
if(ofd.ShowDialog() == DialogResult.OK)
{
StreamReader sr = File.OpenText(ofd.FileName);
string s = sr.ReadLine();
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
while (s != null)
{
sb.Append(s);
s = sr.ReadLine();
}
sr.Close();
textBox1.Text = sb.ToString();
}
}
How to use the Splitter control?

The Splitter control is used to resize other controls. The purpose of this is to save
space on the form.
This control can be very useful when you are working with controls both at design
time and run time (which are not visible at design time).
How do I place restriction when entering some text

in a textbox?
You can restrict a user from entering text against a set pattern. Or you can
request the user only to enters certain type of
characters. E.g. Only a single digit number or a double digit number and so on. To
control the input, use the KeyPress event like below:
Private Sub TextBox1_KeyPress(ByVal sender As Object,ByVal e As _

System.Windows.Forms.KeyPressEventArgs) Handles
TextBox1.KeyPress
If(e.KeyChar < "10" Or e.KeyChar > "100") Then
MessageBox.Show("Enter Double Digits")
End If
End Sub
How do I access controls on another Form?

To access controls on other WinForms follow the example. This example reads the
text in a textbox from other form and displays it in the textbox on the current
form.
Open two forms (form1 and form2), add a Command Button and a Textbox to
Form1 and a Textbox to Form2.
The following code relates to form1.
Public Class Form1

Dim NewWindow As New Form2()
NewWindow.Show()
End Sub

System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
TextBox1.Text = NewWindow.TextBox1.Text
End Sub
End Class
When you run the code, Both
How can I access a Website/Webpage with a

VB.NET LinkLabel control?
To access a Website or a Webpage using a VB.NET application. Drag a LinkLabel
control and write the following code in it’s click event.
Private Sub LinkLabel1_LinkClicked(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As
System.Windows.Forms.LinkLabelLinkClickedEventArgs)Handles_
LinkLabel1.LinkClicked
System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("www.yahoo.com")
End Sub
Upon running the application,click on the Text on the LinkLabel. The website,
Yahoo.com will open in a new browser.
How do I add items to a ComboBox and sort them?

The following code shows how to add items to a ComboBox.

ComboBox1.Items.Add(“India”)
ComboBox1.Items.Add(“Australia”)
ComboBox1.Items.Add(“Sweden”)
ComboBox1.Items.Add(“Spain”)
ComboBox1.Items.Add(“England”)
ComboBox1.Items.Add(“United States”)
ComboBox1.Items.Add(“Russia”)
ComboBox1.Items.Add(“China”)
ComboBox1.Items.Add(“Japan”)
ComboBox1.Items.Add(“New Zeland”)
End Sub
To sort the items alpahbetically, select the .Sorted property and set it to True.
How do I load a picture into the PictureBox control?

To load a Picture into the PictureBox control drag a PictureBox control and a
Command Button from the Toolbox. When you click the Command Button, the
picture you specified will be loaded into the Picturebox.
The following code is a demonstration.

PictureBox1.Image=Image.FromFile("C:\images\image.gif")
'Assuming you have a folder named images in C: drive and a gif image in that
End Sub
How do I add a control to windows form at runtime?

To add a control to a Form at Runtime, firstly decide which control is needed. Set
all relevent properties and finally use the Controls.Add(controlname) function.
An an example of how to add a TextBox:
Dim tb as TextBox = New TextBox()

'declaring a textbox
tb.Size = New Size(130, 25)
'setting the size for the textbox
tb.Location = New Point( 50, 70)
'setting the location
tb.Text = "Textbox1"
'setting the text
Me.Controls.Add(tb)
'adding the textbox to the form
How to create an "Explorer style" application in
VB.NET?
Displaying all the drives, folders and files in an application like "Explorer" can be
done easily in VB.NET. To do this follow these simple instructions:
Open a new project Add a Command Button to the Form. Place the following code
in the click event of the command button.
Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As _

Dim expl As New ExplorerStyleViewer()
expl.Show()
End Sub
What is a Tooltip control and how should I use it?

A Tooltip is a tag that displays some text when an ojects Mouse Over event is
triggered. This is usually a decription of the object or the action that will follow if
the object is say for example clicked.
Assume that there is a TextBox on a Form and we want to display a description

when the mouse is over the TextBox.
Below is an example:
Private Sub Form5_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e _

As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
ToolTip1.SetToolTip(TextBox1, "Enter Some text")
'using the SetToolTip method to set the tip for the TextBox and the text
that should appear
End Sub
XML
How
do you test if an attribute exists in the xml document?
String Value="";
if (Node.Attributes["Attribute1"] == null)
// doesn't exist
Value="";
}
else
// exists
Value=Node.Attributes["Attribute1"].Value.ToString();
Visual studio .net

What is Visual Studio.NET?
Microsoft Visual Studio.NET is an integrated development environment which is
the successor of Microsoft Visual Studio 6. It eases the development process of
.NET Application to great deal for Visual C#.NET, Visual Basic.NET, Visual
C++.NET, Visual JScript.NET, Visual J#.NET, ASP.NET, etc The revolutionary
approach in this new Visual Studio.NET is that for all the Visual Studio.NET
Compliant Languages there is a single IDE, debugger, project and solution
explorer, class view, properties tab, tool box, standard menu and toolbars. The
key features of Visual Studio.NET IDE include:
• Keywords and syntax highlighting

• Intellisense (help completing the syntax as you place dot (.) with objects,
enumeration and namespace and when you create new objects)
• Project and solution management with solution explorer that help manage
applications consisting of multiple files, which is what usually happens
• Help building user interface with simple drag and drop over the form
window
• Properties tab that allows you to set different properties on a number of
windows and web controls
• Standard debugger that allows you to debug your program by putting
break points for observing run-time behavior of the variables and objects
in the program
• Hot compiler that checks the syntax of your code as you type it and report
any errors present
• Dynamic Help on number of topics using Microsoft Developer Network
(MSDN) Library
• Compilation and building applications
• Execution of your application with/without debugger
• Deploying your .Net application over the Internet or on CDs
Why use the IDE when we can develop a .NET

application for free?
The basic purpose of using the Visual Studio.NET or any IDE is to manage the
application code. As the requirements and thus application evolves, the size of
code increases. It is important to manage this code well, so the later modification
and debugging can be carried out smoothly. This code management also makes it
possible to use the library code developed previously and to develop the
application in such a way so that various parts of it can be reused in future
applications. The application is divided into several modules that are linked to
work together to perform the required functionality. This is where the Integrated
Development Environment (IDE) comes!
An IDE helps manage the application by assisting you to break your application
into projects, separate files and grouping the files into folders. For example if you
are developing an accounts management system, you may break it into three
projects;
• one for user interface application,

