A Complete Solution To SEE: Unit - 5 Civic Consciousness Lesson: Legislature

A Complete Solution to SEE
Unit -5 Civic consciousness Lesson: Legislature

1. Why is Legislature called the Law making organ of the State? (Law Making Function)
 The basic function of the Legislature is to make laws. It can not only make laws but also amend and
repeal them. The will of the people is expressed through the laws of the country. The bills are moved,
debated and passed by the Legislature that becomes acts after getting the formal assent of the head of the
state. “Ordinance” promulgated by the head of the state having the force of law is adopted by the
legislature in the form of a bill and then it takes the form of a law. Thus, the laws of the country are a
creation of its legislature and for this reason, it is known as the law making organ of the state. Its law
making role can be further highlighted by the fact that in some countries, the legislatures are given the
power to make and amend the supreme law of the country i.e. the Constitution.
2. How does the Legislature exercise control over the executive? (Executive function)
 The Legislature controls the executive in many ways. In a parliamentary form of government, only those
persons can form the ministry who enjoy the confidence of the legislature. They have to resign as soon as
they lose that confidence. Members of the legislature can ask questions and there by expose the misdeeds
of the executive. They can move adjournments motions and cut motions. A vote of no confidence can be
passed by the legislature against the executive. The legislature can set up commissions of inquiry to
examine the working of certain departments of the government. In a parliamentary system, the legislature
may remove the head of the state by adopting a motion of impeachment. Thus, by censuring the conduct
of the executive, the legislature exercises it’s control over executive.
3. Explain the judicial function of Legislature. (Judicial Function)
 The legislature performs the judicial function. It takes the decision to disqualify a person from the
membership of the house on a certain serious charge. The house is the masters of it’s proceedings and as
such it can take action against a person who commits “contempt of the house”. The legislature becomes a
court when it hears and tries cases of impeachment against the president or other high officials. In such
cases, the judgment of the legislature if final and it can’t be challenged in any court. In England, the
House of the Lords is the final court of appeal. In Canada, the Senate hears the Divorce cases. In
Switzerland, the federal assembly has the power to interpret the constitution.
4. Why is Legislature called the “Guardian of the national Treasury”/ how it controls the finance of the
Country? (Financial function)
 The annual statement of the income and expenditure of the government i.e. budget is prepared by the
ministers, but it is passed by the legislature. Though the legislature cannot insert new proposals in the
budget, it can certainly propose cuts and thereby modify some of the provisions of the budget. Without
the approval of the legislature, the government can’t spend even a single paisa. Taxation on new items
cannot be imposed and the existing tax can’t be changed without its approval. Due to its control over
finance, legislature is called the guardian of the national treasury.
5. How is the constitution amendment by the legislature as per our constitution?
 In every democracy the power to amend the constitution rests with the legislature of that country. The
only difference is that in some countries, a similar procedure is adopted as that for the amendment of
ordinary laws. In some other countries, a special procedure is adopted. In our country, the parliament can
amend certain clues of the constitution with a two third majority of both the houses- House of the
representative and National assembly.
 No amendment can be made against the sovereignty, territorial integrity, Independence of Nepal
and sovereignty vested in the people.
 A bill introduction for constitution amendment shall be publicly published for information to the
general public within 30 days of its introduction in the concerned house.
 If the bill is related with the alternation of borders of state, the speaker or chair person of the
concerned house must send that bill to the state assembly for its consent within 30 days after its
introduction and if majority of state assembly members rejects, the bill shall be inoperative.
 A bill which doesn’t require the consent of the state assembly or a bill accepted by a majority of
the state assembly must be passed by at least 2/3rd majority of the total numbers of the then federal
parliament.
6. What is the qualification for the members of Federal parliament of Nepal?
 A person who has the following qualification is qualified to become the member of Federal parliament.
 Being a citizen of Nepal
1 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 Civic Consciousness

 Having completed the age of 25 years for the House of representative and 35 years for the
National assembly
 Not having been convicted of a criminal offense involving moral turpitude
 Not being disqualified by any federal law
 Not holding any office of profit
 No persons may be a member of both houses at the same time.
7. Mention the composition of House of representative and National assembly (Federal
Parliament) of Nepal
 The House of representative shall consists of a total of 275 members as follows:
a) 165 Members to be elected through the First Past the Post electoral system, with one being
elected from each election constituency delimited in the country on the basis of population and
geographical compatibility and specification. Rest 110 members to be elected through the
proportional electoral system where voters vote for political parties, with the whole country being
considered as a single election constituency. The term expires in 5 years.
b) The National assembly which is the permanent house shall consist of 59 members as follows:
56 elected members consisting of at least 3 women, 1dalit and 1 from minorities or with
disabilities from each state by an electoral college composed of members of the state assembly, chair
person and vice chairperson of village bodies, and Mayors and deputy Mayors of the municipalities,
with different weight age of vote. Rest 3 members consisting of at least 1women are appointed by
the president on recommendation of the government of Nepal. The terms of the members of the
National assembly shall be six years.
8. What is meant by bill? How does it become law?
 A bill is a proposed legislation under consideration by a legislature. A bill doesn’t become law until it
is passed by the legislature and approved by the executives. Once a bill has been enacted into law, it is called an
act of the legislature or a statute. For a bill to be passed, it must be agreed to by a majority vote in both the houses.
A bill is sent to parliamentary committee for further investigation before being voted in the parliament. The
procedure for passage of bill is give below-
 A bill may be introduced in any house of the federal parliament except the money bill which shall be
introduced only in the house of the representatives.
 A bill passed by one house of the federal parliament shall be transmitted to the other house as soon
as possible and such bill, if passed by the receiving house, shall be presented to the president for
assent.
 Any bill, except money bill, passed by the house of origin and transmitted to the receiving house
shall be returned with approval or suggestion within 60 days from the date of receipt. If the receiving
house doesn’t return the bill within that period, the house of origin may, by a resolution passed by a
majority of the total number of its existing members, present the bill to the president for assent.
 If any bill, other than a money bill, passed by one house is rejected or passed with amendments by
the other house, the bill shall be returned to the house where it originated.
 If the house of the origin, in considering the bill, which has been rejected or amended by the national
assembly, passes it again as it was or with amendments, by a majority, the bill shall be presented to
the president for assent.
 One who has introduced a bill may with the approval of the house, withdraw the bill.
 A bill which is submitted to the president for assent shall be so submitted by the speaker or
chairperson of the house in which the bill was originated after authentication.
 A bill shall become an act after the president gives assent to it. Within 15 days and both house
should be informed as soon as possible.
9. What is ordinance? What is the provision relating to ordinance as per the constitution of Nepal
2072?
 Ordinance is the temporary laws promulgated by the head of the state on the
recommendation of the council of ministers, for immediate legislative action which can only be
issued when both houses of the parliament aren’t in session.
In Nepal, at any time, except when both the houses of the Federal parliament are in session,
circumstances exist which renders it necessary to take immediate action, the President on the
recommendation of the council of ministers may promulgate an ordinance.

 An ordinance promulgated shall have the same force and effect as an act provided that every such
ordinance shall be tabled at the session of both Houses of the Federal parliament held after the
promulgation.
 If not passed by both houses, it shall be cease to be effective.
 It may be repealed at any time by the president.
 Unless rendered ineffective or repealed, it ceases to be effective at the expiration of 60 days after
the day on which a meeting of both houses is held.
10. Explain the Composition and formation of the state legislature as per the constitution of Nepal
2072.
 The state legislature shall be unicameral, which shall be called the State Assembly. Each state assembly
shall consist of a number of members as follows:
 Members in number that is twice as many as the number of members elected to the House of
Representatives from the concerned state through the First Past the Post electoral system. It is to be
considered 60 % and rest 40% to be elected through the proportional electoral system.
 Election constituency shall be set on the basis of geography and population as provided for in the
federal law.
 The term of the state assembly shall be 5 years but can be extended for a period not exceeding 1 year
in cases where a proclamation or order of a state emergency is in effect.
11. What is the provision relating to the vote of confidence and Motion of no confidence as per our
constitution?
 The Prime minister may, whenever he or she considers necessary or appropriate to show that he or she has
confidence from the House of Representatives table a motion to that effect in the house of representative
for the vote of confidence.
 If the political party which the prime minister represents is divided or a political party in coalition
government withdraws its support, the prime minister shall table a motion in the house for a vote of
confidence within 30 days.
 If a motion tabled is not passed by a majority of the total numbers of the house of representative, the
prime minister shall not relieve of his or her office.
 1/4th of the total number of the members of the house of representative may table a motion of no
confidence in writing that the house has no confidence in the prime minister. But it shall not be tabled
until the first two years after the appointment of the prime minister and until one year after the date of
failure of the motion of no confidence once tabled.
 If a motion of no confidence is passed by a majority of the total number of the then members of the
house of representative, the prime minister shall relieve his or her office.
12. What is motion of Impeachment? What is the provision related to it as per our constitution?
 Impeachment is the process by which a legislative body brings an accusation against a person who holds
the high rank government posts. It is a process that is used to charge, try and remove high level public
officials for misconduct. As per our constitution the following provision is made-
1/4th of the total number of the then members of the House of representative may move a motion
of impeachment against the president or vice president on the ground of serious violation of the
constitution and the federal law. It is also moved against the chief justice of Nepal or a judge of supreme
court, member of the judicial council, chief or official of a constitutional body on the ground of his or her
failure to fulfill his or her duties of office because of-
o Serious violation of the constitution and law
o Incompetence or misconduct
o Failure to discharge the duties of office honestly
o Serious violation of the code of conduct
If the motion is passed by at least 2/3rd majority of the house of representative, the concerned person
shall relieve of his or her office. But to pass it against the president and vice president, motion shall be
passed by at least 2/3 rd majority of both the house of representative and the national assembly. There is
an impeachment recommendation committee consisting of 11 members of the House of representative.
13. Differentiate between the Federal Legislature and State Legislature.
 Federal Legislature State Legislature
Consists of House of Representative and the National Unicameral and is called state assembly

Assembly and is bicameral

Consists of 275 members in house of representative 60% members twice as many as the
and 59 in national assembly number Of members elected to the house of
Representative from the concerned state
Though FPTP electoral system and rest 40%
Through the proportional system
Can pass the vote of no confidence to the prime minister Can pass vote of no confidence to the chief
minster
Can enjoy the right to pass motion of Impeachment Can’t enjoy the right to pass the motion of
against president/vice president and other high public Impeachment
officials
President shall summon a session of it. Head of the state shall summon a session of
it.
14. Show in table any four differences between the process of formulation of laws( act) and amendment
of the constitution as per our constitution.

Formulation of law( act) Amendment of constitution
Bill can be introduced in any socio economic and No amendment shall be made in manner
Political matter and if bill is passed, it becomes law prejudicial to the sovereignty, territorial integrity,
independence and sovereignty vested in people.
No need to publicly publish for information to the Must be published for information to the general
General public after its introduction Public within 30 days of its introduction
It must be passed by majority of house It must be passed by 2/3rd of both the houses
President may return the bill with message if needs The president can’t return the amendment bill
reconsideration within 15 days
15. Differentiate between act and Ordinance

Act( Statute) Ordinance
Is promulgated when there is parliamentary Is promulgated when there is no parliamentary
session session
President puts assent and the bills become act It has to be approved by legislature after the
Reassembly of the legislature
Promulgated by the majority of the house Promulgated by the president without voting
process
President cannot repeal it and only legislature It expires after 60 days after the day on which a
Can cancel or modify it meeting of both houses is held if not passed by the
Legislature.
16. Define the parliamentary ruling system. Explain its merits and demerits.
 Parliamentary ruling system of governance in democracy is democracy in which the executive is formed
from the legislature and it becomes responsible to it. The head of the state is different from the head of the
government in this system.
Merits
 There is less chance that a single person becomes autocratic as head of the state and government is
different
 Executive becomes responsible as it can be dissolved anytime by legislature with vote of no confidence
 There is division of power between executive and legislature
 Executive includes the members of legislature which creates shorter process of plans and policies
Demerits
 Chance of political instability as government can change frequently
 There might be over lapping of works between the head of the state and the government
 Head of the government is not directly elected by people but elected among the legislature. So there may
be power politics and influence for winning the post
 It doesn’t follow the exact norm of separation of power

17. Distinguish between the House of representative and the National assembly

House of representative National assembly
It is lower house as lower age (25 years) gets It is upper house as upper age and experience
representation (35 years) gets representation
It is direct house with 275 members. 165 It is indirect house with 59 members. 56
elected through FPTP & 110 through Members from 7 states and 3 appointed by the
proportionate President.
representation
It is temporary house which can change the It is permanent house which has no role in
Government though vote of no confidence Changing the prime minister.
It is popular house It is unpopular house
18. Why is the law formulated by legislature considered more important?

