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Introduction to Transportation
Engineering
Moinul Hossain
Week 2
Driving Performance, Human Factors
and Road Characteristics
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Components of Traffic System
2
Dealing with Diversity (1)
⚫ Traffic controls could be easily designed if all drivers
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Dealing with Diversity (2)
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Dealing with Diversity (3)
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Dealing with Diversity (4)
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Dealing with Diversity (5)
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Dealing with Diversity (7)
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Dealing with Diversity (8)
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Dealing with Diversity (9)
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Dealing with Diversity (12)
possible
✓ Provide information to drivers in uniform way
• Physical strength
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Road Users (3)
Static Visual Acuity – the ability to see small stationary details clearly.
Field of Vision
Notes:
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Road Users (5)
• Traffic sign – acute or clear vision cone; placed at a
significant distance from the driver; size (both physical
and font).
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Road Users (6)
• Important Visual Defects
✓ Operation
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Road Users (7)
• Perception – Reaction Time (PRT)
✓ Detection
✓ Identification
✓ Decision
✓ Response
21
Road Users (8)
Perception – Reaction Time (PRT) Design Values
• Highways (AASHTO) → 2.5s (90th percentile, i.e., 90% of all drivers will
have a PRT as fast or faster than 2.5s!)
• Event – Things that have not happened previously will not happen.
• Temporal – When events are cyclic, such as traffic signal, the longer
a given state is observed, drivers will assume that it is more likely
that a change will occur.
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Road Users (9)
•Age
•Fatigue
•Complexity of Reaction
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Road Users (10)
Reaction Distance
• The distance the vehicle travels while the driver goes through the
process.
• During this time, the vehicle continues along its original course at
its initial speed.
• Only after the foot is applied to the break pedal does the vehicle
begin to slow down in response to the stimulus.
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Road Users (11)
Problem 1:
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Road Users (12)
Pedestrian Characteristics: Walking Speed
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Road Users (13)
Pedestrian Characteristics: Gap Acceptance
• Definition 1
✓ When a pedestrian crosses at an uncontrolled location, the
pedestrian must select an appropriate “gap” in the traffic stream
through which to cross.
✓ The “gap” in the traffic is measured as the time lag between two
vehicles in any lane encroaching on pedestrian’s walking path.
✓ He then “accepts” or “rejects” the gap.
• Definition 2
✓ The distance between the pedestrian and the approaching vehicle at
the time the pedestrian begins his or her crossing.
✓ Normally approx. 125 ft (85th percentile value)
• Factors: Speed of approaching vehicles, width of the street, freq. dist. of
gaps in the traffic stream, waiting time, etc.
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Road Users (14)
Pedestrian Characteristics: Comprehension of Controls
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Road Users (16)
Drug and Alcohol – BAC (Blood Alcohol Content)
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Road Users (17)
BAC checking practice: Is it good enough?
• 1996: 47.3% fatal pedestrian crashes involved either a drunk driver or a
drunk pedestrian.
• Of them, 12% drivers and 32.3% pedestrians had BAC > 0.1%
• More than 7% drivers and 6% pedestrians had detectable but legal level
of BAC.
• Stricter rules:
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Road Rage
“Road Rage”: Who is an Aggressive Driver?
• The desire to get to one’s destination as quickly as possible, leading to
expression of anger at other drivers/pedestrians who impede this desire.
• Contempt for other drivers who do not drive, look and act as they do on
the road.
• The belief that it is their right to “hit back” at other drivers whose driving
behavior threatens them.
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