• other for accounts implementation, and
• the last one for information storage (into database or file system).
Then, you may further divide the user interface project to three folders;
• first (Forms) containing user interface forms

• second (AccountsAccessor) containing classes to interact with the accounts
implementation project
• third (StorageAccessor) containing classes to interact with the information
storage project
Apart from this, an IDE also provide its support from the start of development to
the creation of final installation. It provides an intelligent text editor that
recognizes various parts of your code and also highlights the possible errors as
you type it. It helps you in compiling and testing individual projects and also the
complete application. It provides an integrated debugger to identify the bugs in
your program and the possible cause of them. One of the most appealing features
of an IDE like Visual Studio.Net is that it provides designers for various tasks like
Windows Application User Interface designing, Web form designing and the
database connection with simple drag and drop and setting a few properties.
Once you have completed the application development and tested it through
debugger, the IDE also helps you in building its installation program so that the
application can be shipped to the client. Hence, an IDE supports developers
throughout the life cycle of the application.
Is there any other IDE available for the development

of .NET programs?
Fortunately, there are a number of IDE’s and source code editors available for the
development of .Net programs. Some of these are introduced below:
Borland C#Builder for the Microsoft? .NET Framework

http://www.borland.com/csharpbuilder/ Borland C# Builder is perhaps the second
most popular IDE for development with C# programming language after Visual
Studio.Net. According to Borland, “It is an integral component of the Borland
solution for application lifecycle management, C#Builder accelerates the delivery
of .NET Framework solutions with a design-driven approach to development that
increases team productivity. C#Builder provides support for direct interoperability
between the .NET Framework, the J2EE? platform, and CORBA? infrastructure,
helping to simplify and reduce the cost of integrating .NET solutions with your
existing software systems. And for faster, easier, and more flexible database
development, C#Builder delivers high-performance native support for major
enterprise-class databases.”
#develop (read as Sharp-Develop)
http://www.icsharpcode.net/OpenSource/SD/ It is a free IDE for C# and VB.NET
projects on Microsoft's .NET platform. It is open-source (GPL), and you can
download both source code and executables from there site. In addition, you can
find the latest information and changes on #develop, as well as get in touch with
the team in the forum.
PrimalCode http://www.sapien.com/primalcode.htm PrimalCode is an innovative

.NET development environment incorporating complete capability in a compact
size that works with your existing hardware. Ideal for professional coders,
PrimalCode streamlines every .NET project phase, from start-up to deployment.
You can work faster, free from hours of repetitive and routine tasks. Best of all,
PrimalCode needs only minimal drive space, so it runs full speed on your existing
desktops or laptops.
What are the different parts and areas of Visual

Studio.NET IDE's called?
The figure below highlights various parts of the Visual Studio.NET IDE.
You can see the toolbox window at the left hand side (#1) and the properties
window at the right hand side (#2) of the above snapshot. The toolbox allows you
to add different controls to your form. Once the control is placed on the form, you
can change its various properties from the Properties window. You can also
change the location and size of the controls using the mouse. Event properties
can be changed by switching to the Event Properties panel (#3) in the Properties
Window. The Toolbox, Properties Window, Help Window, Solution Explorer
Window, Class View Window, Output Window and other helping windows in Visual
Studio IDE can be set for Docking and Auto hiding. Windows that are set for
auto hide appears only when they get focus (e.g. they have mouse pointer over
them or receive a mouse click), and hide when they lose focus. A window can be
set for auto hide by the button marked #4 in the above figure. The hidden
windows are always accessible through the left and right hand panes of the form
designer window. The right hand pane is marked with #5 in the above figure and
has got the class view, help and solution explorer windows in the hidden state. If
some of these windows are not visible in your visual studio IDE, you can make
them visible from the View menu on the standard menu bar.
Solution Explorer
The solution explorer presents the hierarchical view of the projects included in the
current solution. It presents the detailed view of the individual projects with the
contained source code files (which may be grouped into some folders), the
references to the assemblies (projects or library code) used by the project and
any other resource files like icons, pictures, sounds, animation, etc.
The solution explorer does not only present the view of the solution hierarchy but
also allows you to customize the solution or projects settings. It allows you to add
and remove existing and new projects to the solutions, add and remove the
references and resource files. It also allows you to change the name of the
solution, projects, folders and files, their build options, output file names and
things like that.
Toolbox, Properties and Class View Tabs
Now there is a single toolbox for all the Visual Studio.NET’s languages and tools.
The toolbox (usually present on the left hand side) contains a number of common
controls for windows, web and data applications like text box, check box, tree
view, list box, menus, file open dialog, etc.
Properties Tab (usually present on the right hand side in IDE) allows you to set
the properties on different controls and form without getting into code
Class View Tab shows all the classes that your project contains along with the
methods and fields in tree hierarchy. This is similar to VC++ 6’s class view.
Menus in the Visual Studio .NET IDE
• File Menu: Used to create, open, save and close the project, solution or
individual source files.
• Edit Menu: Used for text editing and searching in the Visual Studio source
code editor.
• View Menu: Provides options for setting the visibility of different Visual
Studio windows and to switch between code and designer views.
• Project Menu: Used for setting different properties of the Visual Studio
Project. A Visual Studio project is a collection of files that make up a single
assembly or a single object file (we will explore the concept of assemblies
in coming lessons).
• Build Menu: This menu is used to compile and build the source file, project
or solution. The result of a build is an executable file or a code library.
• Debug Menu: This menu provides various options related to the Visual
Studio.Net Debugger. Debugging is the process of finding logical errors in
the program, and a debugger helps make this proccess easier.
• Data Menu: Provides various options for Data Access in .Net
• Format Menu: Provides access to a set of useful operations for formatting
the controls and their layout in the Form Designer view.
• Tools Menu: Provides the access to various useful Visual Studio.NET tools.
Form Designer The Visual Studio.NET form designer allows you to design the
windows and web forms for your application’s user interface. It simplifies the task
by allowing you to just drag and drop the required controls from the toolbox to
the designer’s emulated form. It even sets the default properties for your
controls. You can then change the properties of the form and control through the
Properties Tab of the Visual Studio.NET IDE. The form designer also allows you to
attach the even handlers with the controls.
Code Editor
The Visual Studio.NET Code Editor supports you in writing the code for your
application. The code editor is tightly integrated with the designers. As you
change the properties and add controls, the designer puts the required code in
you application source code files which can be viewed using the code editor. The
code editor is quite smart; it highlights the various categories of the code like
keyword, constant and even the syntax and semantic errors. It provides the code
completion through its intellisense; when you place dot (in C# and VB.NET) with
your object references and namespaces it automatically shows the list of all
available options to select from. Finally, the code editor is also used to debug the
application using the integrated debugger.
What are VS.NET solutions and projects?