 Legislature is regarded as the mirror of the will of the nation. It is taken as the chief means of the
expression of the popular will. By virtue of being a body of the representatives of the people, it is considered to
be the most important organ of the political system. The law is formulated by the elected and nominated
representatives of the people as per the will and aspiration of the people. So, law will be more people oriented
and inclusive. The members of the parliament can’t move ahead against the will of the citizen. It voices the
desires and anxieties of the mass of the citizens. It protects their liberties against any abuse of power by the
government through different laws and act. The life of the people is bound to be affected by the nature of laws
passed by the legislature.
19. What is the major power and function of the legislature? ( Long Question)
 Of the several organs through which the will of the state is expressed and carried out, the legislature
unquestionably occupies the paramount place. The legislature, most commonly known by the name of the
parliament, is regarded as having the most celebrated place in the political organization. In all states it
exercises a large control over the sources of supply and its power to create public offices and to establish new
services. Thus the legislature is in a sense, the regulator of the administrator. It is taken as the chief means of
the expression of the popular will, or a body of the representative of people that can speak on behalf of the
people.
Some of its major power and functions are given below:
1. Law making Function: The basic function of the Legislature is to make laws. It can not only make
laws but also amend and repeal them. The will of the people is expressed through the laws of the country. The
bills are moved, debated and passed by the Legislature that becomes acts after getting the formal assent of the
head of the state. The laws of the country are a creation of its legislature and for this reason, it is known as the
law making organ of the state. Its law making role can be further highlighted by the fact that in some countries,
the legislatures are given the power to make and amend the supreme law of the country i.e. the Constitution.
2. Financial Function: The annual statement of the income and expenditure of the government i.e. budget
is prepared by the ministers, but it is passed by the legislature. Though the legislature cannot insert new
proposals in the budget, it can certainly propose cuts and thereby modify some of the provisions of the budget.
Without the approval of the legislature, the government can’t spend even a single paisa. Taxation on new items
can’t be imposed and the existing tax can’t be changed without its approval. Due to its control over finance,
legislature is called the guardian of the national treasury.
3. Executive function: In a parliamentary form of government, only those persons can form the ministry
who enjoy the confidence of the legislature. They have to resign as soon as they lose that confidence. Members
of the legislature cab ask questions and there by expose the misdeeds of the executive. They can move
adjournments motions and cut motions. A vote of no confidence can be passed by the legislature against the
executive. The legislature can set up commissions of inquiry to examine the working of certain departments of
the government. In a parliamentary system, the legislature may remove the head of the state by adopting a
motion of impeachment. The budget prepared by the executive is passed by the legislature. Thus, by censuring
the conduct of the executive, the legislature exercises its control over executive.
4. Judicial function: The legislature performs the judicial function. It takes the decision to disqualify a
person from the membership of the house on a certain serious charge. The house is the masters of its
proceedings and as such it can take action against a person who commits “contempt of the house”. The

legislature becomes a court when it hears and tries cases of impeachment against the president or other high
officials. In such cases, the judgment of the legislature if final and it can’t be challenged in any court. In
England, the House of the Lords is the final court of appeal. In Canada, the Senate hears the Divorce cases. In
Switzerland, the federal assembly has the power to interpret the constitution.
5. Constitution amendment function: In every democracy the power to amend the constitution rests with
the legislature of that country. The only difference is that in some countries, a similar procedure is adopted as
that for the amendment of ordinary laws. In some other countries, a special procedure is adopted. In our
country, the parliament can amend certain clues of the constitution with a two third majority of both the
houses- House of the representative and National assembly.
We now come to the form the impression that the functions of a legislature cover many fields. The role of an
organized assembly is to analyze, criticize, and pass or reject the policies or proposals of the government, to
voice the desires and anxieties of the mass of the citizens, to protect their liberties against any abuse of power
by the government, and finally to participate in the process of law making.
20. What is separation of power and check and balance? How is it practiced in Nepal as per the
constitution of Nepal 2072?
 The government is an agency through which will of the state is formulated, expressed and realized.
Government consists of a group of organs with differentiated functions but with a common task and purpose and
their harmonious cooperation is essential to success. The idea of the separation of power given by Montesquieu
signifies that the government should have three organs (Legislature, executive and judiciary) and the powers, rather
functions, of all should be separated from each other. Functions of each independent organ should be separated
from the functions of other if the liberty of an individual is to be saved from the crushing authority of the state.
The functions of the government should be differentiated and performed by different organs consisting of different
bodies of persons so that each department is limited to its respective sphere of activity and not to be able to
encroach upon the independence and jurisdiction of another. The whole idea is based on the maxim that power
should be a check to power. The constitution should be designed in such a way that no organ of government be
made to do things to which it is not obliged or empowered.
Allied with it is the doctrine of checks and balances according to which the three organs of government
should be interlinked with each other in a way that one acts as a check on the other two with the result that a
condition of balance of power is created. One organ of government would act as a check upon other organs of
government. The theory that each of these should share in the powers of the others or exercise a certain control
over their actions is known as the theory of checks and balances. It was introduced by founding father of the
United States James Madison.
Following provision is mentioned in the Constitution of Nepal regarding the Separation of power and checks
and balances:
 Budget prepared by the executive must be passed by the legislature
 Executive is accountable to the parliament. The prime minister can be removed by the vote of no
confidence and the president and vice president by the motion of Impeachment
 Invalidation of an executive order by the courts on the ground of being unconstitutional
 Appointment of the judges by the executives and taking oath in front of the president
 Removal of judges by the process of impeachment on the charge of violation of constitution
 President and vice president elected by the Legislature
 President summons the parliamentary session
 Bill passed by the legislature only becomes law after president puts assent to it.
 The legislature can set up commissions of inquiry to examine the working of certain departments
of the government
 Law made by the legislature is interpreted and enforced by the judiciary.

Unit 5 Civic Consciousness Lesson: Executive
1. What are the qualifications required to be the President of Nepal? When will his/her term expire?
 The term of the office of president shall be five years from the date on which he/she is elected. A person who has
the following qualification shall be qualified to become the president.
 Being qualified to become a member of the federal parliament.
 Having completed the age of 45 years
 Not being disqualified by any law
 A person who has been already elected twice as president shall not become candidate for the third time in the election to
the president.
The office of the president shall become vacant in any of the following circumstances:
 If he/she tenders resignation in writing to the vice- president.
 If a motion of impeachment against him/her is passed under article 101 of the constitution
 If his/her terms expires
 If he/ she dies.
2. Explain the Constitution of council of ministers. How it is formed in Nepal? Or, how the Prime minister or
Government is formed in Nepal?

1. The president shall appoint the leader of a parliamentary party that commands majority in the house of
representative as the Prime minister, and the Council of ministers shall be constituted under his or her chair
2. Person ship.
3. Where no party has clear majority in the house of representative, the president shall appoint as the prime
minister a member of the parliament who can command majority with the support of two or more
parties.
4. If the prime minister couldn’t be appointed from above clause within 30 days after the final results of the
Election, the president will appoint the parliamentary leader of political party which has the highest
number of members in the House of Representatives.
5. The prime minister thus appointed should obtain a vote of confidence from the house of representative no
later than 30 days after the date of such appointment
6. If she/he fails to obtain a vote of confidence, the president shall appoint the prime minister who presents a
ground on which he/she can obtain a vote of confidence.
7. Even if he/she fails to obtain the vote of confidence, the president shall, on recommendation of the prime
minister dissolve the house of representative and appoint a date of election so that the election would be
completed within 6 months.
8. The president shall, on recommendation of the prime minster constitute the council of ministers comprising
a maximum of 25 ministers including the prime minister in accordance with the inclusive principle, from
amongst the members of the federal parliament.
3. Differentiate between the Federal and State executive formation and authorities as per our constitution.

Federal( Central) Executive Provincial(state) executive
Deals with foreign affairs Doesn’t deal with foreign affairs
Is responsible to manage and prepare plans for whole Responsible only to state plans and policies
Country.
Cabinet is headed by the prime minister Cabinet is headed by the chief minister
President is the head of the Federal executive and state Chief of the state is the head of the state
Responsible to the federal Parliament Responsible to state assembly
4. How would you individually help the Government?

 No matter whatever political parties form the government, it is always a unanimous body which can make some
concrete decision. On the basis of such decision, the country can be rules. It should follow a certain system, the system

leads to good governance and the good governance leads to positive transformation of the people and the whole country.
As such there is an important role of the people and an individual to help the government. My support to the government
would be on the following ways:
 I would go among people with positive comments for things done and would react for correction against wrong
activities done by the government.
 Many development works needs public support and participation. To ease and succeed work on time, Public
participation is needed. I would myself participate and encourage my local people to involve in it.
 I would help to implement various social security’s programs introduced by the government.
 I would use different platforms created by the government like online complain, paying taxes, taking part in
election, take care of public property, etc.
5. What do you think should be done to make the executive body more reliable, trusted and estimable?
 Executive body is the most sensitive organs of the government which executes the law. This organ should be
enacting in such a way to maintain its credibility, status and acceptability by following ways.
 The concerned head of the government should be very efficient, visionary and bold enough to appoint only capable
ministers.
 The ministers appointed in certain portfolio must be not only literate but educated ,so that he/she can give logic,
vision and idea among the national and international experts
 The whole body appointed in the cabinet should be fair, moral and not involved in corruption
 The head of the state should be elected by the direct election as it stimulates interest of the people in national affairs.
6. What do you mean by people’s will? Why is it necessary to rule in accordance with the people’s will in
Democracy?
 The will of the people is known as popular will. It includes the will of the majority of the people. However, it
Doesn’t mean all the people have involvement in every action, in all places. It also doesn’t mean that every people rule.
People elect the best possible candidate as their representatives. A party having the majority of people rules. The
representative rule is according to the will of the people rather than its party or followers alone. This is what is known as the
rule of popular will where the confidence of the people will be enjoyed. Democracy means the implementation of their own
rules by their representatives. Thus, it should have popular Will. In the lack of popular will, the rule becomes aristocracy
rather than democracy. It furnishes greater guarantees against the danger of executive abuse and oppression. It gives security
of liberty against the assaults of ambition of faction and of anarchy. It stimulates interests of the people in national affairs &
affords political education to the masses.
7. What is parliamentary government? Write its characteristics.

 A parliamentary form of Executive also known as the British west ministerial model is one that is run by a cabinet or
council of ministers, under the leadership of prime minister, collectively responsible to the legislature.
It works on the principle of concentration of powers, for cabinet is the buckle that binds the executive and the
Legislative departments of state.
 President is the head of the state and he has nominal executive powers and is not responsible to the parliament.
 The leader of the cabinet is also the head of the government.
 The government can be formed and dissolved with certain democratic process. The voice of the majority is
 Considered as a crucial factor to determine the life of the government.
 The executive power is vested to the cabinet. A cabinet of ministers is formed by the prime minister.
8. Explain the functions of Executive in brief.( Long)

 As it’s very nomenclature indicates, the chief function of the executive is to execute laws, orders, rules
Regulations, decrees, and the like for maintaining peace and good government in the country. It also
Covers prevention of the breaches of the law and punishment to the delinquents. It also covers within its fold
Maintenance of foreign regulations, regulations of national finance and rendering a host of social welfare
Services in modern times. Hence, we may enumerate the functions of the executive under these heads:
Internal administration: It is the principal function of the executive. Maintenance of law and order is the foremost function
of the state executive. For this it keeps large bodies of police & military forces. It is the functions of the Executive to appoint
persons for the posts and also to take suitable action against those who violate the terms of the law of the land. The power of
those include:

 Appoint, promote, demote and dismiss public officials

 Issue order organizing and defining their work
 Power to use military force when required to get the work done.
External relations and defense: No state can remain in isolation. Moreover, a state may force encroachment on it’s
Territory from outside. For this sake, the executive has a large army of diplomats, envoys and ambassadors visit foreign
countries and maintain foreign relations. The head of the state accepts credentials of foreign diplomats. He signs
treaties of peace, friendship, co-operation and defense for the protection and promotion of national interests. He also
frames the foreign policy of the state. The head of the state may go to the extent of declaring wars or peace. Territory
conquered from the enemy is governed by the executive until peace is made.
Legislation: The head of the state may promulgate an ordinance that has the force of law which is issued at a time when the
Legislature is not in session. In the parliamentary form of government, the bills are introduced by the ministers, passed by the
Legislature and finally assented to by the head of the state. The head of the state has the power to veto a bill passed by the
Legislature. He/she may either reject a bill, return it for reconsideration and may keep it under his consideration by any length
Of time. President also summons, adjourns or postpones the session of the parliament.
Finance: The executive controls the purse of the nation. It prepares annual statement of the income and expenditure i.e. budget
which is passed in the form of a bill from legislature. Defeat of the budget amounts to a vote of no confidence. It collects tax
and impose new tax too. If need be, it can increase or decrease the tax rate too. It can also borrow loan from other countries and
spend it with the consent of the parliament.
Judicial: The Judicial functions of the executive may be seen in its power to grant reprieve or pardon to the offenders. The
Head of the state has the prerogative of mercy whereby he may commute the sentence given by the highest court of the land.
He may also grant amnesty to the offenders or reduce their sentence by his discretionary power.
A look at these functions and powers of the executive in modern times confirms this impression that the executive has become
the most important organ of the political organizations of a country.
9. How does Executive perform the judiciary function?

