DAVAO MEDICAL SCHOOL FOUNDATION, INC.

Medical School Drive, Bajada, Davao City

College of Nursing

NURSING RESEARCH I
Norman B. Juruena, DHCM, PhD, RN

Midterm Work Activity #1

Answer Sheet

Name: Jules Philip B. Legarte Score: ____________________________

Year/Section:BSN-III Date & Time: March 25, 2020

INSTRUCTION: Kindly look for a sample research study or thesis output (whether published/unpublished)
with its brief findings or conclusion as well as the rationale of utilization of the following research designs
below. Write your answer on the given answer sheet.

1. Experimental Research Designs as follows:

1.1True Experimental

The Effectiveness of Family Planning Programs

Evaluated with True Experimental Designs

Sixteen studies that used true experimental designs were identified.23-38 Table 1 shows, for each study,
(1) the country in which it was conducted, (2) the year of the evaluated program, (3) report authors, (4) the type
of program evaluated, (5) the authors' conclusions (in terms of the outcome variables used in this analysis), and
(6) the average effect size for the study. In 13 of the 16 studies, the researchers concluded that program effects
were positive. In 2 studies, the authors concluded that there were no significant program effects,2427 and, in 1
study, only unintended program effects were found.29 Effect sizes could not be calculated for the 2 studies that
did not report the necessary data. Across the 14 studies that provided the necessary information, 51 correlation
coefficients were calculated. These coefficients ranged from -.10 to .53. Effect sizes, which were averaged for
each of the 14 studies, ranged from -.08 to .19. The average r for all 14 studies, obtained by averaging the study
averages, was .08 (SE = .28, P > .05). The average proportion of explained variance, obtained by averaging the
r2 value of each study, was .01; thus, on average, the programs accounted for no more than 1 % (r2 X 100 =
1.00%) of the variation in the outcome variables.

The Effectiveness of Family Planning Programs Evaluated with True Experimental Designs,
The American Journal of Public Health (AJPH) from the American Public Health Association (APHA)
publications. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2020, from
https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.87.4.666

1.2 Pre Experimental

Increased Adherence after Switch From Twice Daily Calcineurin Inhibitor Based Treatment to
Once Daily Modified Released Tacrolimus in Heart Transplantation:
A Pre-experimental Study

The researchers have demonstrated improved adherence of HT patients after switch from a (twice daily)
regimen of a conventional calcineurin inhibitor (TAC or CsA) to a (once daily) delivering of modified release
TAC. Admittedly we used a pre-experimental design with no control group, no randomization, and a limited
sample size. This study nevertheless provided clinical parameters regarding adherence, safety, and tolerability
of the switch, confirming findings that simplification of the dosing regimen results in improved adherence.
Doesch, A. O., Mueller, S., Konstandin, M., Celik, S., Erbel, C., Kristen, A., … Katus, H. A. (2010, December
17). Increased Adherence after Switch From Twice Daily Calcineurin Inhibitor Based Treatment to
Once Daily Modified Released Tacrolimus in Heart Transplantation: A Pre-experimental Study.
Retrieved March 25, 2020, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0041134510014028

1.3 Quasi-Experimental

The Effects of Survey Question Wording on Rape Estimates: Evidence From a Quasi-
Experimental Design

The measurement of rape is among the leading methodological issues in the violence against women field.
Methodological discussion continues to focus on decreasing measurement errors and improving the accuracy of
rape estimates. The current study used a quasi-experimental design to examine the effect of survey question
wording on estimates of completed and attempted rape and verbal threats of rape. Specifically, the study
statistically compares self-reported rape estimates from two nationally representative studies of college
women’s sexual victimization experiences, the National College Women Sexual Victimization study and the
National Violence Against College Women study. Results show significant differences between the two sets of
rape estimates, with National Violence Against College Women study rape estimates ranging from 4.4% to
10.4% lower than the National College Women Sexual Victimization study rape estimates. Implications for
future methodological research are discussed.

Doesch, A. O., Mueller, S., Konstandin, M., Celik, S., Erbel, C., Kristen, A., … Katus, H. A. (2010, December
17). Increased Adherence after Switch From Twice Daily Calcineurin Inhibitor Based Treatment to
Once Daily Modified Released Tacrolimus in Heart Transplantation: A Pre-experimental Study.
Retrieved March 25, 2020, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0041134510014028

2. Non-Experimental Research Designs as follows:

2.1 Correlational

Factors Related to Academic Success among Nursing Students: A DescriptiveCorrelational

Research Study

Background: The current rise in employment is improving forecasts for the future supply of registered nurses;
however sizeable shortages are still projected. With the intention of improving academic success in nursing
students, related factors need to be better understood.