A Project is a combination of executable and library files that make an application
or one of its modules (not a .NET assembly or VB.NET module; simply a separate
part of the overall application). A project’s information is usually placed in a file
with extension like ‘.vbproj’ where ‘vb’ represents Visual Basic (source
programming language) and ‘proj’ stands for Project. Similarly C# projects are
stored as ‘.csproj’ file where ‘cs’ stands for C Sharp. There are different kind of
projects like Console Application, Windows application, ASP.Net Web Application,
Class Library, Windows Control Library, Web Services and others.
A solution on the other hand is a placeholder for different logically related

projects that make up an application. For example, a solution may consist of
ASP.NET Web Application project and Windows Form project. The information for
solution is stored in ‘.sln’ files while they can be managed using Visual
Studio.NET’s Solution Explorer. Solutions are similar to VB 6’s Project Group and
VC++ 6’s workspace.
A great thing about the Visual Studio.NET solutions is that it may contain projects
built with any of the VS.NET compliant language. Hence, now your solution may
consists of a database handling project in Visual C#, the GUI Application project
in VB.NET and the protocol implementation project in VC++.NET!
What are the different types of projects that can be

created with Visual Studio.NET?
Visual Studio.NET allows you to create projects of these types:
• Console applications are light weight programs run inside the command
prompt (DOS) window. They are commonly used for test applications.
• Windows Applications are form based standard Windows desktop
applications for common day to day tasks. Microsoft word is an example of
a Windows application.
• Web applications are programs that used to run inside some web server
(e.g., IIS) to fulfill the user requests over the http. A typical example of
web application is Hotmail and Google.
• Web services are web applications that provide services to other
applications over the internet. Google search engine’s web service, e.g.,
allows other applications to delegate the task of searching over the
internet to Google web service and use the result produced by it in their
own applications.
• Class library contains components and libraries to be used inside other
applications. A Class library can not be executed and thus it does not have
any entry point.
• Windows Control Library contains user defined windows controls to be
used by Windows applications
• Web Control Library contains user defined web controls to be used by
web applications
How are projects different from the namespaces?

A Project is a physical grouping of the source code and resource files that make
up an assembly and stored into some file. A namespace, on the other hand, is a
logical grouping of related types which not necessarily reside into same assembly.
A namespace may contain sub or child namespaces while there is not concept of
child or sub projects. Finally, project is a Visual Studio.NET standard, while
namespace is a .NET standard.
How are namespaces different from assemblies?

An assembly is a physical grouping of the source code and resource files that is
stored into some file(s). A namespace, on the other hand, is a logical grouping of
related types which not necessarily reside into same assembly. A namespace may
contain sub or child namespaces while there is not concept of child or sub
assemblies (module is something different from child namespace, as modules are
integral and necessary parts of an assembly). An assembly not only contains the
source code, it also contains manifest, version information (optional public key
token) and culture information. A program may reference two or more assemblies
with the same name (but with different versions) but a program can not contain
two namespaces with the same name.
What does it mean by code folding in Visual

Studio.NET?
The Visual Studio.NET automatically groups the code at various boundaries
(method, property, class, structure, interface, and namespace bodies). It then
allows you to expand/collapse the regions of these code body groups using the
familiar plus/minus sign used in the tree-view control (e.g., in Windows Explorer)
which allows you to fold (collapse)/unfold (expand) the code regions
You can also define your own regions using the #region…#end region block with
your code.
What does it mean by syntax highlighting?

Visual Studio.NET Code Editor highlights the keywords and syntax errors in your
code as you type it with different colors and waves. This is called the syntax
highlighting.
What does it mean by VS.NET hot compilation?

The hot compiler highlights the syntax errors in your program as you type the
code. The following figure shows an illustration of hot compiler in Visual
Studio.NET
What are regions in Visual Studio.NET IDE’s code

view?
A region is a part of the code that can be folded/un-folded in the Visual
Studio.NET code editor. You can also define your own regions using the #region…
#end region block with your code.
What is the difference between the Design View and

the Code View of the Visual Studio.NET?
The design view opens the VS.NET form designer that allows you to place user
interface controls on the form by simple drag and drop, resize them and set
various properties in the convenient way. The designer automatically generates
the required code for the program. The code view opens the source code editor
that allows you to see the actual code of the program and perform any desired
edition.
How can I compile and build a particular project and

the whole solution?
To compile all the source files of the project and build the resulting assembly,
right click the target project node in the solution explorer and select Rebuild
project.
To compile all the source files of all the projects contained in a solution and build
the resulting assemblies or the complete application, right click the solution node
in the solution explorer and select Rebuild solution.
What features does the Visual Studio.NET debugger

provide to the developers?
Visual Studio.NET provides an integrated debugger. The debugger allows you to
debug your application from within the Visual Studio.NET IDE and code editor. You
can use the code editor to specify the break points and see the runtime values of
the variables of a program. You can control the execution of your program step by
step; e.g. you can pause the execution of the program after each line, you can
jump the control of execution to the next method in the execution sequence. You
can even change the runtime values of the variables at runtime and re-execute it!
It’s simply an amazing tool!
What is the difference between running an application
with and without debugger?
When an application is run with debugger, the debugger will provide its services
during the execution. This may slow down the execution of the program and is
useful when the program is in the development and testing phase. When program
is run without debugger, it is executed in the similar way as it will be executed at
the client (user of the application) machine. The execution of the program without
debugging is useful when application is about to be deployed or in the testing
phase, when we are interested in measuring the efficiency and the throughput of
the application.
How can I run an application with and without

debugger?
To run the application with debugger, select Debug > Run or press F5. To run the
application without debugger, select Debug > Run without debugger or press
Ctrl+F5
What are break points in context with the debugger?