 The Judicial functions of the executive may be seen in its power to grant reprieve or pardon to the offenders. The
head of the state has the prerogative of mercy whereby he may commute the sentence given by the highest court of
the land. He may also grant amnesty to the offenders or reduce their sentence by his discretionary power.
10. How does Executive control the purse of the nation? or, Explain the financial function of executive.
The executive controls the purse of the nation. It prepares annual statement of the income and expenditure i.e. budget
Which is passed in the form of a bill from legislature. Defeat of the budget amounts to a vote of no confidence. It collects tax
and imposes new tax too. If need be, it can increase or decrease the tax rate too. It can also borrow loan from other countries
and spend it with the consent of the parliament.
11. How does executive carries out the legislative work?

 The head of the state may promulgate an ordinance that has the force of law which is issued at a time when the
Legislature is not in session. In the parliamentary form of government, the bills are introduced by the ministers, passed by the
Legislature and finally assented to by the head of the state. The head of the state has the power to veto a bill passed by the
Legislature. He/she may either reject a bill, return it for reconsideration and may keep it under his consideration by any length
Of time. President also summons, adjourns or postpones the session of the parliament
12. How does Executive maintain foreign relation? Or, How does it protect our land? Or, defense and military
function.
 No state can remain in isolation. Moreover, a state may force encroachment on its territory from outside. For this
sake, the executive has a large army of diplomats, envoys and ambassadors visit foreign countries and maintain foreign
relations. The head of the state accepts credentials of foreign diplomats. He signs treaties of peace, friendship, co-operation
and defense for the protection and promotion of national interests. He also frames the foreign policy of the state. The head of
the state may go to the extent of declaring wars or peace. Territory conquered from the enemy is governed by the executive
until peace is made.

13. How has the balance of power implemented between executive and legislature as per our constitution?
( Relation between executive and legislature)
 The head of the state may promulgate an ordinance that has the force of law which is issued at a time when the
Legislature is not in session.
 In the parliamentary form of government, the bills are introduced by the ministers, passed by the Legislature and
finally assented to by the head of the state. The head of the state has the power to veto a bill passed by the
Legislature.
 Only those persons can form the ministry who enjoy the confidence of the legislature. They have to resign as
soon as they lose the confidence.
 Members of the legislature can ask questions and there by expose the misdeeds of the executive.
 A vote of no confidence can be passed by the legislature against the executive and can remove the prime
minister.
 The legislature can set up commissions of inquiry to examine the working of certain departments of the
government.
 The legislature may remove the head of the state by adopting a motion of impeachment. The budget prepared by
the executive is passed by the legislature.
14. Name the prime ministers of Nepal after the establishment of republic in the country.
Name of the Prime Ministers Date
Pushpa Kamal Dahal 2065 Sharwan 6
Madhav Kumar Nepal 2066 Jestha 9
Jhalanath Khanal 2067 Magh 20
Baburam Bhattarai 2068 Bhadra 11
Khilaraj Regmi 2069 Chaitra 1
Sushil Koirala 2070 Magh 27
K.p. Sharma oli 2072 Ashoj 24
Pushpa Kamal Dahal 2073 Sharwan 19
Sher Bahadur Deuba 2074 Jestha 23
K.P Sharma oli 2074 Falgun 03
15. Name any ten ministry of Nepal with their minsters.

Office of Prime Minster K.P. Sharma oli
Ministry of Home affairs Ram Bahadur Thapa
Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation Yogesh Bhattarai
Ministry of Defence Ishwor Pokhrel
Ministry of Education, Science and Technology Giriraj Mani Pokharel
Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation Barsaman Pun
Ministry of Federal Affairs and General

Lal Babu Pandit
Administration
Ministry of Finance Yuba Raj Khatiwada
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Pradeep Kumar Gyawali

Ministry of Forests and Environment Shakti Bahadur Basnet
Unit 5 Civic consciousness Lesson: Judiciary

1. What is judiciary? Why is it important to have judiciary?
 Judiciary means the body of those public officials who interpret and enforce the law of the state.
The work of the Judiciary consists in the resolution of compliant, whether between subject and
subject, or between the subject and the state. In every state, the citizens expect justice at the hands of
their administrators who are entrusted with the task of maintaining a good government in the country.
Locke well says, “where law ends, tyranny begins”. The role of the judiciary figures in so as to
enforce the system of law. Adjudication of disputes is unquestionably of most important concern to
the individual citizen. Considering that one of the primary objects for which the state was established
was the creation and protection of individual rights, the necessity of judicial organ is recognized. It
follows that the existence of an independent judiciary is a proof of the existence of a good state. The
importance of judiciary in the political institution is rather profound than prominent. It is needed to
protect the right and liberties of people. We no longer believe in police state and we believe in
welfare state.
2. Explain the powers and functions of the judiciary.
 Judiciary means the body of those public officials who interpret and enforce the law of the state. It is
regarded as the guardian of the rights and freedoms of the people and also of the constitution. The
judiciary is essential not only for maintaining peace and imparting justice, but also for the enjoyment
of fundamental rights.
a. Adjudication: The first and foremost function of the judges is to administer justice. They hear and
decide cases- Civil, criminal, constitutional- in the light of the argument given by the concerned
parties. The courts are regarded as the defenders of the rights and liberties of the people. In countries
having written constitutions, the courts are also entrusted with the power of interpreting the
fundamental law of the land. If a law is passed by the legislature violates the constitution, the law shall
be declared void because the constitution is the highest law of the land and it is the duty of the court to
protect it. Thus judiciary is charged with the duty of upholding the constitution as the supreme law of
the land and thus acting as the “Guardian of the constitution”.
b. Legislation: Though legislation is the work of the legislature, the courts also make laws in a different
way. A different kind of law comes out of the decisions of the courts which is known as “Case law” or
“precedent.” Where a law is silent or ambiguous, or appears to be inconsistent with some other law of
the land, the court decides what the law is and how it should prevail. In this respect they are guided by
the norms of equity and judicial common sense. This is known as Precedent ( Nazir ). Such decisions
become reference for defining new cases of similar nature in future and in long run, a precedent
becomes law. It is called “stare decisis” it means stick with the decision once made. The greater body
of law is unwritten, determined by precedent, and founded on eternal principles of right and mortality.
c. Advisory: The courts have advisory jurisdiction as well. Apart from hearing and settling cases and
then giving judgments, the courts are also entrusted with the job of rendering advice on important
matters of constitutional law. The president or the head of the government may refer a matter of law or
a fact of great public importance to the Supreme Court and ask it to give its advisory opinion on it. The
view of the court in such a matter is not binding but it has a great persuasive value.
d. Judicial review: Chief Justice of USA Marshall in 1803 decided that the courts had the inherit right to
declare the act of the parliament invalid. Thus, from then on the Supreme Court looks in to the
constitutional validity of a legislative measure or executive action and then declares it null and void to
the extent of its being repugnant to the fundamental law of the land. Any law passed by the legislative
if violates the constitution, the law shall be declared void because the constitution is the highest law of
the land and it is the duty of the courts to protect it.
e. Miscellaneous: The courts perform some other functions like exercising control over their employees,
or doing investigations at the behalf of chief justice, or issuing certificate of marriage and citizenship,
etc. The court may punish a person for doing its contempt.

It is true that judiciary performs a number of functions. Of all the functions of the government, the
adjudication is unquestionably the most immediate concern to the individual citizen.
3. Why do you think the Judiciary should remain Independent, Impartial and free from political
pressure?
 The citizens expect impartial and speedy justice from the occupants of the judicial benches. Justice
delayed is justice denied. Of all the functions of the government, the adjudication of disputes is
unquestionably the most immediate concern for any citizen. The protection of the rights of the
individual citizen requires a government based on laws applied by the judges who are independent,
impartial in every way. It is necessary because :
 The Nature of the function to be performed by the state has multiplied and the state has
become the biggest litigant before the courts. We no longer believe in police state but we
believe in welfare state.
 To give decisions against the government and protect the fundamental rights and the
constitution.
 To cross check the balance between an individual and the state, majority and minority,
powerful and weak etc. and hold an even hand for all
 To realize the high purpose for which the Judiciary is established.
By virtue of this, the judges mustn’t lack wisdom, probity and freedom of decision.
4. Enlist some of the factors that make the judiciary Independent, fair and impartial.
 There is no worse torture than the torture of laws. The primary object for which the state was
established was the creation and protection of individual rights. So, it is essential that the judiciary
remains independent ,fair and impartial by the following ways:
 By recruiting the judges on the basis of selection by some autonomous authority like a
public service commission so that only persons of high caliber and integrity may be inducted
into important judicial positions.
 By stopping the nomination of the judges by the chief executive followed by the ratification
of names by the legislature.
 The tenure of the judges should be fairly long. It should neither be for the whole life nor
should be too short. The tenure should be secured.
 The judges should be paid better salaries and allowances. In case, their emoluments are
meager or the perquisites available to them are not attractive, the brilliant person wouldn’t
be attracted and second there will be reduction in the corruption.
 The judges should not be entrusted with executive or administrative duties. The liberty of the
people is in danger when the work of the administration and adjudication is in the same
hands. It should be separated from the control of executive.
 Judges should avoid public contacts so that they may keep themselves immune from public
pressures.
 It is required that judges should not be given any appointment after they retire from service.
Thus, judges shall be selected without regard to their political affiliations, they should be subject to
dismissal by the executive and their compensation shall not be withheld during their term of office.
This will help to create the Independent, impartial and free judiciary.
5. Explain the three tiers (Levels) of court in Nepal.
 There are three levels of court in Nepal.
a. Supreme court
b. High court
c. District court
 There is one supreme court which is also known as the apex court also known as the court of record. It is
the highest court of the country consisting of chief justice and 20 other judges. The Supreme Court shall
have the final authority to interpret this constitution and laws.
 There is one high court in each state of Nepal. So there are 7 high courts in Nepal. The high court shall
have the power to issue necessary and appropriate orders, for the enforcements of fundamental rights
conferred by the constitution or for the enforcement of any other legal right for which no other remedy
has been provided.

 There are 77 district courts in each districts of Nepal. A district court shall have the power to originally
try and settle all cases under its jurisdiction, to try petition under law, institute contempt proceedings and
punish for contempt.
6. What are the qualifications required to be the chief justice of Nepal and the judge of Supreme
Court?
 The president shall appoint the chief justice on the recommendation of the constitutional council who
has the following qualification for 6 years.
The person who has served as the judge of Supreme Court for at least three years.
The president shall appoint the judges of the Supreme Court on the recommendation of the judicial
council having the following qualification:
 Any citizen of Nepal who has obtained a bachelor’s degree in law and served as the chief
judge or a judge of high court for at least 5 years.
 Who has practiced law as a senior advocate for at least 15 years.
 Who is a distinguished jurist constantly working for 15 years in the legal field.
 Who has served in the post of first class post of judicial service for at least 12 years.
7. What are the functions of the supreme court of the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court?
 The functions of the Supreme Court are given below:
 To issue necessary and appropriate orders, provide remedies, enforce right or settle disputes
 To inspect, supervise and gives necessary directives to lower courts.
 To originally try and settle cases, hear appeals, revise cases, hear petitions, review its
judgments or final orders
 Settle appeals from cases originally tried and settled by the high court
 To declare the law made by legislature void if it is inconsistent with the constitution this has
the final authority to interpret the constitution
8. Write down the composition of Judicial Council.
 The composition of Judicial Council is:
 Chief Justice- Chairperson
 Federal minister for law and justice- Member
 Senior most judge of supreme court- Member
 One jurist nominated by the president on the recommendation of prime minister- Member
 A senior advocate with 20 years of experience appointed by president on recommendation of
the Nepal Bar association- Member.
9. Write down the composition of Constitutional Council.
 The composition of constitutional council is:
 The prime Minister- Chairperson
 The chief justice- Member
 The Speaker of the House of Representative- Member
 The Chairperson of the National Assembly- Member
 Leader of the opposition party in the House of Representative- Member
 Deputy Speaker of the House of Representative- Member
While making a recommendation for appointment to the office of the Chief Justice, Minister for law
and justice is included.
10. Why Supreme Court is called the Guardian of the Constitution?
 The courts are regarded as the defenders of the rights and liberties of the people. In countries having
written constitutions, the courts are also entrusted with the power of interpreting the fundamental law
of the land. If a law is passed by the legislature violates the constitution, the law shall be declared
void because the constitution is the highest law of the land and it is the duty of the court to protect it.
Thus judiciary is charged with the duty of upholding the constitution as the supreme law of the land
and thus acting as the “Guardian of the constitution”. It declares the law made by legislature void if it
is inconsistent with the constitution this has the final authority to interpret the constitution.
11. Why Supreme Court is also known as the Court of record or court of appeal?

