71% of Earth's surface is water

1) Water keeps us alive: > 70% of animals are Water.

2) Water also moderates our climate !

3) Water sculpts the land as well.

4) Removes and dilutes wastes and pollutants.

<0.024% of H20 is available is fresh water.

-> 97% of all water is within oceans.

Lakes are 0.01% !

Southeast U.S. has most water precipitation.

--> 3 pathways of precipitation:

1) Evaporation: Recycled back into atmosphere

2) Groundwater: Infiltrates back into ground and is stored in soil and dirt

-> Aquifiers have long recharge rate.

3) Surface runoff: Runs off into streams, rivers, and lakes.

This runoff goes into watersheds or drainage basins: Land from which the surface
water drains.

The Morro Bay watershed is approximately 48,450 acres.

Two creeks drain into the Bay: Chorro and Los Osos.

We currently withdraw about 34% of the world's reliable runoff of surface water.

U.S. could be using up to 95% by 2025!

Worldwise Use of Water:

1) Irrigation: 70%

2) Industries: 20%

3) Cities and Residences: 10%

-- 80% goes to irrigation in U.S.

To build a car costs up to 400,000 liters or 106,000 gallons of water.

One kilogram of cotton costs 10,500 liters or 2,400 gallons of water.

7 gallons of water = 1 gallon of wine.

500 gallons of water = one pair of jeans.

--------

California produces 80% of world's alomonds, and they consume 10% of state's water.
---------

ENOUGH FRESHWATER:

40% of the woorld does not have access to freshwater.

-> 11% have no regular access too clean water.

-> 67% have to fetch water.

Due to this politics of water, many water wars have occurred:

In 2001, water was released into the Klamath River, and local farmers pprotested
and U.S. Marshalls were called in to prootect headgates.

In 2002, the farmers then got the water and the fish / rivers did noot! 33,000
salmoon and oother fishes died off.

-> From 1925 to 1977, the land eroded down by 30 feet in San Joaqin valley. The
rate accelerated during the drought during 2008 to 2016 (four feet over those
years).

Water options are:

1) Get more water from aquifiers and rivers

2) Move water from "wet" regions to "dry" regions.
3) desalinate ocean water
4)Wastte less water

--> Worldwide: 45,000 dams > 15m.

U.S. has 84,000 dams of all sizes.

World's largest dam and resovoir is China's Three Gorges's dam (1.4 miles long and
400' high). Equivalent to 18 large coal-burning plants, and does floor coontrol.
Reduces transportation costs by 400 miles. Costed 25 billion dollars, flooded
62,000 square acres of farmland, and displaced 1.2 million people (1200 cities,
towns and villges), as well as built over seismatic fault = tremendous ecoological
damage (dolphins).

--------

FERC has approved the removal oof 500 dams, but from 1912 to 2018 579 have been
removed.

------

Remooving salt water is very expensive : costs 1K to 4K per acre / foot. Prduces
salty wastewater. Pumpking kills marine organisms.

2 Methods of getting water frm ocean:

1. Distilllation, heating salt water until it evaporates.

2. Reverse osmosis, force salt water throough a membrane filter.

Santa Barbara's salt water plant coosted 54 million dollars to reactivate, 5.2
million annually, and costs $1,918 acre-foot.

-----
Worldwide we waste 66% water, could be cut to 15%. 65-70% of water is lost through
evaporation, leaks, and other losses.

Las Vegas is great example of water conservation, pop. increased by 20% but water
consumption decreased by 20%.

Bulder Coo. introduced water meters and water coonsumption decreased by 40% per
person.