A break point is the line of code at which you want your program to be paused
(when running in debugger mode) and see the runtime values of different
variables in the program. If the program control ever reaches this line during the
execution of the program, it pause the execution and allows you to see and edit
the values of the variables of your program.
How can I add a break point in my code? How can I

remove a breakpoint?
To add a break point for some line, click at its left panel. You can also do this by
right clicking the target line and selecting the 'Insert breakpoint'. To remove a
break point from some line, click on its left pan. You can also do the same by
right clicking on a target line and select 'Remove breakpoint'.
How can I see the runtime values of different

variables of my code using debugger?
You can see the runtime value of a particular variable by just pointing a mouse
over it when the program is running in debugger mode and is paused at some
breakpoint. It will only show the value of any live variable. To see the runtime
values of all the local variables of a method, see the 'Locals' debug window. This
window is also accessible from Debug > Windows > Locals
Index
How can I see the runtime values of the content of a

class or structure?
A class or a structure is represented in ‘Locals’ and other debug windows with
expandable tree. You can see its members by expanding its object node
What does it mean by 'watch' in context of the

debugger?
Instead of pointing mouse pointer over a variable to show its value or using the
Locals to view the values of all the local variables, you can also add only
interested variables in the Debugger’s Watch Window (accessible through Debug
-> Windows -> Watches -> Watch 1). The values in Watch window are always
visible in the bottom of your VS.Net. To add any variable to Watch Window, right
click on the variable and choose 'Add Watch' or drag it to the watch window.
When the execution of a program is paused at a

breakpoint, how can I resume the execution?
You can resume the execution, either by selecting Debug > Continue (press F5)
or using the various ‘Step’ options like Step Into (F11) or Step Over (F10).
How do I step into and step over the code with

debugger? What do ‘stepping into’and stepping over’
actually mean?
The Step Into option (accessible through Debug -> Step Into or key F11) takes
the execution control inside the calling method. For example, if the execution is
paused at a line having code
int p = obj.GetInteger();
Then pressing F11, will take us to the body of the GetInteger() method and the
execution control will pause at its first line.
The Step Over option (accessible through DebugàStep Over or key F10) executes
the code in the line at which the debugger is paused and takes the execution
control to the next line. For example, if the execution is paused at a line marked
line 1 in the code below:
int p = obj.GetInteger(); // line 1

Console.WriteLine(p); // line 2
Then pressing F10, will execute the code at ‘line 1’ and will take the execution
control to the line marked ‘line 2’ in the above code and the execution control will
pause at the line // 2.
How are projects and solutions mapped to .NET

assemblies?
In Visual Studio.NET, each project is compiled to a single assembly with
references to the referenced assemblies and other code libraries. It is important
to remember that up-till now Visual Studio.NET (2003) only supports single file
assembly and not a multi-file assembly. It means that all the source code of a
project is built to a single file representing the project’s assembly. Hence, if a
solution contains five projects then when it (the solution) is built, it will emit five
different assemblies each containing a single .dll or .exe file depending on the
type of project selected.
A solution is a logical binding for the projects and it does not have any
representation in the build files.
How much projects a solution may have?

There is no such limit; a solution may contain any number of projects. The
projects can be coded in any VS.NET compliant programming language. A
solution, basically, representation the raw application and it should contain only
those projects which are the part of the application.
How to set the start application of a multi project

solution?
You can specify the startup project of the application by selecting it from the
startup project property of the solution which can be accessed by right clicking
the solution and selecting the properties option from the pop up menu. It will
show the property pages for the solution. You can change the startup project
from Common Properties -> Startup project -> Single Startup project. Note that
the startup project must represent an executable assembly (Console application,
windows application or a web application) and not a library project.
How do I change the name of the resulting assembly

files (.exe and .dll)?
Right click the project and select properties. It will show the property pages for
the project. You can change the resulting assembly name from Common
Properties> General > Assembly Name.
What is the difference between a debug and a release

build?
The debug build is created with some embedded information which allows the
debugger to debug the application and exposes the runtime behavior of the
application. On the down side, the debug build is a bit slower and inefficient in
execution and larger in size.
You may specify the build type of an assembly (project) by right clicking its
project and selecting properties from the pop up menu. It will show the property
pages for the project. You can select the build type by selecting Configuration
Properties and then selecting the build type from the combo box at top labeled
Configuration
What are references in context of the VS.NET

projects?
A reference is the name and address of the .NET assembly or a COM component
used inside some source files of the project. The Visual Studio.NET uses these
added references when compiling your project assembly. A reference enables the
language compiler to locate the referenced assemblies and COM component.
How many types of reference are there in the Visual

Studio.NET?
There are basically three types of references that can be added to a project:
• Reference to the .NET assembly (including components, library and

controls)
• Web reference to web services (see the succeeding question for details)
• Reference to COM component (see the succeeding question for details)
What are web references in context of the VS.NET

projects?
A web reference represents a reference to the web service, at its simplest.
Getting inside, a web reference is a reference to the proxy classes to call the web
service. These proxy classes are implemented for you by the VS.NET IDE for you
through the Web Service Description Language (wsdl) file downloaded from the
web service URL. These proxy classes provide the same calling interface to the
clients of web service. When you call methods on a proxy class, it in turn calls the
methods of the web service over the internet through SOAP (Simple Object
Access Protocol) and returns the result back to your program.
How do I add a reference to a .NET assembly in my

project?
To add a reference to a .NET assembly, right click the ‘Reference’ option under the
project inside the solution explorer and select the ‘Add Reference…’ option. It will
show you a user interface screen where you browse for the target assembly.
When you have selected the assembly, press the ‘Select’ button and then press
OK. This will add a new reference node in the Reference sub tree of the project.
By selecting the added reference node, you can edit its properties from the
properties window.
Index
What is Visual Studio.NET IDE and what is the

importance of it?
The Visual Studio .NET IDE is the default Development Environment for all
Microsoft .NET based applications. Its got a full set set of usefull features. The
VS.NET IDE provides many options for developers and is packed with much
funtionality that simplifies application development.
Important Features of Visual Studio .NET IDE.
• One IDE for all .NET based Projects
• Visual Studio .NET IDE provides a single environment for developing all
types of .NET applications. Application’s range from single form
applications to complex n-tier applications and also Rich Web Applications.
• The option to choose from Multiple Programming Languages
• You can customize the IDE based on your preferences. By use of "My
Profile settings". With these settings you can set the IDE screen the way
you want, the way the keyboard behaves and you can also filter the help
files based on the language of your choice.
• The IDE comes with a built-in browser that helps you navigate the Internet
without launching another browser app.
What are the developing options in VS.NET? And

what project templates are there?
Upon starting developing applications with Visual Studio .NET, Its possible to
develop applications based on your choice. Here is a rundown of the different
types of applications that can be developed using a vanilla install of VS.NET.
Opening a new project:
The following are the different options available in VS.NET and what they are
used for.
• Windows Applications: This template allows you to create standard

windows based applications.
• Class Library: Class libraries are those that provide functionality similar
to Active X and DLL's by creating classes that that can be used from other
applications.
• Windows Control Library: This allows the creation of your own windows
controls. These can also be added to the tool box to make it easier if you
wish to use these resources in other projects.
• ASP.NET Web Applications: Create web-based application using IIS. You

can develop Web pages, Rich Web Applications and Web Services.
• ASP.NET Web Service: For developing XML Web Services.
• Web Control Library: Allows you to create User-defined controls for the
Web. Similar to user defined windows controls but these are specifically for
Web usage.
• Console Application: Development of command line based applications.