 The proceedings of the Supreme Court are recorded for perpetual memory and testimony. It keeps
details of every case. A court of record is a trial court or appellate court in which a record of the
proceedings is captured and preserved, for the possibility of appeal. They are admitted to be of
evidentiary value and they are not to be questioned when they are produced before any court.
12. Differentiate between the Civil and criminal Case.

Civil Case Criminal Case
Cases that apply when one person sues another Criminal laws are the rules that apply when
person or an agency. someone commits a crime
E.g. housing case, family case such as divorce or E.g. Assault, robbery, murder, rape, other kinds of
custody, consumer problems such as debt or crimes etc.
bankruptcy etc.
Civil Court judges can order you to pay money or Criminal Court judges can punish you for breaking
a fine, or make decisions about your family or your the law by sending you to jail
home. No need to go to prison.
one person sues (files a case) against another Government files a case against someone for
person because of a dispute or problem between committing a crime. The person accused of
them committing the crime is called the defendant
Both parties can appeal to a higher court Only the defendant can appeal to a higher court.

Unit: 5 Civic Consciousness Lesson: Political Parties
Political Parties consists of a group of citizens more or less organized who act as a political unit and who by the
use of their voting power aim to control the government and carry out their general policies.
 People should be organized in political party

 Aim of political party should be to attain political power
 Political parties should use peaceful means to attain political power
 There should be similarity in principle
Political Parties are formed on the bases of Religion (Muslim League/ ShivSena), on the basis of
economy( Conservative/ Labour), on the basis of race( Nazi Party), on the basis of natural
difference( Extremist/Liberals) etc.
1. Can democratic principles be practiced in the absence of political parties? Justify. Or, Political
Parties are the pillars of democracy. Justify.
 There is an intimate connection between democracy and political parties. It is impossible to
work the democratic machine without the help of political parties. Voice of the people is the
voice of the God. A country can move only as fast as its politics allows. Political parties are
inevitable. No free country has been without them. No one has shown how representative’s
government could be worked out without them. Political parties have a special importance in
democracy.
 During election they put up able and intelligent persons for election and bring
consciousness among the voters, impart them political education and attract them
towards important problems. They distribute political literature to the voters and
publish election manifesto in order to place their performance and policy before the
people
 Each political party tries to defend its rival and condemns its policies so that no voter
should vote in favor of rival party. There is an automatic change in the government
without any bloodshed.
 When the results are declared, each party elects its leaders in the legislature. The party
with clear majority forms the government and which don’t join the government acts as
opposition. Political parties make the working of democracy possible through majority
and minority.
 Opposition parties prevent government from being arbitrary and irresponsible. So they
are known as the invisible government. The government is scrutinized and every
omission and commission of the government is exposed. Whereas, government tries to
change public opinion into public policy.
Since political parties provides a link between government and people, in the absence
of it democracy is not possible.
2. Why do you think Multi Party system is an essential requirement of modern democracy?
 Where there are more than two political parties, there is multi party system, as in India, Nepal,
Italy, France etc. Multi Party system is an essential requirement of modern democracy. The
multi party system is based on rational principles. Individuals have diverse interests and it is

difficult to divide them in to just two parties’ ideologies. The multi party system has greater
elasticity and mobility.
 It gives wider choice before the electorate as people can cast their votes in favor of the
like-minded parties. People get chance to cross examine the policies of different parties
 The chances of cabinet dictatorship are minimized. Coalition governments are formed
in multi party system and the parties in the coalition work by adopting the policy of
compromise. All shares of opinions are reflected in the house.
 Parliament doesn’t become puppet in the hands of the cabinet. The cabinet cannot get
the work done at will by establishing its dictatorship.
 There are many types of ideologies and there is no rigid discipline among the parties. If
a member leaves one party, he can join another party. Because of this freedom of
views, the nation is not divided into two rival groups. It gives adequate representation
to numerous interests of the people.
3. Enumerate the conditions laid down by the Election commission for a party to be registered.
 The conditions laid down by the Election commission for a party to be registered are:
They should register their application along with the statute of the political party and
the election manifesto with the following information:
 The name of the political party and the address of the central office
 Name and address of the members of the central executive
 The description of income source or source to collect the fund for the party activities
4. How the political parties can be formed in Nepal?
 Statute of a political party must be democratic
There must be the provision of election to choose its executive committee members of federal
level and provincial level at least once in 5 years
There should be inclusiveness of women, dalits and underprivileged group of people
The name, objectives, logo and flag of the party must not be against national unity and integrity.
5. Make a list of 6 political Parties of Nepal.
 The 6 political parties of Nepal are:
1.Nepali Congress 2.Nepal communist party 3. Rastriya Prajatantra Party
Nepal 4.Rastriya Janata Party Nepal 5. Sajha Bibek sheel Party 6. Rastriya
Janamorcha Nepal
6. Write down the four characteristics of Multi- Party System.
 The four characteristics of multi-party system are:
i. There is freedom to open political parties
ii. There is the government of majority
iii. Provision of Periodic election
iv. Provision of ruling and opposition party
7. What was the role of political party to stabilize the democracy in Nepal?
 The credit of establishing democracy in Nepal goes to the political parties. The movement for
democracy started during the autocratic rule of Rana regime. Organized effort to over threw
Rana regime was done by establishing the party called “ Nepal Praja Parishad”. Nepali Congress
launched the armed revolution against the Rana regime and democracy of Nepal would have
been impossible without these parties.
Political instability curbed Nepal and the first general election took place in 2015 B.S. and B.P.
Koirala became the first elected prime minister of Nepal. King Mahendra coup the democratic
government and party less Panchyat system was introduced on 22nd Poush 2017 B.S. It was an
autocratic rule with no freedom at all. People’s movement was started by the political parties of
Nepal. Nepali Congress along with unified leftist parties under the leadership of Ganeshman
Singh started the protest. It continued for 49 days. Dozens of people were shot dead. At last, the
king had to announce the end of the party less Panchyat system and multi party democracy was
reinstated. It was without the effort of political parties, reinstating multi-party democracy would
have been impossible.

King Gyanendra not only became an accidental king after the death of King Birendra but also
was unpopular and unloved. He usurped all powers toppling the elected government and started
the direct rule. The major political parties joined together and began mass movement under the
leadership of GP Koirala to reinstate the parliament. Another Party who has been revolting the
rule for 10 years also joined it. 19 days long movement bore fruit and the Parliament was
reinstate by handling the state power and sovereignty over to the people. The 240 years old Shah
dynasty came to an end. The country became Federal Democratic Republic. It was all possible
only by the combined effort of the political parties.
Two different constituent assembly elections were held in 2064 B.S. and 2070 B.S. and the
major political parties reached a historic consensus on finalizing the draft of the new
constitution. A long awaited constitution was promulgated on 3rd Ashoj 2072 B.S. The
foundation of all these achievements was the active role of the political parties to bring freedom
and democracy in the country. In Democracy, the legitimacy of governance emanates from
citizens ballot and people’s right to freedom, equality, social justice etc. are thus guaranteed.
8. What role should political party in Loklantra? (Democracy)? Or, (How the political parties should
increase’s public trust?)
 It is impossible to work the democratic machine without the help of political parties.
Every political party is honor bound to carry out the promises made by it at the times of
elections. But, Nepalese political parties put their deaf ear after winning the elections. They
must know that in a democratic system, the public bound to react and turn out them in the next
election. Most political parties are engaged in corruption. Political parties have the role to unite,
simplify and stabilize the political process of the country. They provide a link between
government and people. So, they should give up the selfish propaganda of parties and work for
the overall national interest. Now Nepal has 2/3rd majority government. Dictatorship of the
ruling party by clear majority should be reduced. Parties should not spread any form of
communal hatred. Opposition political party not only should keep the government vigilant, it
also should prevent it from being arbitrary and irresponsible. Political parties should perform
social welfare functions for eradication of social evils like illiteracy, ignorance, disease, etc. If
the political parties only perform these functions, then only the Loktantra will be flourished in
Nepal.
9. Why political party that jeopardizes the religious and communal unity and fragments the country is
prohibited to open?
 Political that jeopardizes the religious and communal unity and fragments the country are
prohibited to open for the following reasons:
 It may create racial or religious war in the country
 It may hamper racial unity
 There is chance of civil war leading towards chaos
 Even the existence of country might be at risk
10. If you were the chairperson of a political party, what sorts of programs would you present for the
coming election of legislature? Write any four programs.
 If I were the chairperson of a political party, I would present the following programs.
 I would select an appropriate, honest and popular for candidacy
 I would draft an effective election manifesto with clear development and policy and distribute it widely.
 I would strongly instruct the other leaders and cadres to strictly follow the election code of conduct
 I would not give any wrong education to people and won’t give any fake promises just for the sake of
winning the election.

Unit: 5 Civic Consciousness Lesson: Election Process

1. Some terminologies:
a) Electoral System: It is the method of election which has its own rule of casting votes, counting the votes
and giving a final result.
b) First Past the post electoral system: Electoral system in which the one who receives more votes than any
other candidates gets elected. This system is used to elect a single candidate from an election constituency
in which voters cast their votes directly to their preferred candidate.
c) Proportional election system: The whole country is considered a single constituency. The voters cast their
vote to their preferred political party and the percentage of the popular vote won by the party is converted
into seats.
d) Electoral roll: Official list of the names and address of the people in a specific area who are entitled to vote
in an election. It is updated by the election commission every year and includes the name who attain 18
years of age to ascertain the voting right of people who are Nepalese citizens. Final list if published before
75 days of election.
e) Election code of conduct: The set of rules or guidelines issued by the Election Commission during the
election. It should be abided by the candidates, political parties, government, public, employees, media, etc.
f) Polling station or centre: (Voting booth) officially chosen for casting votes during an election. Generally
public places such as school, play ground, etc. are chosen
g) Voter Identity card: Identification card issued by the election commission to all eligible voters. It is
needed for casting vote in the election. It includes the name, address, identity card number, photograph of
voter. It is called biometrics voter identity card.
h) Ballot Box and Paper: Ballot box is a sealed semi transparent box in which voters put completed ballot
papers. Ballot paper is a printed piece of paper containing the names and symbols of the candidates or
political parties contesting the election. Voters stamp/tick for the name or symbol of the candidate or
political party they like most. In Nepal symbol is used as most people are illiterate and name may resemble.
i) Candidate: A candidate is a person who contests in the election. The candidates can either be independent
member or belong to political parties
j) Election officer: Election commission appoints election officers to conduct the election in different election
constituencies. The post gets terminated after the election result is declared.
2. Many Ballot papers in Nepal become invalid as a result of improper stamping. What should be done to
control such invalid vote papers?
 Many ballot papers in Nepal become invalid as a result of improper stamping. It is a must to
control the number of such invalid vote papers to elect the right candidates reflecting people’s
will and aspiration. To control such invalid vote, the following works should be done:
The general public should be trained about the proper way of voting
Election commission should conduct sample election before the actual election takes place
The students and teachers should be mobilized in each community for door to door campaign to
give knowledge about voting
The election symbols should be clear and recognizable
Easy and comfort voting system should be applied in order to control this problem
Related programs should be broadcast from the radio and television before the date of election
Introduce electronic voting and train people to use it.
2. Write down the functions of pooling officer.
 The functions of pooling officer is:
 To conduct the election in a fair manner in the concerned booth

 To make necessary arrangements including security arrangement of booth

 To begin and complete election in scheduled time with legal process
 To submit the ballot box to the concerned authority and if needed count the votes in the
election
 To give decision in any filed cases and other problems.
3. What are the qualifications to be eligible voters in Nepal?