Objectives: The purpose of the correlational study was to describe the relationship between emotional
intelligence, psychological empowerment, resilience, spiritual well-being, and academic success in
undergraduate and graduate nursing students.

Beauvais, A. M., Stewart, J. G., DeNisco, S., & Beauvais, J. E. (2013, December 19). Factors related to
academic success among nursing students: A descriptive correlational research study. Retrieved March
25, 2020, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0260691713004358

2.2
Cultural Factors in Educational Effectiveness:
A Framework for Comparative research

In comparative study, we can investigate not only how people run their schools and education,
but also what they practice and with what results. The research can focus not only on the nomothetic
aspects at the classroom, school, community, and societal levels from a socio-psychological perspective,
but also on the ideographic dimensions developed from anthropology and symbolic interactionism. The
research methods can include not only quantitative approaches describing overt phenomena at a given
 time from an external perspective, but also qualitative approaches exploring the dynamic processes in
classroom, school, community or society from both external and participant views (Cheng 1989). The
research can include a broad class of contextual, organisational and psychological factors that re ect
human interactions, values and beliefs in school, community and society. In this way, the preliminary
framework proposed in this article should be helpful to those interested Downloaded by [University of
Otago] at 20:27 08 January 2015 Cultural Factors 223 in comparative study of cultural factors and
educational effectiveness in both local and international contexts.

Beauvais, A. M., Stewart, J. G., DeNisco, S., & Beauvais, J. E. (2013, December 19). Factors related to
academic success among nursing students: A descriptive correlational research study.
Retrieved March 25, 2020, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0260691713004358

2.3 Descriptive-Normative

The Constructive, Destructive, and Reconstructive

Power of Social Norms

Despite a long tradition of effectiveness in laboratory tests, normative messages have had mixed success
in changing behavior infield contexts, with some studies showing boomerang effects. To test a theoretical
account of this inconsistency, we conducted afield experiment in which normative messages were used to
promote household energy conservation. As predicted, a descriptive normative message detailing average
neighborhood usage produced either desirable energy savings or the undesirable boomerang effect, depending
on whether households were already consuming at a low or high rate. Also as predicted, adding an injunctive
message (conveying social approval or disapproval) eliminated the boomerang effect. The results offer an
explanation for the mixed success of persuasive appeals based on social norms and suggest how such appeals
should be properly crafted.

Beauvais, A. M., Stewart, J. G., DeNisco, S., & Beauvais, J. E. (2013, December 19). Factors related to
academic success among nursing students: A descriptive correlational research study. Retrieved March
25, 2020, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0260691713004358

2.4 Descriptive-Evaluative

The Implementation of National Standards of Education for School Quality Improvement

Facing the 21st Century (Descriptive Evaluative Studies in Various Levels of
Schools in Bengkulu Province of Indonesia)

National Education Standards in Indonesia have been implemented since 2005. More than ten years have not
seen any significant impact on school quality. This study aims to describe the application of national standards
of education in order to improve the quality of schools facing the 21st century. This study uses descriptive
evaluative methods. The research was conducted at various levels of school, both elementary, junior high
school, senior high school, and vocational school in the province of Bengkulu Indonesia. Technique of
collecting data with checklist, interview, observation, and study documentation. Data were analyzed
quantitatively and qualitatively. The results show that the implementation of national standards of education has
a positive contribution to improve the quality of schools. The quality of the school is evident from the increased
value of accreditation, the image of the school increases, the average national exam score increases, and the
increased school performance. Unfortunately, the implementation of the national standard of education can not
be fulfilled by all schools. Thus almost all schools are not ready to face the 21st century are all digital and
millenial. Advice to schools, education offices, local and central government to be more concrete complement
the national standard of education in the immediate future.

International Journal of Current Research in Life Sciences Vol. 07, No. 08, pp.2647-2651, August, 2018,
Rambat Nur Sasongko, Study Program of Master Educational Administration, Faculty of Teacher
Training and Education University of Bengkulu, Jl. WR Supratman Kandang Limun Bengkulu,
Indonesia Received 04th June, 2018; Accepted 27th July, 2018; Published 30th August, 2018