No GUI needed
• Windows Service: Windows Services are background programs that run

without promp. An example would eb an SMTP server.
• Other: This template is to develop other kinds of applications such as

enterprise applications, database applications etc.
How do I change the icon of my application?

Right click the startup project node in the solution explorer window and select the
properties option. It will show the property pages for the project. You can change
the application icon from Common Properties -> General -> Application Icon.
Note that this is the icon for the application that will be attached with its
executable file and shortcuts to it. To change the icon of the individual forms of
your application, select the icon by editing the icon property of your form.
How do I make folders in the project?

To create a folder into a project, right click the target project node in the solution
explorer and select ‘Add Folder…’ option. This will add a new folder to the project,
specify the name of the folder and press Enter. The folders inside a project help
you manage and separate source files for different purpose in the same project.
For example, you may divide the windows form project to three folders;
• first (Forms) containing user interface forms

• second (Constants) containing constant values (enumerations and error
codes) to be used in the project
• third (StorageAccessor) containing classes for the database handling.
How do I add a new or existing file to a project or to a

project folder?
To add a file to a project or to a project folder, right click its node in the solution
explorer and select either ‘Add New Item…’ or ‘Add Existing Item…’ option. This
will show you a user interface screen that allows you to add various kinds of
items like report, icon, class file, windows form, etc. Select the appropriate item
from here.
How do I add a new or existing project to a solution?

To add a project to a solution, right click the solution node inside the solution
explorer and select the ‘Add Project…’ or ‘Add existing project’ option. It will show
you a user interface screen where you can browse for the target project. This will
add a new project node in the solution tree.
What is C#?
C# (pronounced C-Sharp) is a new programming language introduced with the
Microsoft .NET framework and is no doubt the language of choice in .NET
environment. It was first created in the late 1990's as part of Microsoft’s whole
.NET strategy. It is a whole new language free of backward compatibility curse
and a whole bunch of new, exciting and promising features. It is an Object
Oriented Programming language, which at its core, has similarities with Java,
C++ and VB.
In fact, C# combines the power & efficiency of C++, simple & clean OO design of
Java, and code simplification of Visual Basic. Like Java, C# also does not allow
multiple inheritance and use of pointers (in safe and managed code) while it does
provide garbage memory collection at runtime, type and memory access
checking. But, contrary to java, C# keeps the different useful concepts of C++
like operator overloading, enumerations, pre-processor directives, pointers (in
unmanaged and un-safe code), function pointers (in the form of delegates), also
promises to have template support (with the name of generics) in next versions.
Like VB it also supports the concepts of properties (context sensitive accessor to
fields).
In addition to this, C# comes up with some new/exciting features like reflections,

attributes, marshalling, remoting, threads, streams, data access with ADO.NET,
etc. C# programming language is designed from the scratch keeping in mind the
Microsoft.Net environment. MS.Net (and thus C#) programs runs on top of the
Common Language Runtime (CLR), which provides the runtime support to them.
Sample C# Application
Using System
Class Sample
{
public static void main()
{
Console.WriteLine (“Hello World”)
}
}
What are Jagged Arrays in C#?

A special type of array is introduced in C#. A Jagged Array is an array of an
array in which the length of each array index can differ.
Example: A Jagged Array can be used is to create a table in which the lengths of
the rows are not same. This Array is declared using square brackets ( [ ] ) to
indicate each dimension.
The following code demonstrates the creation of a two-dimensional jagged array.
Class Jagged
{
{
int [][] jagged=new int [3][];
int I;
‘Storing values in first array
for (I=0;I<4;I++)
jagged[0][I]=I;
‘Storing values in second array
for( I=0;I<3;I++)
jagged[1][I]=I;
‘Storing values in third array
for(I=0;I<5;I++)
jagged[2][I]=I;
‘Displaying values from first array
for (I=0;I<4;I++)
‘Displaying values from second array
for (I=0;I<3;I++)
‘Displaying values from third array
for(I=0;I<5;I++)
}
Run the code to see the output.
What is the difference between "Value Types" and

"Reference Types"?
Many programming languages provide built-in data types such as integers and
floating-point numbers. These are copied when they are passed in to arguments
i.e. they are passed "By Value". In .NET terms, these are called Value Types".
The RunTime supports two kinds of Value Types:
1 Built-in value types
The .NET Framework defines built-in value types such as System.Int32 and
System.Boolean which correspond and are identical to primitive data types used
in programming languages.
2 User-defined value types
The language you are using will provide functionality to define your own Value
Types. These user defined Types derive from System.ValueType. If you want to
define a Type representing a value that is a complex number (two floating-point
numbers), you might choose to define it as a value type. Why? Because you can
pass the Value Type efficiently "By Value". If the Type you are defining could be
more efficiently passed "By Reference", you should define it as a class instead.
Variables of Reference Types are referred to as objects. These store references to
the actual data.
The following are the Reference Types:
• class
• interface
• delegate
This following are the "built-in" Reference Types:
• object
• string
VB.NET Frequenly Asked Questions
What is the difference between VB6 and VB.NET

There are quite a few differences in VB6 and VB.NET. We will highlight some of
these here in points:
• The greatest change in VB6 and VB.NET is of runtime environment. VB6

used the VB-Runtime while VB.NET uses the .Net Common Language
Runtime (.Net CLR). The CLR is much better designed and implemented
than VB-Runtime. The CLR uses better code translation through Just in
Time compiler while VB-Runtime interprets the code. The CLR Garbage
Collector is also more efficient than VB6 one as it may detect cyclic
references too.
• VB6 was interpreter based language while VB.NET is a compiled language
• VB6 was not a type-safe language while VB.NET is a type safe language.
There is no variant type in VB.NET and no magical type conversions
happen in VB.NET
• VB6 used ‘On Error Goto’ syntax to handle exceptions at runtime. VB.NET
uses the Try…Catch…Finally syntax to handle exceptions at runtime.
• A lot of code (like user interface code) in VB6 was hidden from developer.
In VB.NET no code is hidden from developer and you can access and
control each part of your application
• VB.NET has much enhanced object oriented support than VB6
• VB6 does not allow developing the multithreaded applications. In VB.NET

you can create multithreaded applications.
• VB6 was only considered good for desktop windows application. In VB.NET
you can also develop web applications, distributed applications, create
.NET windows and web controls and components, write windows and web
services.
• In VB.NET, you can also use reflections to read the meta-data of types and
using reflection emit you can also generate code to define and invoke
types at runtime.
• VB.NET uses .NET framework class library along with specialized VB library
(System.VisualBasic) as a standard library. As a result, the standard
library for VB.NET is much enhanced and useful compared to VB6 standard
library
• VB.NET is platform independent because of .Net framework. Programs

written in VB.NET can run on any platform where .Net framework is
present. The platform include both hardware and software (operating
system) platforms.
• VB.NET also supports language interoperability with various .NET
compliant languages. This means that you can use and enhance the code
written in other .NET compliant languages. Similarly the code written in
VB.NET can also be used and enhanced by other .NET compliant
languages. Although VB6 also provided this functionality through COM but
it was limited and difficult to use and manage. VB.Net makes it easier
because of the presence of Intermediate Language (IL) and Common
Language Specification (CLS) of the .NET architecture.
• VB6 uses COM (Component Object Model) as component architecture.