 To be eligible voters in Nepal, the following criteria must be fulfilled.
 He / She must be a Nepali citizen
 He/ she must be above the age of 18
 He/she should have name in the electoral roll
 He/she should be mentally sound
4. What is the age qualification to be a candidate in an election in Nepal
 Post The minimum required age
 President/Vice president 45 years
 Member of federal parliament 25 and 35
 Provincial legislature 25
 Chair Person, Vice Person of rural municipality 21
 Mayor/ Deputy Mayor of Municipality 21
5. What are the advantages of using electronic voting machines instead of using stamping? What
might be the difficulties?
 Electronic voting system or e- voting is the voting that uses electronic means to either aid or
take care of casting and counting votes. The main advantages of it are:
 It saves cost of printing of ballot paper and it has great ecological importance
 Conflict while counting votes is minimized
 Less chance of invalidity of votes
 Voting process and counting is fast
 Proxy votes can be highly checked
 Voters abroad can also use their right to vote easily
Some of the difficulties while implementing are:
 It is not reusable like Ballot box
 Its uneasy to use where there is no electricity
 Chance of damage of electronic machine or technical fault can delay the voting process
 Not suitable for distant remote place
6. What is the need of election code of conduct?
 Model code of conduct for political parties and candidates to conduct election activities in free
and fair manner. It is the rule of election morality.
 To held the election in credible, fair and just manner
 To maintain transparency and accountability of the political parties and organize
involve in the election
 To prohibit violence or incitement and encourage a conducive environment to hold
election peacefully and successfully
 To ensure a peaceful and orderly polling and complete freedom for voters to exercise
their franchise without being subjected to any obstructions
 To stop false manipulation by disseminating correct information to the electorates by
media, national and international organizations etc.
7. What things should be done to hold the election in fair manner?
 A country can’t be truly democratic until its citizens have the opportunity to choose their
representatives through election that are free and fair.
The following things should be done to hold the election in a fair manner
 Political parties and candidates should not spend more amount of then fixed by the
election commission

 Shouldn’t be any violation of election code of conduct, misbehavior or threat to each
other or among the candidates and the political parties.
 Parties and candidates should not made any unnecessary publicity to lure the voters
 There should be provision of observing election by impartial citizen’s group and
independent organizations.
8. What are the basic conditions for Free and Fair election?
 Elections in a democratic system are vital and in order for the elections to be fair. It is important
to examine whether the voters are free to exercise their right to franchise, adequately informed
to do so, and have confidence that the electoral process will accurately reflect their choice. For
that the following criteria should be fulfilled:
 Confidential voting system: The choice the voters make should be kept private both
during and after the election
 Accessibility: All eligible voters, regardless of region, gender, ideology should have
reasonable and equal right to vote
 Independent observation: There should be a provision of observing election by
impartial citizen’s group and independent organizations. Citizens groups can act as a
watch dog.
 Impartiality: If the contesting candidates don’t have the opportunity to carry out
election campaigns freely for popular support, then a fair election can’t be conducted.
9. Many countries have adopted the Right to Reject or None of the Above (NOTA). What is your view
on this?
 Right to reject is a ballot option in some jurisdictions designed to allow the voter to indicate
disapproval of the candidates in a voting system. It gives people power to express discontent. If
citizens are dissatisfied with the background or previous performance of the candidates, they
may opt to reject all the candidates.
 Most of the popularly elected representatives have turned out to be corrupt sooner or
later. It’s good to give people right to reject if they don’t want the candidates. It is also
known as negative voting. Many countries like India, Greece, and Ukraine etc. have
provisions for this.
 It forces the candidates to be really popular and democratic
 It Increases the participation of voters tremendously. It helps further strengthen
democracy
 It makes the legislative more accountable and responsible.
Note: If none of the above receives maximum vote, nothing will happen and the one with
maximum votes will win election like in India. But in right to reject re election will take place if
it receives the maximum vote.
10. Write the difference between the General election and referendum

General election Referendum
Selects members of the legislature at state/Federal Is held to know the majority view about national
or local level issue
It is periodic held at fix interval It is held rare and occasional
The political parties and persons will contest it Direct vote where an entire electorate is asked
either accept or reject a particular issue or
proposals
There must be representation It can be advisory or mandatory
11. What activities are taken during the pre election, during and after the election by the election
conducting bodies? ( Or, describe the election procedure)
 Election commission, election officer and the pooling officer are the three bodies to conduct the
election. All sort of activities take place in the election procedure. They are:
Pre election activity
 Formation of law
 Collection of voter’s list

 Determination of constituency
 Fix of election date
During election
 Election security
 Voter’s education
 Implementation of election code of conduct
 Preparation of polling centre and voting
Post election phase
 Take ballot boxes safely to the district headquarters and count
 Declare the result and publish it
 Resolve the dispute, if any
12. Differentiate between The First Past the Post and Proportional election system

First Past the Post Proportional representation
Direct competition among candidates Competition among political parties
Division into different constituencies on the basis The whole country is considered as single
of geography and population constituency
Principle of inclusiveness is not necessary Inclusiveness representation is the most
No need to submit the close list of candidates to Need to submit the close list of candidates to the
the election commission election commission
13. Why it is necessary to utilize the vote properly? Or, a good citizen must participate in an election.
Justify.
 Voting is not just a right but it is our responsibility too. In democracy, elections are the bigger
opportunity to bring about the change and voting is the procedure of election process. Voting
enables us to choose our leaders of tomorrow. It not only enables us to vote for political parties,
but also helps us to realize the importance of citizenship. Nation’s government working
mechanism is only possible through voting process. Utilizing our vote energizes social
awareness since it empowers political awareness. The citizens can follow the progress of the
political representatives and the legislature. Voting is equally crucial for activating the
democratic process. It is the way to express the opinion of the citizen in a democratic nation.
Our 1 vote may send the wrong person in the parliament and push back the good candidate.
Proving your vote does matter, may be more than you realize
15. What is election manifesto? Prepare a sample of election manifesto.
 The declaration of plans, policies, programs and strategies prepared by the political party to win
the election is known as the election manifesto.

Dear Country men and women,

Namaskar !
It is indeed a privilege to share our thoughts with you our grand vision to move our nation’s socio economic agenda
forward through delivering a strong, prosperous and secure modern republic. Nepal Democratic Party is socialism based
party entrusting in full scale democracy. Public welfare and national development are the primary objectives of this party.
Our plan is to build a strong Nepal by building a stronger economy and modern infrastructure. More diverse and productive
ago based economy is our top priority. Free and compulsory vocational education from primary to University level is the
solemn priority. We will ensure the social grant system to protect, develop and uplift the marginalized community of Nepal
like Raute, Kusunda, etc. The waste of the resources and corruption shall be fought at fronts.
There is and should be no limit to what we and our generation can achieve. It is our time to redirect the socio economic
agenda for ourselves and our successive generation. I do hope you will leave turn no stone unturned to vote for our
nationalist party and make us victorious for prosperous Nepal.
Thank you
Nepal Democratic Party
14. The votes should not be counted but weighted. Justify.

 Votes should not be counted but weighted is the famous quote of great political thinker Taine. In
his opinion, People who are more educated, pay more taxes and are advanced in age, should be
given more vote than those who are younger, illiterate and pay less taxes. More political
thinkers like John Stuart has also considered property and age basis for the grant of more votes.
It is the concept that discrimination should be made on some basis so that some citizens have
more votes compared to others. Some votes should be given a greater weight in the choice of the
representatives because they are wiser and also so more fitted to choose and so that some
people’s opinions should count for more than the other’s in asserting the general will. The prime
example is In 1983 Belgium election, there was a provision of 1 right vote to every citizen
above 25 but 1 more vote right to people of above 35. In Nepal also to elect the members of the
National assembly, votes from the Mayor, Deputy Mayor and state parliament members carry
different weight.
14. What are election constituencies? How are they determined in Nepal?
 In order to hold elections in a particular territory, the whole area is subdivided in a number of
electoral districts which may or may not coincide with the administrative districts of the
country. These electoral districts are known as constituencies. The constituencies may be a
single member or multi member constituency. A constituency where only one candidate is
elected is known as single member constituency and from where more than one representative is
elected is known as multi member constituency.
Constituencies should be distinguished for the recruitment of the representatives acting
according to the will of the people. In Nepal, the Election constituency Delimitation
Commission is created to determine the 165 constituencies for federal parliament and 330
constituencies for the state parliament election. This commission consists of:
 Retired judge of supreme court: Chair Person
 One geographer- Member
 One sociologist or demographer- Member
 One administrative expert or jurist: Member
 Gazette special class officer: Member secretary
Nepal has made population the main basis and geography the second of delineating the
electoral constituencies. But, every district inside the province shall have at least one
constituency.
15. What is First Past the Post system and proportional representation? Enlighten the merits and
demerits of proportional representation.

 a) First past the Post System: It is the electoral system where candidate securing the largest
number of votes is declared elected without considering the percentage of votes he gets. It is
possible that the winner may secure less than 50% of the votes casted. Many people call it
undemocratic as a candidate may be declared the winner without getting a clear majority and
amounts to the victory of a minority over a majority. It is also known as the Majority vote
system or Plurality vote system.
b) Proportional representation: It is an electoral system in which seats are first allocated to

parties based on votes share and then assigned to party affiliated candidates on the parties
electoral list. If n% of the electorate supports a particular party, then roughly n% of seats will be
won by a party. In this system, all votes contribute to the result not just a plurality.
Electoral quota: Total number of valid votes + 1 =Electoral quota

Total number of seats+1
The candidates are grouped according to the label of their political parties. Each party submits
lists of its chosen candidates equal to the number of seats to be filled up or even less than that.
After assigning electoral quota, it is seen as to which party has secured votes in what percentage
and the seats are apportioned between or among them according to the same percentage.
The advantages of Proportional representation are:
 It is the best way to ensure representation of all sections of the people as far as possible
 It gives political education to the masses and a sense of security to those people or
parties that are in minority
 It leads to the recognition of political parties on social and economic considerations
 Profoundly democratic, for it increases the influences of thousands who would
otherwise have no voice in the government
 It makes every vote count. But in plurality elections half or more of the ballots are
usually wasted.
The Disadvantages of Proportional representation are:
 It perpetuates a multi party system with possible undesirable consequences for
a stable and effective government
 It prevents development of disciplined parties and encourages factional groups
and also temporary and frequent party alliances. Eg. In France between 1946
to 1958, the life of the government was an one month average
 It organizes disorder and makes parliamentary government impossible.
 There is no provision of by election if some representative is dead
 Impractical for a big country as large constituencies would impose upon
expenses and labor
16. What are the requirements of election Process?


 Electoral Roll
 Election code of Conduct
 Pooling Station
 Voter Identity card
 Ballot Box and Paper
 Election officer
 Candidates
17. What are the different types of election?

 The different types of election are:
General election: It is the election of federal legislature, state legislature and local bodies which
is held after the end of the set tenure, which is 5 years in Nepal.

Mid-Term election: It is conducted as and when the legislature is dissolved before completing
its fixed tenure
By election: It is conducted to elect a representative of a particular constituency when it falls
vacant because of death, resignation etc.
Referendum: It is an election in which people cast their secret vote to decide on important
national issues. Voters are generally given two options to choose one.
Constituent Assembly election: It is an election held to choose people’s representatives to draft
new constitution for the country.
18. What is single transferable vote and mixed member proportional system?
 Single Transferable vote: Voter has a single vote that is initially allocated to their most preferred
candidate. Votes are totaled and a quota is derived. If their candidate achieves quota, he /she is
elected and any surplus vote is transferred to other candidates in proportion to the voter’s stared
performance. It reduces wasted votes( votes being wasted on losers and surplus votes being
wasted on winners) by transferring them to other candidates.
Mixed Member Proportional System: It is a mixed electoral system in which voters get two
votes. First one is to decide representative for their single seat constituency and other for a
political party. It is first filled by the winners and then by the % of nationwide votes that each
party receives.
19. Make roles to be played by the citizen before, during and after the election.
 All men and women who have attained the age of majority are given the right to vote. Every
individual must be able to decide who are going to be his rulers. Responsible government in a
democracy lives always in the shadow of coming defeat and this makes it eager to satisfy those
whose destinies it is charged.
There are many important roles that can be played by the citizens before, during and after the
election.
Before the election
 To register the name in the electoral roll
 To make sure that the name of all eligible voters of their families and yourself are
correctly included in the electoral roll
 To inform the authority concerned if there is any mistake in the electoral roll regarding
your information
 To inform the authority concerned to exclude the names of ineligible persons from the
electoral roll
 To aware the people in the community to register their name in the electoral roll
During the election

 To vote the right candidate not falling for money and using own intuition
 To inform other about the election and voting procedures, date and venue of the voting
so that less votes will be invalid
 To line up and wait for your turn patiently
 To cast vote without any body’s threat or manipulation
 To help disabled and elderly people in the pooling centre
 To study the election manifesto of the political parties before voting
 To carry out the voters identity card to the pooling centre
 To report the concerned authority regarding any violation of election codes.
After the election

 To wait the result patiently
 To respect the election result and if possible congratulate the winner
 Help to remove posters, pamphlets and banners used in and around your locality
 To respect and support the elected representative to carry out his work even if he may
have been elected not as per your desire

Unit: 5 Civic consciousnesses Lesson: Human Rights
Short questions
1. Difference between Human Rights and Fundamental Rights.
 The differences between the Human Rights and Fundamental Rights are given below:
Human Rights Fundamental Rights
It is Universal phenomena It is granted by the Constitution
It is similar everywhere It differs from country to country
It is law monitor and protect human rights It is country’s constitution monitor and
protects fundamental rights
It is broad based. It includes enumerable It is specific conditions. It includes limited
conditions required for all round prosperity of number of conditions
human beings
It was introduced by the General Assembly of It was first introduced by bill of rights in
the UNO on 10th December 1948 England 1689 in England
2. Fundamental rights are the human rights granted by the constitution. Explain.
Fundamental rights are protected and promoted by the Constitution. Every state is known by the right it
maintains. Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can be his best self.
Fundamental rights must be recognized as sacred and inviolable and fundamental to the state itself. The
object of the state is to enable the people to have full lives and if the fundamental rights are denied, a full
life is not possible. The fundamental rights like right to equality, right to freedom, right to property etc.

are a part of human rights. Every right mentioned in the fundamental rights are derived from the human
rights. When the constitution provisions for human rights for its citizens, they are called fundamental
rights which are mentioned in the constitution and enforceable through law.
3. How does freedom to assemble peacefully guarantee the acquisition of human rights?
 The right to freedom to peaceful assembly is the right to gather publicly or privately and
collectively express, promote, pursue and defend public interests. It is one of the important
human rights we possess. The citizens must be given an opportunity to take part in the affairs of
the state. No democratic government is possible without the active participation and cooperation
of the citizens. Every individual should have the right to resist the unjust actions of the state.
Every civilization is built upon cooperation and coordination. For this they assemble peacefully
without arms. It promotes public discourse and diversity and is the proper tool to achieve
changes in the society. But while doing so people should ordinarily obey the laws of the state
and shouldn’t defy them.
4. What is Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
 The General Assembly of United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
in 1948, December 10th. It was initiated by the US ambassador to the United Nations- Eleanor
Roosevelt. There are 30 articles in the declaration. It articulates fundamental rights and freedom
for all. Motivating by the experiences of preceding world wars, the Universal Declaration was
the first time that countries agreed on comprehensive statement of inalienable human rights. It
declared that human rights are universal-to be enjoyed by all people, no matter who they are or
where they live. It includes Civil and political rights, like the right to life, liberty, free speech
and justice. One drawback is that this is not a treaty, so it doesn’t directly create legal
obligations for countries.
5. What is Eleanor Roosevelt best known for? Write three of her noble works.
 Eleanor Roosevelt, wife of American President Frank D. Roosevelt, was an activist, diplomat
and political figure involved in numerous humanitarian causes throughout her life. She was a
delegate to the United Nations. We know her for her tireless activism for the poor and
oppressed. She became the chair of the UN Human Rights Commission and helped to write the
Universal Declaration of human rights. The following are her noble works:
 She advocated for expanded roles of women in the work place
 She had a major role in drafting and advocating the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights 1948
 She helped to ensure the civil rights of African and Asian Americans and also the
rights of the World War II refugees.
6. What inspiration should Nepalese women get from the life of Eleanor Roosevelt?
 Nepalese women can get the following life lessons from the life of Eleanor:
To stand up for what we believe in and to take a stand- She resigned from her membership
of daughters of American Revolution after the African American singer Marian Anderson was
denied the right to sing at the Constitutional Hall
To be a part of solution rather than the problem- Women were often viewed as second class
citizens and she spoke up against injustice
To use position of power and influence for social change- Through her newspaper columns
and broadcast, she became voice for voiceless. She embraced challenges and used her influence
to bring positive change in the world.
To be bold and play big- She was an orphan at her early age and supported her husband who
had suffered from polio. She used her pain as an impetus to make this world a better place. She
had admirably said-“you must do the things you think you can’t do. Do one thing every day that
scares you.”
7. Describe the activities of Amnesty International. What is the logo and motto of it represent?
 Amnesty International is a nongovernmental organization established in 1961 in England. It is a
global movement of more than 7 million people doing global campaign for a world where
human rights are enjoyed by all. The main activities of Amnesty International are:
 To free all the prisoners of conscience
 Ensure a free and fair trial for all political prisoners
 Abolish the death penalty, torture, inhuman and cruel punishment

 Fight impunity by working to ensure perpetrators of such abuse to the justice
 Opposes abuses by armed political groups and against civilians by the government
 It investigates and exposes abuses of power, people and resources
The motto of Amnesty International says: It is better to light a candle than to curse the
darkness. The barbed wire is representing the darkness (hopelessness) of people putting
away in jail. The candle is representing Amnesty’s International commitment to bring
hope to the political prisoners for their fair treatment and eventual release. You must
light the room if you want to get out of the dark.
8. Describe the activities of Informal Service Center. (INSEC)
 INSEC is a leading human right organizations in Nepal established in 1988 A.D. The main
activities of INSEC are:
 Involving in campaigns, awareness, education creations and awareness programs for
the promotion of all rights for all.
 Monitoring, documentation and dissemination of human rights and advocacy of human
rights
 Has been publishing the Human rights year book since 1992 and operating the human
rights based online portal www.inseconline.org since 2004 A.D.
 Promoting peace and strengthen democracy
 Making people capable of asserting their civil and political rights.
9. Describe the activities of National Human rights commission.
 National Human rights commission was established in 2057 B.S. It is a constitutional organ of
Nepal. The main activities of NHRC are:
 To respect, protect and promote human rights and ensure effective enforcement
 To enquire into and investigate complaints of violations of human rights and make
recommendation for action against the perpetrators
 To coordinate and collaborate with the civil society in order to enhance awareness on
human rights
 To carry out periodic reviews of the relevant laws relating to human rights and make
recommendation to the government of Nepal for necessary improvements to such laws
 To publish the name of the persons or bodies who have failed to observe or implement
directives given by NHRC.
10. Write down any 7 articles of Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
 The seven articles mentioned in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights are:
 All Human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights
 Everyone has the right to education
 Everyone has the right to vote
 Everyone has the right to nationality
 Everyone has the right to marriage and to found a family
 Everyone has the right on social security
 Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
11. What are the major fundamental rights which Nepalese people are getting as Human rights?
(Interrelation of Human rights and fundamental rights)
 Some fundamental rights which Nepalese are getting as Human rights are:
 Right to equality
 Right to social security
 Right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
 Right relating to property
 Right to freedom of religion
 Right to education
 Rights of women
12. What steps have been taken to promote and protect Human Rights in Nepal?
The following steps have been taken to protect and promote Human Rights in Nepal:
 National Human Rights Commission is made a constitutional organ of Nepal
 Several organizations like Informal service sector, pro-public, shanty Samaj, etc are established

 Nepal has consolidated inclusive democratic policy, pluralism, rule of law, social and economic
justice and universally recognized human rights
 Nepal has participated in several Human rights conference, councils and is a signatory country
of several Human Rights declaration
 Several laws like Prison act 1964, the trafficking in person control act 1986, child labor
prohibition and regularization act 2000, crime against state and punishment act 1989 has been
passed by the government to ensure Human rights in the country.
13. Human rights are inherent and indivisible rights. Justify
 Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, gender, race
religion, color or any other status is. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without
discrimination. Human rights are indivisible whether they are political civil or economic rights.
The improvement of one right facilitates the improvement of others. The deprivation of one
right adversely affects the other. They are the inherent rights. By guaranteeing life, liberty,
equality and security human right protects people.
 It reflects the minimum standards necessary for people to live with dignity
 It protects people from slavery, exploitation and human trafficking
 It ensures freedom of expression, speech, assembly and associations
 It discourages tortures, unlawful arrest, detention or exile and restrictions against the
freedom of movement
 It ends the discrimination and unequal protection before the law
14. Human rights are still seriously violated in Nepal. What should be done to check the violation of
human rights here?
 The following things should be done to check the violation of human rights in Nepal:
 Ensuring a country’s national laws and policies reflect their international human rights
commitments
 Strengthening the capacity of human rights defenders and National Human Rights
commissions
 Training justice and security personnel’s on human rights norms and practices
 Providing legal aid to victims of human trafficking or gender based violence to
prosecute their perpetrators
 Supporting truth and reconciliation effort as Nepal has experienced mass atrocities
during a decade insurgency of Maoists
15. What role can an individual play to protect the Human Rights in the country?
The role that can individual must play to protect the Human Rights are:
 Educate everyone around you including the violator
 Identify the human rights and redress procedure if it is violated
 Expose the culprit, publish the encounter and challenge the violation of human rights in the
court
 Protect the rights of other and never violate others
 Participate in local human right activism.

Unit: 5 Civic Consciousness Lesson: Rights of Women and Indigenous Nationalities
Short questions
1. Discuss about the measures of women empowerment.
 The ways to empower women are:
 Education is the most important means of empowering women with the knowledge,
self skill and confidence necessary to participate in development process
 Government should take step to eliminate inequalities between man and women by
through equitable representation
 All practice that discriminate against women including violence must be eliminated by
making them ensuring and realizing their rights
 National mechanisms for the advancement of women should be established
 Enhancing the participatory and leadership role of women in political, civil, economic
and cultural life and development.
2. What are the provisions made in the Constitutions, laws and policy making level to establish the
rights of women in Nepal?
 The provisions made in the constitution , laws and policy making level to establish the rights of
Women in Nepal are:
 National Women commission is made the Constitutional organ in our constitution

 Participation of women in all state structure is ensured on the basis of proportionate
inclusive principle
 Equal rights of women in the affairs of family and property is ensured including
obtaining citizenship certificate from mother’s name
 There is a provision of no discrimination in the use of law on any ground of origin,
religion, color, caste, sex etc.
 Various acts like trafficking in control person act 1986 is enacted including free
education up to secondary level for girls
 Social justice is guaranteed so that socially backward women also can participate in all
state bodies
 Provision of rights to women for safe motherhood and reproductive health
 Provision for special opportunity for women in education, health, employment and
social security on the basis of positive discrimination
3. Who are Indigenous Nationalities? Mention the efforts made by the state to establish the rights of
Indigenous nationalities?
 Indigenous Nationalities means a tribe or community having its own mother tongue or
traditional rites and customs, distinct cultural identity and social structure and written or
unwritten history. The efforts made by the state to establish the rights of Indigenous
Nationalities are:
 Establishment of Indigenous Nationalities Commission as the constitutional organ
 Right to basic education in their own mother tongue and management of curriculum,
teaching materials and text books in mother tongue
 The state has taken the principle of participation for equal access and opportunity in
various state bodies
 Nepal has listed 59 castes as Indigenous Nationalities and classified them on 5
categories to provide them special provisions on the basis of positive discrimination
4. It is right of indigenous nationalities to get basic education in mother tongue. Justify.
 It is the right of indigenous nationalities to get basic education in mother tongue because:
 It makes easy in teaching learning activities of the classroom
 Having a strong mother tongue influence foundation leads to a much better
understanding of the curriculum
 Any skills and concepts gained in the learner’s home language don’t have to be re
taught when they transfer to secondary education
 It connects to the culture, ensures better cognitive development and aids in the learning
of other languages too.
5. Point out the social status of Nepalese women.
 The status of women in terms of education, health, social security, employment is good but not
good enough to foster their overall development.
 Girls living in rural areas continue to face discrimination and violence due to
patriarchal structure of society.
 They lack knowledge, skill and psychological support and economic opportunities
 Girls are told to be submissive and do what their families want
 Early and forced marriage, rape and domestic violence including dowry related death is
a common phenomenon
 Though law has provided but in practical they have no right over parental property and
suffer injustice
 As per 2068 Census, literacy rate of women is 57.4%, average life expectancy is 68
years and only 12.7% (87% male)are engaged in Civil service
 Social and cultural prejudices and civil and political unjust legitimate unequal power
relation between men and women
 Control and distribution of resources and goods in the family is restricted.
6. List out the rights of the indigenous nationalities?
 The Rights of indigenous rights are:
 Right to free and compulsory basic education
 Right to protection and promotion of language, script and civilization

 Right to basic education in mother tongue
 Right to get special discount up to higher education
 Right to have presence in government authorities
 Right to proportional representation
 Right to easy access to natural resources of the local area
Other questions
7. Write a role each to be played by every individual, family society and government in uplifting the
status of women.
8. Participation of women in development activities is vital. Justify
9. Mention briefly the positive achievements brought in women through the women empowerment
policy by the governments
10. Prepare a model of news including the events regarding women violence occurring in our country.
11. For the development of a country, women development is necessary. Justify
Real Status of Women

 Out of 1.3 billion poor in the world, 70% are women
 Out of 27 million refugees in the world, 80% are women
 The participation of women in parliament of Japan and USA is 8% and 17%
 1/5th of women get married in the early age of 15-19 in Nepal
 66% of women endured verbal abuse by men in Nepal
Unit: 5 Civic Consciousness Lesson: Identity of citizen and citizenship
Short questions
1. Differentiate between Citizenship and Nationality.