VB.NET uses assemblies as its component architecture. The Assemblies
architecture has removed a lot of problems with COM including DLL-Hell
and versioning problem.
• Components created in VB6 (COM) need to make and update registry

entries. VB.NET does not require any registry entry making the
deployment easier
• VB6 used ASP to build web applications. VB.NET uses ASP.NET to build
web applications.
• VB6 used ADODB and record-sets to implement data access applications.

VB.NET uses ADO.NET and datasets to build data access applications. The
ADO.NET also supports the disconnected data access.
What are Console Applications in VB.NET?

Console Applications have only recently been introduced in VB (Excluding VB for
DOS). They are command line based and run in within a DOS Shell (DOS
Window). Unlike Windows Applications, Console Applications do not support
Windows GUI's. Which means that you can't work with controls from the toolbox.
To work with Console Applications select File->New->Project and in selected

"Console Application" from the template under Visual Basic or Visual C#.
Example (Sample.vb) of a Console Application.
Module Module 1
Sub Main ()
System.Console.WriteLine ("Hello World”)
End Sub
End Module
Run the program by pressing "F5" on the keyboard or by selecting Debug->Start.
The output of the program is “Hello World”.
Compilation of the program using the Visual Studio .NET Command Prompt is also
possible. To compile the program using that type "vbc sample.vb" at the
command prompt.
What are namespaces and what is the importance
of them?
A namespace is a collection of different classes which are built into .NET. This
very much like packages in Java. You need to import these namespaces to work
with any .NET language. All the functionality of .NET is within these
namespaces. The main namespace is the System namespace and all other
namespaces are built into this System namespace.
Some of these namespaces and what they are used for are summarized below.
• System: Includes essential classes and base classes that define commonly
used Data Types, events, interfaces, attributes etc.
• System.Data: Includes classes that make up ADO.NET and allows to build
data-handling components.
• System.Drawing: Provides access to graphics that gives access to
drawing methods.
• System.IO: Provides access to writing data streams and Files.
• System.Net: Provides interface to many protocols used on the Internet.
• System.Security: Includes classes to support the security system.
• System.Threading: Includes classes that support threading.
• System.Web.Services: Includes classes for creating and using Web
Services.
• System.Windows.Forms.: Includes classes for creating windows based
applications.
What is the importance of the Option statement?

The Option statement is used to prevent syntax and logical errors in code. The
possible suffixes of this statement are:
• Option Explicit: Is the default abd is On. Option Explicit requires

declaration of all variables before they are used.
• Option Compare: This can be set to Binary or Text and it specifies if
stringsp are to be compared using binary or text comparison operations.
• Option Strict: The default is Off. An example: If value of one data type is
assigned to another then Visual Basic will consider that as an error. If you
want to assign a value of one Type to another then you should set it to On
and use the conversion functions.
Example using the Option Statement.
The following code does not perform any special function but will show where to
place an Option statement.
Option Strict Off

Imports System
Module Module 1
Sub Main ()
Console.WriteLine (“Using Option”)
End Sub
End Module
What are attributes in Visual Basic .NET?
Attributes are items that hold information about items we are using in VB.NET.
They are used when VB.NET needs to know more than what standard syntax can
specified. Attributes are enclosed in angle brackets<>.
Example: To call a Windows API functions you have to include a dynamic link
library (DLL) reference that the function you are calling resides in. This is done
using the DLLImport attribute as follows:
Public Shared Function<DllImport""user32.dll")>MessageBox(Byval..)
You can also use an attribute like <Attribute> or pass it's value to a parameter as
you can do with procedures like <Attribute("hello")>.
What are Enumerations in VB.NET and how are they

used?
Enumerations are new in VB.Net (As apposed to VB(i)) and they are used to
group related sets of constants. To create a Enumeration you use the Enum
statement. Example using a Enumeration
Module Module 1
Enum Months
January=1
Feburary=2
March=3
April=4
May=5
June=6
July=7
August=8
September=9
October=10
November=11
December=12
End Enum
Sub Main()
System.Console.WriteLine(“December is “ & Months.December &” th Month”)
End Sub
End Module
When using constant's declared in an Enumeration, you need to refer to it like

so:
Months.December.
The output of the above code displays December is the 12th Month.
How do I convert text from lower case to upper
case in VB.NET?
The following code shows how text can be converted from lower case to upper.
Module Module1
Sub Main ()
Dim str1 as String=”Welcome to String”
Dim str2 as String
Str2=UCase(str1)
Or
Str2=Str1.ToUpper
System.Console.WriteLine(str2)
End Sub
How do I handle Math functions in VB.NET?

Higher Mathematical functions in VB.NET are in the methods of the System.Math
namespace. Calculation of a hyperbolic cosecant value and so on is possible by
using the methods in this namespace.
Example using a Math Function
Imports System.Math
Module Module1
Sub Main()
System.Console.WiteLine(“Pi = “ & 4 * Atan())
End Sub
End Module
How do I handle Date and Time in VB.NET?

Working with Dates is one to think about. Especially if your data needs to be
spread accross timezones Also there are different date formats to take in to
consideration. VB.NET Has some good Date() Functions, one of which is
demonstrated below:
Example
Imports System.Math
Module Module1
Sub Main ()
Dim Dts as Date
Dts = # 10/15/2001
System.Console.WriteLine(“New Date: & DateAdd(DateInterval.Month, 22, Dts))
End Sub
End Module
The above code adds 22 months to the date we declared in the Program.
How do I create Procedure Delegates?

Delegates are used to work with the address of procedures. This is much like
pointers in C and C++. Sometimes it's useful to pass the location of a procedure
to other procedures.
Example working with Delegates:
Module Module1
Delegate Sub SubDelegate1(ByVal str as String)
Sub Main()
Dim Mess as SubDelegate1
Mess-AddressOf Display
Mess.Invoke(“Hello from Delegates”)
End Sub
Sub Display(ByVal str as String)
System.Console.WriteLine(StrText)
End Sub
End Module
The above code displays “Hello from Delegates” just like a normal program but it
uses Delegates to do it.
How do I use the InputBox Function?