 The difference between the Citizenship and Nationality are:
Citizenship Nationality
It is an identity provided by the state to its It is the virtue of national feeling
citizens
One gets citizenship for his settlement in a Though away from the country, he possesses
nation his nationality
One can abandon the citizenship as it is One can never abandon the nationality. It is of
temporary in nature permanent type
It is a narrow concept It is a broad concept
It represents the concept of an individual It represents concepts of a group
2. Explain different types of citizenship provided by our country.

 Our Constitution has made a provision to provide three different types of citizenship. They are:
Citizenship by descent (birth)

The following person can get the Citizenship by descent
A person whose father or mother was a citizen of Nepal at his or her both
A child (after he/she becomes adult) whose father and mother have acquired the citizenship of
Nepal by birth before the commencement of constitution of Nepal 2072
Every minor who is found within Nepal whose father and mother are not known will be a citizen
of Nepal until the parents of the child is traced
A person who is born in Nepal from a woman who is a citizenship of Nepal and has resided in
Nepal and whose father is not traced
Naturalized Citizenship
Following persons are provided with naturalized citizenship
A child born from Nepali women who is married to a foreign national even if his father has a
foreign citizenship
A foreign woman who has matrimonial relationship with a citizen of Nepal
A child born from a Nepali woman who is a married to a foreign national. But she should be
permanently residing in Nepal ad shouldn’t have acquired foreign citizenship
Honorary Citizenship
The government of Nepal can grant the honorary Citizenship to those foreign nationals who
have contributed to enhance Nepal’s glory, fame and dignity. Tony Hagan and Sir Edmund
Hillary are provided with such citizenship till now
Non- Resident Nepalese Citizenship
It may be granted to a person who has acquired the citizenship to a foreign country, has resided
in a country other than SAARC member country and his father or mother, grandmother or
grandfather was previously a citizenship of Nepal. Only economic, social and cultural rights
would be enjoyed but no political rights to them.
3. What is citizen? What are the qualities of a citizen?

 A person who legally belongs to a country, possesses the rights and receives protection from
that country is known as a citizen of that country. A citizen has the following qualities:
 Being loyal to the country
 Gets protection from the country
 Can involve in business, join a job etc
 Enjoy political rights like voting or being a candidate in the election
 Can obtain citizenship certificate as per the law of the country
4. Differentiate between citizen and citizenship.

 The differentiate between Citizen and Citizenship is given below:
Citizen Citizenship
A citizen is a person Citizenship is what makes that person a citizen
A person can be a citizen if he/she has Legal status of an individual who is part of a
citizenship regular country
It is an individual material thing It is a relationship thing
5. Differentiate between Citizenship by Decent and Naturalized Citizenship.

 The differences between Citizenship by Decent and Naturalized citizenship are given below:
Citizenship by Decent Naturalized Citizenship
Granted to own citizen’s children Granted to people who are citizen’s of another
country
It is an automatic citizenship It is a derived citizenship
No need to pass any relevant requirements if Need to pass the relevant requirements to
you met the age bar become a citizenship of the country that you
weren’t previously citizen of
Eligible to be in all executive spots including Not eligible to be in all executive post

president and vice president in Nepal including president and vice president in
Nepal
6. Citizenship is the identity of a person in relation to the nation. Justify.

 Citizenship is the identity of the person in relation to the nation. It is a legal status available to
all members of a political community regardless of their religion, race, caste, language, wealth
etc. No person can remain nation less. Citizenship owes allegiance to the state and receives in
return the protection of the state. It gives a status in the eye of law. Legitimate enjoyment of
freedom, property and political rights is provided by the citizenship. Citizenship is essentially a
matter of ensuring that everyone is treated as a full and equal member of the society. It also
implies a sense of responsibility in the citizen to fulfill all his/her obligations to the state.
7. Our constitution provides limited rights and opportunities to the non- resident Nepalese. Should
they be provided political rights as well? Give your opinion.
 The constitution of Nepal ensures an NRN (Non Resident Nepali) with a citizenship with
economical, social and cultural rights. The total number of people living abroad may be more
than 5 million. The procedure to provide NRN citizenship has been tried to encourage them to
move back to Nepal, travel more frequently, work and own property in Nepal. They will invest
here and enhance the business activities of Nepal. It will help Nepal through investment,
knowledge and technology transfer, tourism promotion and several other means. But it has
stripped them from political right which is also a sensible decision. Nepal has never allowed
dual citizenship and won’t.
Unit: 5 Civic Consciousness Constitutional organs
Questions
1. Draw in a table to show the appointment system, qualification, duration of service and formation
method of all the constitutional organs.

Constitutional Appointment Formation qualification Duration
organs procedure method
CIAA( Commission Appointed by president on 1 Chief  Nepali citizen of at 6 years
for the investigation the recommendation of the Commissioner least 45 -65 years
of abuse of authority) Constitutional Council &4  No member of
Commissioner political parties
 High moral
integrity
 Bachelor passed
Auditor General Appointed by the President 1 Auditor  Nepali Citizen of 6 years
on the recommendation of General at least 45-65 years

the Constitutional Council  No member of
political parties
 High moral
integrity
 Bachelor passed
Public Service Appointed by the President 1 chairman & 4  Nepali citizen of at 6 years
Commission on the recommendation of other least 45-65 years
the Constitutional Council commissions  No members of
political parties
 High moral
integrity
 Masters Passed
Election Commission Appointed by the President 1 chairman and  Nepali citizen of at 6 years
on the recommendation of 4 other least 45-65 years
the Constitutional Council commissions  No members of
political parties
 High moral
integrity
 Bachelor passed
Human Rights Appointed by the President 1 chairman and  Nepali citizen of 6 years
Commissions on the recommendation of 4 other at least 45 years
the Constitutional Council commissions but don’t retire at
65
 No members of
political parties
 High Moral
Integrity
 Bachelor passed
National natural Appointed by the President 1 chairman and Nepali citizen of at least 45 6 years
resources and on the recommendation of 4 commissioners No members of political
Financial Constitutional Council parties
Commission High moral integrity
Bachelor passed
2. Draw a table and show the Major functions of all the Constitutional Organs. (How they support
government to operate effective ruling system?)
Constitutional Functions
Organ
Commission for  Conduct investigations of any abuse of authority committed through
the investigation corruption
of abuse of  File a case in the court against the person if found committing corruption
authority(CIAA) under investigation
 Can investigate corruption of people who can be removed by the motion of
impeachment only after they have been removed from the post
Election  Conduct, supervise, direct and control the election of President, vice
Commission president, parliament& local bodies
 Prepare electoral rolls
 Hold a referendum of a matter of national importance
 Settle dispute before the election results are out if a question arises and
case if filed about the qualification of a candidate
Human Rights  Respect, protect and promote human rights

Commissions  Inquires and investigates complaints of Human Rights Violations
 Co ordinates with Civil Society to enhance awareness on Human Rights

 Reviews the existing laws relating to human rights

 Publishes the name of Human Rights Violator
Auditor General  To check the regularity, economy, efficiency and effectiveness of all
accounts of the government offices
 It must be consulted in the matter of appointment of an auditor of a
corporate body whose 50% share is owned by Nepal government.
 It has power to examine any books of accounts and concerned chief of
office should provide all such documents which the Auditor General
demands
 Account should be maintained in the form prescribed by the Auditor
General
Public Service  Conducts examination of suitable candidate to be appointed in Civil

Commission Service
 Conducts written exam of Nepalese Army, Police Armed Force &
corporate bodies
 Gives consolation on appointment and promotion of employees of the
Nepalese Army, police & Corporate bodies
 It renders advice while making departmental action or promotion of any
employee
 It works in the matter concerning the law relating to the conditions of
Service of Civil Service.
National Natural  Recommend ceilings of international loans that the governments can
Resources and burrow
Fiscal  Review the bases for the distribution of revenues between the state and
Commission Federal governments & recommend the revision
 Recommends measures to meet expenditures of all 3 layers of government.
 Determines detailed basis and modality for the distribution of revenues
between the Federal, Local and State governments of Nepal
3. National Natural Resources and Finance Commission is one of the distinguished organs among all
Constitutional organs in the context of Nepal. Justify it.
 The Constitution of Nepal has provisioned the formation of National Natural Resources and
Fiscal Commission as the new Constitutional organ.
Revenue Sharing is one of the major issues in a Federal Country and this Commission performs
major functions such as:
 It determines a detailed basis and design for distributing revenues from the Federal
consolidated fund to State, Local and Federal government
 It prepares a basis to provide the grants to the all level of governments
 It can recommend the measures for maintaining the expenditure to the governments of
Nepal
 It also recommends the ceilings of the loan that the 3 layers of governments can burrow
 It can revise the basis of the allocation of revenues of the Federal and state
governments and recommend the changes.
Its role is the most pivotal for Federalism’s survival and success as it will serve as the fore
setting guidelines for federal fiscal transfer and developing formulas for distributing the natural
resources to each government. Its key role in distribution of equalization of grants can only
make the federalism successful. Conflict over the use of natural resources is common in
federalism between the three layers of government. So, this commission is a must and
distinguished organs among all other organs specially Nepal being a Federal Country.
4. Identify the necessity of Constitutional organs in democratic nations like Nepal.


There are 6 Constitutional organs of the governments as per our Constitution. These are vital to
promote good governance in a developing country like Nepal where rampant corruption and bad
governance have engulfed the whole nation.
 They are formed to assist the smooth functioning of the organs of the government.
CIAA combats corruption, election commission holds fair election, PSC supports the
requirements of civil services etc. They are needed for the crucial functioning of a
democratic polity.
 There is considerable suspicion and mistrust of both the independence and competent
of Judiciary, executive and legislative organs of the state among the people who have
failed to deliver the public service.
 Misconduct in the country’s material and resources centered on bribery, nepotism and
favoritism in the complete absence of transparency, oversight and accountability is a
disease of Nepal. Only organs that are separated or removed from the executive
authority can solve the current crisis.
 The allocations of areas such as election, corruption, human rights, civil recruitment,
etc. can only be possible through creation of organizations which are neutral on politics
and free from executive authority.
5. Give four suggestions to the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority to overcome
the problems of corruption in our country.
 Corruption has swallowed up every layer of the governments’ agencies. It is ultimately the
common people who are at the receiving end due to rampant practice of corruption. Corruption
thrives due to culture of impunity, light punishment if convicted, political patronage and weak
implementation of the laws. The Constitution of Nepal has tasked CIAA with controlling
corruption. However, its success rate is not par with the public expectations. It should do the
following things to be more successful
 Hiring of efficient people with high track record must be done. It is shameful that many officials
of the CIAA themselves are facing the corruption charges.
 Poor investigating methods must be changed so that it won’t lose the cases filed in the court.
CIAA has lost many cases it has filed due to unscientific investigations
 CIAA has allegedly left out big bosses in corruption and filed the case of only few lower post
holding civil servants.
 It should free itself from any kind of political influence and authority
 Multi - million corruption cases of Maoists combatants, Ncell, Nepal Oil Corporation, wide
body of Nepal airlines etc. are all left out despite huge public expectations to have them
investigated. It should find mechanism and courage to investigate such high profile politicians
involved case.
6. How does auditor General support to promote good governance? Clarify.
 In virtually all jurisdictions, the public sector plays a major role in society and effective
governance in them is essential for proper service delivery to the public. Auditor General
promotes good governance in the nation.
 Auditor General helps to maintain fiscal discipline by checking the accuracy and efficiency
of the accounts of public offices promoting good governance
 Assessment of the government expenditure, regularity, economy, financial accountability
and transparency is maintained by the Auditor general which are the pillars of good
governance
 It helps to maximize the output from resource utilization through stopping from
misappropriation and misuse of public resources.
 Additional revenues have been generated to state treasury as mis-utilized money have been
recovered and deposited through Auditor General
There are numerous examples where economy and efficiency has been maintained and
effectiveness has been brought in service delivery to people prompting good governance.
7. Why did the Constitution create National Resources and Fiscal Commission as the
Constitutional Organ?