An InputBox function is much like a ?JavaScript prompt window which allows
the input of text. To work with the InputBox, drag a Command Button and a
TextBox from the Toolbar. Opon clicking the Command Button the InputBox
prompts asks for a name. Once entered, press OK. That text will now be
displayed in the Textbox.
The sample code for the click event

System.EventArgs)_
Dim Show As String
Show = InputBox("Enter your name")
TextBox1.Text = Show
End Sub
How do I write data to a text file in VB.NET?

The following code creates a text file and inserts some text.
Imports System.IO
Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e_
As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
Dim fs as New FileStream("exp.txt",FileMode.Create,FileAccess.Write)
Dim s as new StreamWriter(fs)
s.BaseStream.Seek(0,SeekOrigin.End)
s.WriteLine("ProgrammersHeaven has lot of programming goodies")
s.WriteLine(" good resource for most popular programming languages")
s.Close()
End Sub
End Class
What is Anchoring and Docking?
The VB terms Docking and Anchoring are used to make sure that a control
covers the whole client area of a form.
Upon "docking" a window, it adheres to the edges of it's container (the Form). To
"dock" a particular control, select the Dock property of the control from the
properties window.
Selecting the Dock property opens up a small window like structure where you
can select towards which side on the Form should the control be docked.
You can use Anchoring to "anchor" a control to the edges of it’s container (the
Form). Selecting this property in the properties window opens up a small window
from where you can select what edge to "anchor" the control to.
How to get computer name and IP address?

The following code uses the System.NET.DNS namespace to access the
"computer name" and it's IP address.
Option Strict Off

Imports system
Imports System.Net.DNS
Public Class GetIP
Shared Function GetIPAddress() As String
Dim sam As System.Net.IPAddress
Dim sam1 As String
With system.Net.DNS.GetHostByName(system.Net.DNS.GetHostName())
sam = New System.Net.IPAddress(.AddressList(0).Address)
sam1 = sam.ToString
End With
GetIPAddress = sam1
End Function
Shared Sub main()

Dim shostname As String
shostname = system.Net.DNS.GetHostName
console.writeline("Name of the System is = " & shostname)
console.writeline("Your IP address is= " & GetIPAddress)
End Sub
End Class
Compile the file as "vbc getip.vb /r:system.net.dll"
Execute the "getip.exe". The computer's name and IP address will be displayed in
the Console.
How to get the environment information in VB.NET?

The System.Environment namespace includes the functionality to get the
environment information such as the UserName and OS Version.
File name is SystemInfo.vb
Imports System
Class SystemInfo
Shared Sub main()
Console.WriteLine("")
Console.WriteLine("Current User")
Console.WriteLine(Environment.UserName)
Console.WriteLine("Name of the Machine")
Console.WriteLine(Environment.MachineName)
Console.WriteLine("OS version")
Console.WriteLine(Environment.OSVersion)
Console.WriteLine("System Directory")
Console.WriteLine(Environment.SystemDirectory)
Console.WriteLine("TMP Folder")
Console.WriteLine(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("TMP"))
Console.WriteLine("Class Path")
Console.WriteLine(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("ClassPath"
))
Console.readLine()
End Sub
End Class
How do I read and write data to an XML file?

The following code demonstrates how to read and write to an XML file.
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="yes"?>
<Document>
<Customer>
<Name>Sandeep</Name>
<Age>23</Age>
<Occupation>Developer</Occupation>
</Customer>
</Document>
Imports System
Class WriteToXML
Shared Sub main()
Dim dset As New System.Data.DataSet()
Dim str As String = "Test.xml"
'Load the XML file in the data set
dset.ReadXml("Test.xml")
'Read the XML content on the console
Console.Write(dset.GetXml)
'Getting data from the user to be saved into the XML file
Console.Write("Enter Name : ")
Dim name, age, occupation As String
name = Console.ReadLine
Console.Write("Enter Age : ")
age = Console.ReadLine
Console.Write("Enter Occupation : ")
occupation = Console.ReadLine
Console.Write(name & age & occupation)
Dim v(1) As String
v(0) = fname
v(1) = age
v(2)=occupation
dset.Tables(0).Rows.Add(v)
dset.WriteXml("Test.xml")
Console.Write(dset.GetXml)
End
When you run this code, the data from the XML file will be displayed. Also the
data you enter will be updated into the XML file.
How to work with an interface in VB.NET?

The following code demonstrates the ability to work with an interface. An
interface defines a method's name and not it's contents.
Imports System
Imports Microsoft.VisualBasic
Public Interface NewInt
Sub Mysub()
Function MyFun() As String
End Interface
Class myclass Implements MyInt
' Implementing the above defined interface, need to use the keyword
implements to use the interface
Shared Sub Main()
Dim mc As New myclass()
mc.Mysub()
End Sub
Sub Mysub() Implements NewInt.Mysub
MsgBox("Hello from INterfaces")
End Sub
Function MyFun() As String Implements NewInt.MyFun
dim str as string
str="hello matey"
return (str)
End Function
End Class
How to convert the format of images in VB.NET?

To convert the format of an image you need to use the System.Drawing
namespace. Using this code you can convert to a variety of graphic file formats,
such as GIF or JPG.
The following example converts a user prompted Bitmap image file into .Gif
format.
File ImageConverter.vb
Imports System
Class ConvertImages
Shared Sub main()
Dim str As String
Console.Write("Path of the Image File to Convert :")
str = Console.ReadLine()
'Initialize the bitmap object by supplying the image file path
Dim bmp As New Bitmap(str)
bmp.Save(str + ".gif", System.Drawing.Imaging.ImageFormat.Gif)
Console.Write("Image Sucessfully Converted to " & str & ".gif")
End Sub
End Class
What is the concept of destructors in VB.NET?

Destructors are used to de-allocate resources i.e. to clean up after an object is
no longer available.
Finalize is the destructor which is normally used. Finalize is called automatically

when the .NET runtime determines that the object is no longer being used. Using
the Finalize method in code looks like this:
Dim obj1 as new Class1 ()
End Class
Public Class Dest
Protected overrides Sub Finalize()
‘ calling the Finalize method
End Sub
End Class
How do I get Version Information From The

AssemblyInfo File?
To get version information at Runtime in VB .NET, use the following code:
Function Version() As String With _
System.Diagnostics.FileVersionInfo.GetVersionInfo(System.Reflection.Assembly
.GetExecutingAssembly.Location)
Return .FileMajorPart & "." & .FileMinorPart & "." & .FileBuildPart & "." &
.FilePrivatePart
End With
End Function
Function Display() As String
With
System.Diagnostics.FileVersionInfo.GetVersionInfo(System.Reflection.Assembly
.GetExecutingAssembly.Location)
Return .Comments
End With
End Function
Upon running the version information of the Assembly file is displayed.
What is managed code and managed data?

Managed code is the code that is written to target the services of the Common
Language Runtime (CLR). In order to target these services, the code must
provide a minimum level of information to the runtime. All of the C#, Visual Basic
.NET and J# .NET code is managed by default.
Closely related to managed code is managed data. This is the data that is
allocated and de-allocated by the Common Language Runtime's garbage
collector. As said earlier C#, Visual Basic, and J#.NET data is managed by
default. C++ data can, however, be marked as unmanaged through the use of
special keywords. Visual Studio .NET C++ data is unmanaged by default (even
when using the /CLR switch), but when using Managed Extensions for C++, a
class can be marked as managed by using the __gc keyword.
As the name suggests this means that the memory used for instances of the class
is managed by the garbage collector. In addition the class becomes a full
participating member of the .NET Framework with the benefits and restrictions
that it brings. An example of a benefit is proper interoperability with classes
written in other languages (for example, a managed C++ class can inherit from a
Visual Basic class).
An example of a restriction is that a managed class can only inherit from one
base class.
What is an Assembly?
An Assembly is the building block of a VB.NET application. An Assembly is a
complied and versioned collection of code and metadata. Once complete forms an
"atomic" functional unit.
Assemblies come in the form of a Dynamic Link Library (DLL) file or Executable
an program file(EXE). They differ as they contain information found in a type
libraries. All the .NET programs are constructed from these Assemblies.
Assemblies are made of two parts. Firstly, the manifest which is similar to a
Table Of Contents(TOC). This holds the name and version of the assembly.
Secondly, the modules which are internal files of Intermediate Language (IL)
code which are ready to run.
When programming, developers don't directly deal with assemblies as the CLR
and the .NET framework takes care of that behind the scenes.
An assembly includes:
• Information for each public class or type used in the assembly

• Information on all public methods in each class. For instance, the method
name and return values (if any)
• Information on every public parameter for each method, such as the
parameter's name and type
• Information on public enumerations including names and values
• Information on the assembly version (each assembly has a specific version
number)
• Intermediate Language code to execute
• Required resources such as pictures, assembly metadata
How do I find the path from where the application is

running?
To learn the path of your running application, do the following. Drag a Textbox
and a Command Vbutton from the ToolBar and use the following code.
#Region " Windows Form Designer generated code "
#End Region
Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object,
ByVal e As System.EventArgs)
TextBox1.Text = Application.ExecutablePath
End Sub
End Class
How do I get the screen resolution of my working

area?
To get the screen resolution of your current working area use the
System.Windows.Forms.Screen.PrimaryScreen.Bounds property
How can I run a .EXE from a VB.NET application?

To run a .EXE file from a VB.NET application you need to import the
System.Diagnostics namespace. The following sample shows how to run
Notepad from a VB.NET application.
Imports System
Imports System.Diagnostics
Dim program As New Process()

program.StartInfo.FileName = "Notepad.exe"
program.StartInfo.Arguments = " "
program.Start()
What is Try- Catch –Finally Exception Handling?

Exceptions are Runtime errors that occur when an unexpected process causes the
program to abort. Such kind of situations can be kept at bay using Exception
Handling. By looking for potential problems in the code / entity life cycle, we can
handle most of the errors that may encountered. As a result the application to
continue to run without being dogged by errors. VB.NET supports Structured
exception handling by using Try...Catch...Finally
The following code sample demonstrates how to use Try-Catch-Finally

exception handling.
Module Module1
Sub Main()
Dim a=0, b=1, c As Integer
Try
c=b / a
'the above line throws an exception
System.Console.WriteLine("C is " & c)
Catch e As Exception
System.Console.WriteLine(e)
'catching the exception
End Try
System.Console.Read()
End Sub
End Module
The output of the above code displays a message stating the exception. The
reason for the exception is because any number divided by zero is infinity.
How do I convert one DataType to other using the

CType Function?
The CType is pretty generic conversion Function.
The example below demonstrates using a CType Function to convert a Double

value to an Integer value.
Module Module1
Sub Main()
Dim d As Double
d = 132.31223
Dim i As Integer
i = CType(d, i)
'two arguments, type we are converting from, to type desired
System.Console.Write("Integer value is" & i)
End Sub
End Module

Dot NET Concepts Prakash

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What is Microsoft.NET platform?

What is the VB.NET and C# language comparisons?

What is the difference between Console, Windows,

What is meant by language interoperability and

In Microsoft.Net, the code written in any programming language is compiled to

What is a .Net Assembly?

What are the differences between a .NET Assembly, a

What is the difference between an executable

What does one need to build or execute .NET

What does it mean by managed code?

What is meant by un-safe code?

• Un-safe code is different from un-managed as it is still managed by the

What is the difference between Unmanaged and

What about the MS.NET standardization?

Microsoft submitted the specifications to ECMA, which in turn fast-tracked them

What about the implementation of .NET other than

What is the difference between traditional

What are the basic components of .NET platform?

Common Language Runtime (CLR):

Just In Time Compilers (JITers)

Framework Class Library (FCL)

Common Language Specification (CLS)

Common Type System (CTS)

Garbage Collector (GC)

What is the software development and execution flow

At runtime, the .NET assembly (compiled IL code) is translated to native machine

How is MS.NET compared with Java based platforms

Why should one use MS.NET for software

What are the shortcomings of MS.NET platform?

How true it is that .NET and Java programs are quite

What are XML Doc comments (comments start with

Using COM components in .NET and How to add a

What is .NET Framework and what are CLR, CTS and

What is MSIL / IL? What is JIT (Just In Time)?

Before Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) can be executed it, must be

What is Code Access Security (CAS)? How does CAS

What is Active Directory? What namespace should I

1) Log on once to work with diverse directories. The DirectoryEntry component

2) Use of an Application-Programming Interface (API) to perform tasks on

5) Integrate directory information with databases such as ?SQL Server. The

Name space to be imported when working with Active Directories:

Can I use the Win32 API from a .NET Framework

Here is an example of C# calling the Win32 MessageBox function:

strMessage, String strCaption, uint uiType);

public static void Main()

MessageBox(0, "This is PInvoke in operation!",

How do I send an attachment in an email?

MailAttachment ma=new MailAttachment("c:\sample.txt");

In addition to this, C# comes up with some new/exciting features like reflections,

What are Jagged Arrays in C#?

The following code demonstrates the creation of a two-dimensional jagged array.

‘Storing values in third array

‘Displaying values from first array

‘Displaying values from second array

‘Displaying values from third array

The RunTime supports two kinds of Value Types:

1 Built-in value types

2 User-defined value types

The following are the Reference Types:

This following are the "built-in" Reference Types:

What does it mean by disconnected data access