Nepal has adopted federalism after the promulgation of the new constitution since 2072
B.S. and revenue Sharing is one of the major issues in Federalism. National Resources
and Fiscal Commission determines a detailed basis and design for distributing revenues
from the Federal consolidated fund to State, Local and Federal government. Its role is
the most pivotal for Federalism’s survival and success as it will serve as the fore setting
guidelines for federal fiscal transfer and developing formulas for distributing the
natural resources to each government. Its key role in distribution of equalization of
grants can only make the federalism successful. Conflict over the use of natural
resources is common in federalism between the three layers of government. It prepares
a basis to provide the grants to the all level of government and it can revise the basis of
the allocation of revenues of the Federal and state governments and recommend the
changes. Without this Commission, the whole federalism will be shaken in conflict.
8. Discuss about the dismissal of chief or official of constitutional organs from their post.
 The chief of the Constitutional Organs become vacant in following cases:
 If he/she tenders resignation writing to the president
 If he/she attains the age of 65 years except the chief of National Human
Rights commission
 If a motion of impeachment is passed against him/ her in the parliament by
2/3rd members of the parliament
 If president dismisses him/her from the post under the recommendation of
constitutional council on grounds of his or her inability to hold office and
discharge the functions due to physical and mental illness
 If he/she dies
9. What do you think about the role of CIAA at the present time?
 26 years have elapsed since the established of CIAA as a constitutional body with the sole aim of
controlling corruption and maintain good governance. However the performance of CIAA is not
satisfactory considering the increasing case of corruption these days. At present context, people have
lost faith over CIAA as it is unable to investigate the corruption cases of big political leaders. It is
abused by the political leaders by appointing the members of CIAA through political consensus. A
bench mark for appointment and selection of CIAA chief and Commissioners must be set up. Only
people with proven carrier accomplishment and professional integrity must be selected at CIAA.
There should be no appointment on political patronage to free it from political influence. Some
CIAA employees including the chief and commissioners themselves being engaged in corruption has
tarnished the image of it. Disseminating awareness among general public about border concepts of
corruption is needed. Improving the general moral character of the society is needed. Only CIAA
cannot alone combat the corruption. Close supervision and monitoring of the activities of the
government officers through public hearing is important. Creating a culture of transparency and
accountability demand greater public scrutiny. CIAA has completely failed in this aspect. Free,
independent and impartial CIAA is needed to make our society free from corruption.
10. On what matters does the government consult the Public Service Commission?
 The government consults the Public Service Commission on the following matters:
 Matters concerning the law relating to the conditions of the service of the Federal civil service
 The principles to be followed in making appointments to, promotions to the federal civil service
 Matters concerning the suitability of any candidate for appointment to the federal civil service
position for a period of more than 6 months
 Making appointment and promotion to any position of the Nepal Army, Police and Armed police
force.
Some Other Constitutional Commissions

1. Name seven Commissions enlisted in the part 27 of our constitution.
 The list of seven Commissions enlisted in the article 27 of our Constitution are:
 National Women Commission
 National Dalit Commission
 Tharu Commission

 Muslim Commission
 Madeshi Commission
 National Indigenous Nationalities Commission
 National Inclusion Commission
2. Discuss the need of National Women Commission in the context of Nepal.

 The need of National Women Commission in the context of Nepal is felt for the following reasons:
 Amidst increasing number of violence against women across the country, a commission was
in need to reduce them
 To reduce the cases of sexual abuse, women trafficking and other discriminatory nature
against the women which are ever increasing in Nepal
 To help the government formulate policies and programs in favor of women who are really
oppressive in Nepal
 To have the women included in the mainstream of national development and ensure
proportional participation in all organs of the state
 To promote gender equality and empowerment of women
3. How can the Dalit Commission promote the issues of Dalit in Nepal? Evaluate.
 To promote the issues of Dalit in Nepal, The Dalit Commission has to bear the following
responsibility
 To end discrimination on the basis of caste, remove untouchability and promote
equality
 To help the government for making proper policies for the marginalized community
 To bring the Dalit into main stream politics
 To develop, monitor and evlaute the programs and policies of the government
4. Discuss the importance of Inclusion Commission in Nepal.
 Inclusion Commission will protect the rights and promote the standard of marginalized
people and community by the following ways:
 To protect the rights of marginalized, minority and underprivileged
community in the country
 To study and research the issues of marginalized, minority and
underprivileged community in the country
 To assist the government for designing right programs and policies
 To take government to the right and targeted community and make execution
accurately
5. Discuss the significance of Dalit Commission in the context of Nepal.
 Dalits are those communities who, by virtue of atrocities caste based discrimination and untouchability,
are most backward in socio-economical and political fields. Dalits compromise the poorest community
in Nepal. Dalit comprise of 13.2% of the total population of Nepal but 42% of them fall below the
poverty line, 17% higher than the national average. The literacy rate of Dalit is 52.4% compared to
65.9% of Nepal. Around 40% of Dalits are landlessness. There is null representation of Dalit in
planning and executive bodies that guide the overall development of Nepal. Dalits are more vulnerable
in terms of the right to food in Nepal. To overcome all these backward situation of Dalits, a strong
commission is significant in Nepal to uplift and develop the current socio-economic status of Dalit.
To nullify all cases of caste based discrimination and untouchability in Nepal according to the principle
of zero tolerance and conduct awareness programs and campaigns against caste based discrimination.
Model questions
1. Show similarities between the Auditor General and Election Commission on the basis of their formation
and differentiate on the basis of their function.
2. How can the nation be more inclusive?
3. How does inclusion of other constitutional commissions guarantee the foundation of democracy?
4. What are the features of the Constitutional organs?
5. Differentiate between the auditor general and the attorney general

6. How will a person in a public position be investigated and punished for corruption?
7. Why has there been the provision of the party constitution and fund source for registering a party?
8. How do the other commissions bring equality among the people by promoting the concerned
communities? Write with examples
9. If you are appointed as the prime minister of the country, what programs would you bring to develop the
country?
10. Why governments change so frequently in Nepal? What might be the solution for it?
11. National inclusive commission has been formed according to the present constitution. Is it sufficient to
fulfill the needs of the marginalized groups of our country? Write your opinions
12. What should be done to make women’s rights execution more effective? Write in four points.(CDC
Model question 2076)
13. Write a letter to the chief election commissioner of Nepal suggesting any three most urgent steps to be
adopted for the improvement in the election system in Nepal.
14. Why is the belief and respect towards judiciary being blurred in recent years? Prepare an analytical
report.
15. Mention any four programs conducted in your community for the protection of human rights.
16. What is the role of the speaker and the members of parliament in the legislature?
17. Why our constitution has adopted the mixed election system in our parliamentary election?
18. Who are the members (voters) of the Electoral College formed for the election of the president and the
vice president?
19. Evaluate the activities of the current government.
20. How is the local government of your village/town formed?
21. If you were the leader of the political party, what would be your role to institutionalize the republic in
Nepal?
22. How would you have reacted against the prohibition of political parties on 1st posuh 2017 if you had been
a member of a political party?
23. Why the required age to be the member of the House of Representative is 25 years but that of National
Assembly is of 35 years?
24. Even a single vote has great importance. Justify
25. Why is it necessary to utilize our vote properly?
26. What do you need to learn before you are 18 to enable you to be a responsible voter?
27. How would you convince a person who refuses to vote stating “who is voted for makes no difference”?
28. What is meant by women empowerment?
29. What are the details included in a citizenship?
30. What problems will be faced by the people while obtaining the citizenship?
SEE Questions
SEE 2075
1. Among them what rights you are using now which are provided by World Human Rights
Declaration? What kinds of benefits do you get from the utilization of those rights?
2. The period of 2007-2017 B.S. was the decade of political transition and Instability. Prepare an
oratory on it.
3. Prepare a model of an article to be published in a daily newspaper under the title” Contribution
of Supreme Court: Protection of fundamental rights and constitution”.
4. After completion of 16 years of age, you may be able to get the citizenship of Nepal. What
procedures should you follow for receiving the citizenship and which governmental unit you need to go
for it?
5. What should be done to make the functions of constitutional organs more effective in Nepal?
Present your views with examples.
6. I want to study. I want to be free from here. I have to work more than 20 hours daily. I am daily
facing violence. Where is my human right? Given statement is one of the victimized persons. What
might be the major problem? How can his/her human right be protected?

7. How far have the constitutional/legal provisions made to empower women in Nepal become
more effective?
8. Prepare a model of editorial for a national daily on the topic of possible achievements brought in
women after the provisions made in the constitution and law and other policy.
9. The election commission has started using electronic voting machine in a place of ballot paper.
Analyze its impacts.
10. Identify the impacts about the provision of Right to reject vote in Nepal after its
implementation.
11. Identify the necessity of constitutional organ in democratic nations like Nepal. Write in four
points.
12. Why do you consider the constitutional provisions related to register political party in Nepal
appropriate? Mention your analytical opinions in points.
13. Identify the necessity of constitutional organs in democratic nations like Nepal. Write in points.
14. What procedures should a voter fulfill before voting? As a pooling officer, what are your
suggestions to the voters?
15. A nation can prosperous only by coordinating role of legislative, executive and judiciary.
Analyze the statement.
16. How far have the political parties of Nepal become successful to establish and strengthen
democracy from the past to present? Write your analysis in four points.
17. What role should the political leadership and judiciary itself play to gear up the trust of public
and well functioning of judiciary in Nepal? Present the answer in four points each.
SEE 2074
1. Mention any two reasons for number of invalid votes in proportional electoral system in the election of the
House of Representation and provincial Assembly 2074. Present any two suggestions to be given to the
election commission not to repeat the same in the upcoming election.
2. In what ways periodic election supports to maintain political stability in a country? Justify with appropriate
reasons.
3. How is your provincial parliament inclusive? Clarify the inclusiveness by writing to your friend.
4. Show the three similarities between public service commission and election commission on the basis of their
formation process and differentiate them on the basis of works done by them in four points.
5. Why was the voter’s education for the election of the members of Federal parliament and provincial assembly
2074 B.S. not found effective as expected? Write in points.
6. Evaluate the role of election commission of Nepal in successfully conducting the election of three levels of
Federal Nepal. How does the biometric voting identity card enable the election to be free and fair?
7. Suppose, you are given the role of chief minister in your province through recently held election. Write any
four points on the role you play for the development of your province.
8. Clarify the importance of election code of conduct. What roles should Election Commission have to play to
implement election code of conduct effectively? Analyze in points.
9. As per the present constitution of Nepal, vote of no confidence can’t be registered against the government till 2
years in the government. What do you think about it? Explain in four points.
10. Prepare a model of article to be published in a daily news paper analyzing the functions that are supposed to be
done and not to be done by political parties in democracy.
Check list to ensure the completion of the lesson
 Define legislature and write its composition

 Know the importance of parliament in a democratic system
 Describe the functions of legislature
 Understand the importance of executive in a democratic system
 Elucidate the functions of the executive
 Illustrate the power, function and importance of judiciary
 Know the constitutional organs
 Know the formation and functions of other constitutional commissions

 Know about general election procedure
 Describe the role of citizens before, after and during the election
 Open a political party, register in a recognized body, draft its constitution and prepare an election
manifesto
 Know about role played by political parties of Nepal to restore democracy and strengthen it
 Explain the role of political parties in a democratic nation
 Make a plan for the development of one’s own constituency
 Draft an election manifesto as the leader of a political party
 Acknowledge the contribution of Mrs. Roosevelt
 Be familiar with women’s rights and rights of indigenous nationalities
 Know the procedure and requirement of obtaining Nepali citizenship
 Know the contributions of various organizations in protecting human rights

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Unit -5 Civic consciousness Lesson: Legislature

1 Social Studies Manual Grade 10 Civic Consciousness

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Assembly and is bicameral

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18. Why is the law formulated by legislature considered more important?

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Unit 5 Civic Consciousness Lesson: Executive

4. How would you individually help the Government?

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7. What is parliamentary government? Write its characteristics.

8. Explain the functions of Executive in brief.( Long)

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 Appoint, promote, demote and dismiss public officials

9. How does Executive perform the judiciary function?

11. How does executive carries out the legislative work?

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Office of Prime Minster K.P. Sharma oli

Ministry of Home affairs Ram Bahadur Thapa

Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation Yogesh Bhattarai

Ministry of Defence Ishwor Pokhrel

Ministry of Education, Science and Technology Giriraj Mani Pokharel

Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation Barsaman Pun

Ministry of Federal Affairs and General

Ministry of Finance Yuba Raj Khatiwada

Ministry of Foreign Affairs Pradeep Kumar Gyawali

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Ministry of Forests and Environment Shakti Bahadur Basnet

Unit 5 Civic consciousness Lesson: Judiciary

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Unit: 5 Civic Consciousness Lesson: Political Parties

 People should be organized in political party

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Unit: 5 Civic Consciousness Lesson: Election Process

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 To make necessary arrangements including security arrangement of booth

3. What are the qualifications to be eligible voters in Nepal?

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Dear Country men and women,

14. The votes should not be counted but weighted. Justify.

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b) Proportional representation: It is an electoral system in which seats are first allocated to

Electoral quota: Total number of valid votes + 1 =Electoral quota

16. What are the requirements of election Process?

17. What are the different types of election?

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During the election

After the election

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Unit: 5 Civic consciousnesses Lesson: Human Rights

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